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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

linnaean classification system

A 
Domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
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2
Q

element

A

each of more than one hundred substances that cannot be chemically interconverted or broken down into simpler substances and are primary constituents of matter. Each element is distinguished by its atomic number, i.e., the number of protons in the nuclei of its atoms.

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3
Q

dependent group

A

MEASURED effect
the effect of temperature on hatching success
the hatching success is dependent variable

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4
Q

independent group

A

manituplated cause
the effect of temperature on hatching success
the temperature is the independent group!

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5
Q

cell theory

A

all organisms are made of cells and all cells come from preexisting cells

Pasteur’s classic experiment

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6
Q

Pasteur’s classic experiment

A

cells don’t arise by spontaneous generation.

Every living thing has “parents”

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7
Q

Evolution

A

is a change in time in a population indivuals dont cahnge

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8
Q

Natural Selection -

A

populations change b/c better adapted (fitter) individuals  more offspring.
Think “Reproduction of the fittest” rather than just survival of the fittest.

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9
Q

Vestigial traits

A

uneeded things
widsom teeth in humans
legs in snakes and whales

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10
Q

Charles Darwin 1859

A

Proposed natural selection
as the mechanism of
adaptive evolution.

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11
Q

electron shells

A

1st shell holds 2 e-
2nd shell holds 8 e-
3rd shell holds 8/18 e-

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12
Q

in a double bond

A

4 electrons total

2 from each

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13
Q

in a tripple bond

A

6 total

3 from each

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14
Q

ionic bonds

A

atoms exchange electrons and become charged

giving the atoms a full charge

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15
Q

cation

A

atoms loses a election and becomes postive

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16
Q

anion

A

atom gains an electrons and becomes negative

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17
Q

covalent bonds

A

share pair of electrons

can be polar or nonpolar

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18
Q

nonpolar

A

atoms are shared equally

no charge given to these atoms

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19
Q

polar

A

aromsa are not shared equally and go towards the nucli with the most electronnegativity
giving the atom partial charge

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20
Q

o>n>c~=h

A

oxyen is the most electronneg of all elements

determined by the number of protons and the distance of the valence shell and the nucleus

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21
Q

if the electron is not sharred equally it will result in

A

one element have a partial postive or neg charge
like in water the O gains an electron so geta a partial neg charge and the H are lossing an electron so it gains a partial pos charge

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22
Q

van der waals interactions

A

hydrogen bonds are the strongest type

these do not make molecules they are only interactions between molecules or portions of molecules

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23
Q

hydrogen bbonds

A

opposites attract
when two water molecules approach each other the partial positive charge on hydrogen attracts each other the partial positive charge on hydrogen attracts the partial neg charge on the oxygen
water is polar

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24
Q

hydrophillic

A

water loving h

hydrogen bonding makes it possible for almost any charged or polar molecule to dissolve in water

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25
Q

hydrophobic

A

water fearing interactions with water are minimal or nonexistent they are forced to interact with each other
the hydrogen bonds will bond toether around the nonpolar hydrophobic molecules

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26
Q

cohesion

A

attraction between like molecules
ex water
meaning it stays together because of the hydrogen bonds between the molecules
also makes surface tenstion

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27
Q

adhesion

A

attraction between unlike molecules
interactions between a liquid and a soild surface
water ahderes to surfaces that have polar or charged components

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28
Q

surface tenstion

A

when the water molecules are at the top/surface there are no water molecules above for hydrogen bonding as result the exhibit stronger attractive forces between their nearest neighboring molecules this interaction between the surface water molceules results in tension that minimizes the total surface area
water resitst any force that increases its surace area
this is why its better to dive in the pool rather than belly flop

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29
Q

ice floats`
h-b bonds are stable
in water h-b are always braking and reforming

A

each water molecule participates in four hydrogen bonds these bonds form a repeating structure or crystal and the spce between the hydrogen bonds is more open then in a tight packed bond in the liquid form meaning there is more space between molecules so when frozen ice is less dense than water when heat is applyed the crystal bonds atart to break and the hydrogen bonds become closer making them more dense in the liquid form

30
Q

specific heat

A

water has high specific heat beacuse when a source of energy hits it hydrogen bonds must be broken before heat can be transferred and the water molecules start moving faster

31
Q

compounds are

A

molecules with more 1 atom type

ex h2o

32
Q

bonding creates

A

new properties

33
Q

oxygen needs

A

2

34
Q

carbon needs

A

4

35
Q

hydrogen needs

A

1

36
Q

nitrogen needs

A

3

37
Q

polar things stick to

A

other polar things

ex rainex is nonpolar so water runs right off

38
Q

surface tension=

A

hydrogen bonds

39
Q

salt=
water=
together =

A

solute
solvent
solution

40
Q

oil and water

A

oil is nonpolar so it cant disslove

water is polar

41
Q

dissociation of water caused by chemical reactions

A

O tends to steal H ions from other O and they do back and forth
creathing hydronium ion and hydroxide ion

42
Q

hydronium ion

A

h30+pos

43
Q

hydroxide ion

A

oh- neg

44
Q

sweating

A

the water molecule absorb a get deal of engery before they evaporate so you loose heat

45
Q

water is not completely stable because

A

the h-b are always breaking and reforming

46
Q

substances that give up a proton/ hydrogen ion during chemical reacations and raise the hydronium ions (cation h30)concentration of water

A

acids

47
Q

molecules or ions that acquire protons during chemical reactions lowering the hydronium ion concentractionof water

A

bases

48
Q

a chemical reaction that involes a transer of protons is called

A

a acid-base reaction

every acid base reaction must have a proton donor and acceptor and acid & base

49
Q

hydroxide ion oh- is an

A

anion held together by covalent bond and has a neg charge and functions as a base

50
Q

dissociation

A

the process inwhich ionic compunds spearate or split into smaller particles ot ions

51
Q

acids

A

give up protons and raise the hydronium ion concentration h3o+
lower ph of a solution by adding h+ to it

52
Q

bases

A

acquire protons and lower the hydronium ion
takes the 3rd h ion
raise ph of a soultion by either removing h+ or adding oh-

53
Q

mass

A

can not be created or destroyed but may be rearranged through chemical reacations

54
Q

endothermic

A

within heating heat is absorbed during the process

liquid->gas

55
Q

exothermic

A

outside heating releases heat

gas–> liquid

56
Q

acidic solution

A

low ph < 7
low oh- hydroxie ion
high h+ hydrogen ion

57
Q

base solution

A

high ph >7
high ou- hydroxie ion
low h+ hydrogen

58
Q

h+ proton binds with water to make

A

hydronium ions h3o+

59
Q

buffer

A

are an acid base team that resists change in ph

60
Q

carbon can form

A

4 covalent bonds

this results in an almost limitless array of cominations by double single and tripple bonds

61
Q

carbon atoms

A

form the sturctural framework for most of the important compunds in life minus water gives molecules its over all shape

62
Q

molecules contain carbon bonded to other elements such as hydrogen are called

A

organic molecules

63
Q

functional groups 6

A

include h-,n-,o-,p-,s-

64
Q

funcational groups that has oh is called

A

hydroxly group
found in alcohols
highly polar so makes compunds more soluble through h-b with water may also act as a weak acis and drop a proton

65
Q

isomers

A

can have the same molecular formula but have different strurutal formula
struture=funcation

66
Q

carbonyl group

A

found in straight sugars fatty acids on aldehyde and ketone molecules the place the carbon double bond to oxygen detrimines if its a aldehyde or ketone
if placed in the middle its ketone
placed at the end/start its aldehyde
the site of joining to make biger molecules(aldehydes)

67
Q

carboxyl group

A

acts as a acid tends to lose a proton
carbon double bonded to oxygen and same carbon linked to oh
found in fatty acids and amino acids
polar

68
Q

amino group

A

found in amino acids nucleotides
acts as a base to attract a proton
nitrogen boned to 2 diff h
polar

69
Q

sulfhydryl group

A

when present in proteins can form disulfide s-s that contribute to protein structure add an sh to the carbon

70
Q

phospahate group

A

molecules with more than one phosphate linked together store large amounts of engery found in nucleic acids and atp
one phospahatre ion surrounded by 2o- and 2o+

bio 111 (3 decks)

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