Test Part 1 - Dev

Question 1

With which other bones do the Parietal bones articulate with? 2 marks

Answer 1

Frontal, Sphenoid, Temporal and Occiput

Question 2

Where is the;

a) Coronal Suture
b) Metopic Suture

1 Mark each

Answer 2

a) Between the frontal and parietal bones B) From the nasion to the bregma along the midline of the frontal bone. Bonus) metopic suture is usually undetectable by age 2 and fully fused by age 8, remains open in 1 in 12 adults.

Question 3

What 3 characteristics do you first look for when tuning into a cranio-sacral system? 3 marks

Answer 3

Quality, Symmetry, Motion

Question 4

Where is the Jugular Foramen located and what 2 bones form it? 2 marks

Answer 4

Sits in the floor of the posterior cranial fossa, anterio-lateral to the Foramen Magnum and is formed between the occiput and temporal bones where the occipito-mastoid suture opens out to form the Jugular Foramen.

Bonus) It provides passage for the Internal Jugular vein and CN IX, X, XII.

Question 5

What is the most significant factor required to be a practitioner in order to enable effective engagement? 1 Mark

Answer 5

Calm, quiet, presence.

Question 6

What are the clinoid processes and what attaches to them? 2 marks

Answer 6

There are 2 anterior clinoid processes and 2 posterior clinoid processes, each are a bony projections from the 4 corners of the Sella Turica on the superior aspect of the body of the sphenoid. The Tentorium Cerebelli attaches to the clinoid processes. It is a double layered membrane and the superior layer connects to the anterior clinoid proceses, while the inferior layer connect to the posterior clinoid processes. Bonus) The Diaphragma Sellae is a small membranous sheet that stretches across the 4 clinoid process and down the sides of the sphenoid body and covers the pituitary gland and stalk which ensures it stays in subarachnoid space and can be washed in CSF.

Question 7

Name the 4 portions of the occiput? 2 marks

Answer 7

Squamous portion; 2 condylar portions; basilar portion.

Question 8

Where is the Spheno-Basilar Synchrondosis located? 2 marks

Answer 8

Between the body of the sphenoid and basilar portion of occiput and anterior to the foramen magnum. Bonus) SBS is a cartilaginous joint. It is the fulcrum of the whole bony system. It is the reference from which cranial sacral motion is named.

Question 9

To which bones does the Tentorium Cerebelli attach? 2 marks

Answer 9

Occiput; Parietals; Temporals; Sphenoid

Question 10

To which bones do the Falx Cerebri attach? 2 marks

Answer 10

Ethmoid; Frontal; Parietal; Occiput BONUS) It attaches from the cristi galli of the ethmoid, along the midline of the frontal bone, along the midline under the sagittal suture of the parietal bone, and down along the midline of the occiput - as far as the internal occipital protuberance and confluence of sinuses.

Question 11

How is CSF produced? Where is CSF mainly located? 1 Mark each

Answer 11

CSF is extracted from arterial blood via the choroid plexi in the 4 ventricles of the brain leaving a clear colourless fluid. CSF is located in the ventricular and subarachnoid spaces.

pg 42 CSIF

Question 12

Where is the straight sinus? 2 marks

Answer 12

Passes along border BETWEEN falx cerebri; falx cerebelli; tentorium cerebelli - drains posteriorly to CONFLUENCE OF SINUSES

Question 13

Give the approximate rate of the 3 rhythms: 1) CS rhythm 2) Middle Tide 3) Long Tide 1 Mark each

Answer 13

1) 5-10 secs 2) 20-25 secs 3) 100 secs

Question 14

What steps would you take to connect to the mid tide? 3 marks

Answer 14

Relax; ground; breathe - relax diaphragm; Ask system if it wants to show mid tide; Let attention drift; offer space; Open attention out

Question 15

What is meant by the reciprocal tension membrane system? 2 marks

Answer 15

The system of continuously interconnected membranes (dura, arachnoid, pia) which surround the central nervous system and form intracranial infoldings of the falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, tentorium cerebelli, and which attach to the bones of the cranial and sacrum. Tensions anywhere in the membrane system are transmitted reciprocally throughout the rest of the membrane system.

Question 16

Describe the temporal bone motion in flexion/expansion and extension/contraction? 3 marks

Answer 16

Flexion/ Expansion - The temporal bones externally rotate along the crooked axis of the Petrous ridge , the squamous portions rotating forward and out, while the mastoid portions move medially. Extension/ Contraction - The squamous portions internally rotate and the mastoid tips move laterally. Bonus) most bones widen into expansion and the mastoid tips are distinctive as they narrow. As the temporals extend out into external rotation the tentorium flattens as it is stretched laterally, with corresponding consequences thruout the RTMS.

Question 17

In what direction is the ear hold carried out? 2 marks

Answer 17

It draws the ears laterally and slightly posteriorly. So with patient on the coach this means to invite the ears to draw out and down, out at an angle down towards the couch.

Question 18

List the 6 fundamental principles of CS treatment? 6 marks

Answer 18

Engage; Allow; Follow; Stillness; Release; Reorganise

Question 19

What steps would you take to help yourself to become more grounded during a treatment sessions? 4 marks

Answer 19

Return to own fulcrums; back of heart space; anchor through feet and sitting bones to earth; relax diaphragm if holding; letting go physically; deepen breathe;

Question 20

Explain the importance of stillness in CS therapy? 3 marks

Answer 20

Practitioner; True inner stillness (CQP) of the practitioner is fundamental to the cranio-sacral process, the vital factor in the healing process. Still Points; Stillness within rhythmic motion. It is primarily at these points of stillness that healing occurs. Stillness always preceeds release. Dynamic stillness - there is a dynamism in the stillness, rather than just a stoppage. The deepest healing occurs in the deepest stillness. Where stillness can pervade the whole room and nothing else seems to exist other than the universal matrix. Patient; A patient may not always be still, e.g. children, stress, trauma; emphasising the importance of practitioner stillness. Environment; A still environment is preferable but optional, a practitioner can operate at Piccadilly Circus from their own inner stillness.

Question 21

What is vitality?

Answer 21

Expressed as rhythmic motion and is a reflection of the vital force or aliveness of individual.

Question 22

What is CS integration

Answer 22

Engages with inherent natural forces - manifesting as rhythmic motion - to promote vitality and it’s free flow as the source of healing. CSI integrates the whole person rather than treating symptoms. Integrates the whole person within the context of their life. Incorporates whole spectrum of CS approaches.

Question 23

What is the anatomical CS system made of?

Answer 23

The Membranes; Bones of Cranium and Sacrum; CSF fluid; Fascia. The membranes system which surrounds and envelops the central nervous system. The bones of the cranium and sacrum which attach to the membrane system. CSF which is contained in the membrane system. The fascia which radiates our from the membrane system to all parts of the body.

Question 24

What is the matrix?

Answer 24

The matrix is an energetic field comprised of forces of nature that enable life and create and maintain our individual vitality. There is an Embryonic matrix into which the physical body grows. The individual matrix is a force field within which our physical body and its immediate surrounding exist. The universal matrix is the universal field of forces within which the natural world forms and develops including every living things individual matrix.

Question 25

Where is the sub-arachnoid space?

Answer 25

Between the pia mater and arachnoid mater is the sub-arachnoid space - filled with CSF.

Question 26

What are venous sinuses?

Answer 26

Major channels for draining venous blood from the brain. Only exist in the cranium. Sinus means space so they are blood filled spaces formed between 2 layers of dural membrane, thus venous drainage depends on a healthy membrane system. BONUS) They contain no valves or muscular tissue, and some have blind ends. They receive CSF via arachnoid villi.