test one possible short answers

Question 1

Why is meat a great food source?

Answer 1

Meat is nutrient dense, supplies 40% of world’s protein, and it is easy to digest

Question 2

What are the contributions domestic animals make to humanity?

Answer 2

Food, Materials, Draft Animals, Biomedical Research, Companionship, Service, Entertainment, Feed Conversion, Storage of Capital

Question 3

How and why is livestock demand changing around the world?

Answer 3

World Population could reach 9.6 Billion by 2050
Meat Consumption increases
Need to double animal production
Current demand is higher in developed

Question 4

How and why is poultry production changing around the world?

Answer 4

Technology, Genetics, and Management Knowledge

Question 5

What are some renewable materials harvested from livestock?

Answer 5

Wool, Cashmere, Mohair
Yaks and Camels produce Fiber
Feathers
Silk

Question 6

How can livestock help with pest control?

Answer 6

Grazers (Goats) - control weeds
Ducks - they eat insects and leftover rice in the rice fields after harvest
Arrangement between farmers and herders to clear land

Question 7

How can livestock serve as capital?

Answer 7

Animals are high value objects that can produce products before they are sold
When times get tough you can sell them off

Question 8

What are some cultural uses of domestic animals?

Answer 8

Exhibitions, Sports, Companionship, Service, Social Structure

Question 9

What are some pharmaceutical products derived from domestic animals?

Answer 9

Heat Valves from pigs
Skin Grafts from pigs
Sutures from intestines
Drugs

Question 10

What are natural and artificial stresses livestock have to adapt to?

Answer 10

Natural = Climate, Nutritional, Internal, Geographical, Social
Artificial = Overcrowding and adapted to artificial environments

Question 11

What are the three types of adaptive changes in domestic animals?

Answer 11

Morphological
Physiological
Behavioral

Question 12

What are the obstacles for livestock production in the following environments: Tropical, Deserts, Cold?

Answer 12

Tropical = Heat stress and disease risk
Desert = Lack of water for drinking and forage, heat stress, overgrazing
Cold = Cold stress, food availability

Question 13

Compare the status of cattle production historically and currently in China and India.

Answer 13

Cattle became to valuable as draft animals to eat in India
Pork replaced beef in China

Question 14

Compare and Contrast developed, subsistence, and primitive agriculture.

Answer 14

Developed = high productivity, specialization, and mechanization, with a small proportion of the population who farm
Subsistence = self sufficient and has limited mechanization, lower income levels
Primitive = lack of surplus, very low income, almost all manual labor

Question 15

What are the 2 most important factors that determine what type of agriculture is practiced in an area?

Answer 15

Climate and economic development

Question 16

What factors determine whether a piece of land is devoted to crop cultivation or livestock production?

Answer 16

Livestock is kept on land that is too dry, rough, elevated, or far from the market
Best Land is used for more profitable plant crops

Question 17

Compare and Contrast developed vs. Subsistence Agriculture

Answer 17

Subsistence = Very inefficient
Developed = Much more expensive to start a farming operation

Question 18

Compare and Contrast developed vs. subsistence livestock ranching

Answer 18

Subsistence = livestock farms are small in developing
Developed = small units are often hobbies

Question 19

What factors affect the type of nutrients and amount needed in feed?

Answer 19

Species, Age, Lifespan, Production Level, Type

Question 20

What are the types of nutrients needed for life?

Answer 20

water, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals

Question 21

What is the difference between a fat and water soluble vitamin?

Answer 21

Fat = tends to regulate body functions
water = more for metabolic regulation

Question 22

What are the nutrient needs for the following body states: Maintenance, Growth, Finishing, Production, Work, Reproduction?

Answer 22

Maintenance = maintaining the body at a constant weight and temperature
Growth = Process of increasing weight by adding tissue
Finishing = final growth and fattening phase for meat production
Production = requires energy to make
Work = needs extra energy
Reproduction = needs increased energy, protein, minerals, and vitamins

Question 23

What are the stages of digestion?

Answer 23

Physical and Mechanical
Chemical Action
Enzyme Action

Question 24

How is the complexity of the digestive tract related to what an animal eats?

Answer 24

The more complicated the food is, the more complicated the digestive tract needs to be

Question 25

What is the purpose of lysozyme in saliva?

Answer 25

Acts as a disinfectant for bacteria

Question 26

What is the purpose of chewing food?

Answer 26

Carnivores = only chew enough to swallow it
Herbivores = chew thoroughly to help bacteria break it down

Question 27

What does HCI do in the stomach?

Answer 27

Denatures proteins to make them easier to break down
Activates pepsin
Lowers pH for enzymes to work
Kills bacteria

Question 28

What does the true stomach do?

Answer 28

Digests the bacteria to get protein

Question 29

What happens in the small intestine to food?

Answer 29

Lining of the duodenum, the brush border, produces several digestive enzymes
Maltase, Sucrase, Lactase, Aminopeptidase, dipeptidase, nucleases

Question 30

Why is the lining of the small intestine so folded?

Answer 30

to increase the surface area for absorption

Question 31

What happens in the large intestine to food?

Answer 31

• No digestive enzymes or villi, mostly absorption of water and electrolytes.
• Mucus glands for lubrication.
• 50% of feces by weight is bacteria; Produces vitamin K in chickens, gas.

Question 32

Describe how rumination works in the ruminant stomach

Answer 32

the main function is to use cellulose as energy

Question 33

What are the pros and cons of bacterial fermentation in the ruminant?

Answer 33

Pros = digests food that others cannot, gets essential vitamins not found in food from bacteria, can turn low quality feed into high quality products

Cons = fermentation can reduce the quality of feed, requires a lot of energy loses it in heat and gas, can be susceptible to digestive upset

Question 34

Describe the steps of the avian digestion

Question 35

Describe cecal fermentation in rabbits and horses and how they compare and differ

Question 36

What animal would you feed each of the different types of feed and why?

Answer 36

Energy feed: Given to ruminants and cecal fermenters to increase energy; Given to monogastric as primary feed.
Fattens up cattle, primary feed for pigs.
Poor protein quality, low in minerals.

Dry Forage and Roughage: For ruminants and cecal fermenters.

Protein supplements: Pet food. A mix of energy and protein.

Question 37

What factors affect the quality of a feed?

Answer 37

Weather damage, soil fertility, harvesting method
young plants have more nutrients, less fiber

Question 38

What is the difference in nutrient value between different types of feed?