Test One Chapters 1-3

Question 1

Evolution as a Core Theme

Answer 1

explanation for unity and diversity of life and suitability of organisms for their environment

Question 2

Unity

Answer 2

kinship descended from common ancestry

DNA

Question 3

Diversity

Answer 3

modifications that evolved as species branches from common ancestors

Question 4

Natural Selection

Answer 4

individuals with inherited traits that are suited to environment with produce better off offspring

Traits enhance survival and reproduction

Question 5

Deductive Reasoning

Answer 5

general premises to make specific prediction if…then…

Question 6

Inductive Reasoning

Answer 6

generalization based on collecting and analyzing large numbers of specific observations

the sun always rises in the east

Question 7

Hypothesis

Answer 7

Tentative answer to a well-framed question

Based on available data, guided by inductive reasoning

*MUST be testable and falsifiable

Question 8

Testing a Hypothesis

Answer 8

Recording additional observations

Preforming experiments

Question 9

Variables

Answer 9

changing in the experiment

Question 10

Controls

Answer 10

stay the same

important to identify which variables/ factor is causing the reaction

Question 11

Elements of Living

System

Answer 11

Oxygen, Carbon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen

96% of living matter

Question 12

Compounds

Answer 12

two or more different elements

Question 13

Subatomic Particles

Answer 13

smaller parts that atoms are composed of

protons, neutrons, electrons

Question 14

Atomic Number

Answer 14

number of protons

Question 15

Atomic Mass

Answer 15

protons + neutrons

Question 16

Isotopes

Answer 16

atom of an element that is equal to standard in protons but differs in neutrons

Question 17

Radioactive Isotopes

Answer 17

nuclei of isotope is unstable and decay spontaneously, emitting particles and energy

Question 18

Shell

outermost shell

Answer 18

possible locations of electrons

Valence Shell

Question 19

Orbital

Answer 19

where electrons are found 90% of the time (component of shell)

Question 20

Covalent Bond

Answer 20

two atoms sharing a pair of valence electrons, both atoms use both electrons in their valence shell

Question 21

Double Covalent Bond

Answer 21

sharing of two pairs of valence electrons

Question 22

Ionic Bond

Answer 22

two atoms are unequal in their attraction for valence electrons that on strips an electron from the other completely

Question 23

Weak Chemical Reactions

Answer 23

Ionic bonds between ions dissociated in water: bond strong when dry, but weak when surrounded by water molecules

Hydrogen bonds: negative charge in one molecule is attracted to positive charge in another

Van der waals interactions: momentary attraction between protons and electrons in atoms

Question 24

Conservation of Water

Answer 24

same number of atoms on both sides

Question 25

Cohesion

Answer 25

Water molecules stay close together due to H-bonds

transport water and nutrients against gravity in plants… roots to leaves through water conducting vessels

Question 26

Surface Tension

Answer 26

force necessary to stretch/break surface of liquid

water higher ST then most liquid..H-bonds resist stretch/break.. film layer

Question 27

Moderation of Temperature

Answer 27

Water moderates temp by absorbing heat from warmer air and releasing stored heat to cool air

Each H-bond absorbs heat energy– high specific heat

Question 28

Expansion of water when frozen

Answer 28

Less Dense

Solid state floats in liquid state (RARE & IMPORTANT)— most materials contract when solidified, but water expands—DUE TO H-BONDS

Question 29

Water as a Solvent

Answer 29

Acquis

effective because it forms H-bonds with charged and polar covalent molecules

Question 30

Mole

Answer 30

Expression of amount

1 Mole= 6.02 x 10^23

Question 31

Molarity

Answer 31

number of moles of Solute per liter of solution

expression of concentration

Question 32

Acid

Answer 32

Substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution

Question 33

Base

Answer 33

substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution

Question 34

Buffer

Answer 34

resists changes in the pH of a solution when H+ or OH- is added to a solution

sensitive to pH change

Question 35

New Properties emerge as levels become more complex

Answer 35

cells

tissues

organs

organ systems

Organisms

Question 36

Transmission of Genetic Information

Answer 36

DNA controls protein production

genes transcribes into RNA

Translated into protein

= gene expression

Question 37

Biological Interaction

Answer 37

sunlight—Producers (ex plants)—chemical energy to Consumers (animals)—heat