test one possible short answers Flashcards
Why is meat a great food source?
Meat is nutrient dense, supplies 40% of world’s protein, and it is easy to digest
What are the contributions domestic animals make to humanity?
Food, Materials, Draft Animals, Biomedical Research, Companionship, Service, Entertainment, Feed Conversion, Storage of Capital
How and why is livestock demand changing around the world?
World Population could reach 9.6 Billion by 2050
Meat Consumption increases
Need to double animal production
Current demand is higher in developed
How and why is poultry production changing around the world?
Technology, Genetics, and Management Knowledge
What are some renewable materials harvested from livestock?
Wool, Cashmere, Mohair
Yaks and Camels produce Fiber
Feathers
Silk
How can livestock help with pest control?
Grazers (Goats) - control weeds
Ducks - they eat insects and leftover rice in the rice fields after harvest
Arrangement between farmers and herders to clear land
How can livestock serve as capital?
Animals are high value objects that can produce products before they are sold
When times get tough you can sell them off
What are some cultural uses of domestic animals?
Exhibitions, Sports, Companionship, Service, Social Structure
What are some pharmaceutical products derived from domestic animals?
Heat Valves from pigs
Skin Grafts from pigs
Sutures from intestines
Drugs
What are natural and artificial stresses livestock have to adapt to?
Natural = Climate, Nutritional, Internal, Geographical, Social
Artificial = Overcrowding and adapted to artificial environments
What are the three types of adaptive changes in domestic animals?
Morphological
Physiological
Behavioral
What are the obstacles for livestock production in the following environments: Tropical, Deserts, Cold?
Tropical = Heat stress and disease risk
Desert = Lack of water for drinking and forage, heat stress, overgrazing
Cold = Cold stress, food availability
Compare the status of cattle production historically and currently in China and India.
Cattle became to valuable as draft animals to eat in India
Pork replaced beef in China
Compare and Contrast developed, subsistence, and primitive agriculture.
Developed = high productivity, specialization, and mechanization, with a small proportion of the population who farm
Subsistence = self sufficient and has limited mechanization, lower income levels
Primitive = lack of surplus, very low income, almost all manual labor
What are the 2 most important factors that determine what type of agriculture is practiced in an area?
Climate and economic development
What factors determine whether a piece of land is devoted to crop cultivation or livestock production?
Livestock is kept on land that is too dry, rough, elevated, or far from the market
Best Land is used for more profitable plant crops
Compare and Contrast developed vs. Subsistence Agriculture
Subsistence = Very inefficient
Developed = Much more expensive to start a farming operation
Compare and Contrast developed vs. subsistence livestock ranching
Subsistence = livestock farms are small in developing
Developed = small units are often hobbies
What factors affect the type of nutrients and amount needed in feed?
Species, Age, Lifespan, Production Level, Type
What are the types of nutrients needed for life?
water, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals
What is the difference between a fat and water soluble vitamin?
Fat = tends to regulate body functions
water = more for metabolic regulation
What are the nutrient needs for the following body states: Maintenance, Growth, Finishing, Production, Work, Reproduction?
Maintenance = maintaining the body at a constant weight and temperature
Growth = Process of increasing weight by adding tissue
Finishing = final growth and fattening phase for meat production
Production = requires energy to make
Work = needs extra energy
Reproduction = needs increased energy, protein, minerals, and vitamins
What are the stages of digestion?
Physical and Mechanical
Chemical Action
Enzyme Action
How is the complexity of the digestive tract related to what an animal eats?
The more complicated the food is, the more complicated the digestive tract needs to be
What is the purpose of lysozyme in saliva?
Acts as a disinfectant for bacteria
What is the purpose of chewing food?
Carnivores = only chew enough to swallow it
Herbivores = chew thoroughly to help bacteria break it down
What does HCI do in the stomach?
Denatures proteins to make them easier to break down
Activates pepsin
Lowers pH for enzymes to work
Kills bacteria
What does the true stomach do?
Digests the bacteria to get protein
What happens in the small intestine to food?
Lining of the duodenum, the brush border, produces several digestive enzymes
Maltase, Sucrase, Lactase, Aminopeptidase, dipeptidase, nucleases
Why is the lining of the small intestine so folded?
to increase the surface area for absorption
What happens in the large intestine to food?
- No digestive enzymes or villi, mostly absorption of water and electrolytes.
- Mucus glands for lubrication.
- 50% of feces by weight is bacteria; Produces vitamin K in chickens, gas.
Describe how rumination works in the ruminant stomach
the main function is to use cellulose as energy
What are the pros and cons of bacterial fermentation in the ruminant?
Pros = digests food that others cannot, gets essential vitamins not found in food from bacteria, can turn low quality feed into high quality products
Cons = fermentation can reduce the quality of feed, requires a lot of energy loses it in heat and gas, can be susceptible to digestive upset
Describe the steps of the avian digestion
Describe cecal fermentation in rabbits and horses and how they compare and differ
What animal would you feed each of the different types of feed and why?
Energy feed: Given to ruminants and cecal fermenters to increase energy; Given to monogastric as primary feed.
Fattens up cattle, primary feed for pigs.
Poor protein quality, low in minerals.
Dry Forage and Roughage: For ruminants and cecal fermenters.
Protein supplements: Pet food. A mix of energy and protein.
What factors affect the quality of a feed?
Weather damage, soil fertility, harvesting method
young plants have more nutrients, less fiber
What is the difference in nutrient value between different types of feed?
