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A&P 2 Test 1 > Test One > Flashcards

Test One Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of blood

A

Transport, Protection, Regulation

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2
Q

Define volume of blood

A

Varies with body size, changes in fluid and electrolyte concentration, and amount of adipose tissue

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3
Q

What are the two things in blood?

A

Formed elements and liquid portion

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4
Q

What falls under formed elements

A

Erthrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes

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5
Q

What falls under liquid portion

A

Plasma

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6
Q

Percentage of RBC is called

A

Hematocrit (HCT)

Packed cell volume (PCV)

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7
Q

What is the breakdown of formed elements

A

Platelets, red blood cells, white blood cells

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8
Q

What is the breakdown of white blood cells

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes

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9
Q

What is the breakdown of plasma

A

Electrolytes, water, proteins, wastes, nutrients, gases

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10
Q

What is the breakdown of nutrients

A

Vitamins and hormones

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11
Q

What is the breakdown of gases

A

N2, O2, CO2

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12
Q

What is the breakdown of proteins

A

Albumins, globulins, fibrinogen

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13
Q

Viscosity

A

Resistance of a fluid to flow; thickness

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14
Q

Osmolarity

A

Total molarity of dissolved particles that cannot pass through the blood vessel wall

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15
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Formation of blood cells

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16
Q

Blood cells originate in

A

Red bone marrow from hematopoietic stem cells

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17
Q

Hematopoietic growth factors cause what

A

Hematopoietic stem cells to differentiated

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18
Q

Lymphoid stem cells

A

Lymphocytes

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19
Q

Myeloid stem cells

A

RBC, other types of WBC & platelets

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20
Q

What do red blood cells NOT have

A

Nuclei & mitochondria

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21
Q

RBC is what

A

1/3 hemoglobin by volume (gives blood it’s color

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22
Q

What is the function of hemoglobin

A

Carry O2 & CO2 and buffers blood pH

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23
Q

Hemoglobin plus O2

A

Oxyhemoglobin (red)

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24
Q

Hemoglobin plus released O2

A

Deoxyhemoglobin (dark blue)

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25
Q

What is the composition of hemoglobin

A

4 globing protein chains& 4 heme groups that transport 1 O2 molecule each

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26
Q

Red blood cell count

A

Number of RBCs in a cubic millimeter or microliter of blood

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27
Q

What is the purpose of red blood cell count

A

Diagnosis of diseases and evaluation of their progress and it changes reflect changes in bloods oxygen carrying capacity

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28
Q

Low blood O2 causes what

A

Kidneys and liver to release EPO and stimulates RBC production

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29
Q

Negative feedback mechanism for erythrocytes

A

High altitudes, loss of blood, and chronic lung disease

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30
Q

Hypoxemia

A

Oxygen deficiency in blood

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31
Q

Vitamin B12 and folic acid

A

DNA synthesis; growth & division of all cells

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32
Q

Iron

A

Hemoglobin synthesis

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33
Q

Anemia

A

Deficiency of RBCs or a reduction in amount of hemoglobin they contain

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34
Q

Leukocytes

A

Protect against disease and produces red bone marrow, under control of hormones

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35
Q

What are the 5 types of WBCs in 2 different categories

A

Granulocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocytes

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36
Q

Granulocytes

A

Have granular cytoplasm

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37
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Do not have noticeable granules

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38
Q

Neutrophils

A

Most abundant, small and light purple granules. Lobed nucleus: 2-5 sections and first to arrive at infection site.

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39
Q

What is the function of neutrophils

A

Phagocytize bacteria, fungi & some viruses

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40
Q

Eosinophils

A

Coarse granules; stain deep red & bi-lobed nucleus

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41
Q

What is the function of eosinophils

A

Moderate allergic reactions and defend against parasite worm infestations

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42
Q

Basophils

A

Large granules; stain deep blue and granules can obscure nucleus

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43
Q

What is the function of basophils

A

Migrate to damaged tissue.

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44
Q

Releasing histamine is to what

A

Stimulate inflammation

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45
Q

Releasing heparin is to what

A

To stop blood from clotting

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46
Q

Monocytes

A

Largest of WBC & spherical, kidney-shaped, oval or lobed nuclei and leaves bloodstream to become macrophages

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47
Q

What is the function of monocytes

A

Phagocytize bacteria, dead cells, debris

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48
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Slightly larger than RBCs; smallest WBCs and large spherical nucleus surrounded by thin rim of cytoplasm

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49
Q

What is the function of lymphocytes

A

T cells & B cells are major types. T cells directly attack pathogens, tumor cells, and transplanted cells.

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50
Q

Diapedesis

A

Leave blood vessel & go to infection site/injury

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51
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Engulfing & digestion of pathogens (neutrophils & monocytes)

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52
Q

Inflammatory response

A

Reaction that restricts spread of infection; promoted by basophils, involves swelling & increased capillary permeability

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53
Q

Positive chemotaxis

A

Attraction of WBCs to an infection site, by chemicals released by damaged cells

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54
Q

White blood cell count

A

3,500-10,500/mm3 of blood

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55
Q

Leukocytosis

A

High WBC count; acute infection, vigorous exercise, great loss of body fluids, emotional disturbances

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56
Q

Leukopenia

A

Low WBC count; typhoid fever, flu, measles, mumps, chicken pox, AIDS, polio, anemia and poisoning

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57
Q

Differential WBC count

A

Lists percentages of types of leukocytes and percentages may change in particular.

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58
Q

What is the function of platelets

A

Vasoconstriction, platelet plug, release clotting factors, and internalize & destroy bacteria

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59
Q

Blood plasma

A

Clear, straw- colored, liquid portion of blood, 55% of blood volume, 92% water plus organic and inorganic chemicals

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60
Q

What is the function of plasma

A

Transports nutrients, gases, hormones, & vitamins. Helps regulate fluid & electrolyte balance & maintain pH

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61
Q

What are the 3 main types of plasma proteins

A

Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen

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62
Q

Albumin

A

Smallest (60%)

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63
Q

What synthesizes albumin

A

Liver

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64
Q

What is the function of albumin

A

Determinant of osmotic pressure-> control blood volume -> BP

Transports solutes

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65
Q

Globulins

A

35%; alpha, beta, and gamma globulins

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66
Q

What is the synthesis of globulins

A

Liver: alpha and beta

Lymphatic tissue: gamma

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67
Q

What is the function of globulins

A

Alpha & beta: transport lipids & fat soluble vitamins

Gamma: antibodies in immune system

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68
Q

What is the synthesis of fibrinogen

A

Liver

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69
Q

What is the function of fibrinogen

A

Blood coagulation

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70
Q

Most important blood gases

A

Oxygen & carbon dioxide

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71
Q

What falls under plasma nutrients

A

Amino acids, simple sugars, nucleotides and lipids

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72
Q

What are molecules that contain nitrogen, but are not proteins

A

Urea, Unix acid, amino acids, creatine, creatinine

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73
Q

What do hormones do

A

Target cells and organs

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74
Q

What are the functions of hormones

A
  • regulate metabolic processes
  • control rates of chemical reactions
  • aid in transporting substances through membranes
  • regulate water & electrolyte balance
  • regulate BP
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75
Q

What roles do hormones play part in?

A

Reproduction
Development
Growth

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76
Q

Cascade effect

A

One effect on another and another

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77
Q

Glandular cells

A

Secrete hormones into bloodstream

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78
Q

Where is pituitary gland located

A

Hypophysis (bass of the brain) attaches to hypothalamus by pituitary stalk or infundibulum

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79
Q

Anterior lobe

A

Enclosed by connective & epithelial tissue & has 5 types of secretory cells that release a specific hormone

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80
Q

Posterior lobe

A

Does not synthesize hormones; part of nervous system

2 associates hormones & are stored in vesicles in neurosecretory cells

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81
Q

Anterior lobe consist of?

A

Glandular cells & is under hypothalamus control

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82
Q

Axon terminals of hypothalamic neurons released what

A

Chemicals called releasing hormones

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83
Q

Releasing hormones are directly carried in the blood vis what?

A

Capillary beds associated with the hypothalamus and anterior lobe

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84
Q

What is the posterior lobe part of

A

Nervous system

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85
Q

Posterior lobe axons of certain neurons whose cell bodies are in what?

A

Hypothalamus extend down into the posterior pituitary gland

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86
Q

Posterior lobe hormones are transported down what

A

Down axons to the posterior pituitary & are stored in vesicles near the ends of the axons

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87
Q

Posterior lobe impulses on the the axons trigger the release of what

A

Chemicals from their axon terminals, which then enter the bloodstream as posterior pituitary hormones

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88
Q

What are the stimulated hormones

A
  • thyrotropin- releasing hormone
  • corticotropin- releasing
  • gonadotropin releasing
  • growth hormone releasing
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89
Q

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)

A

Promotes thyroid- stimulating hormone & prolactin

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90
Q

Corticotropin releasing hormone

A

Promotes adrenocotropin hormone

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91
Q

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

A

Promotes follicles stimulating hormone & luteinizing hormone

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92
Q

Growth releasing hormone

A

Promotes growth hormone

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93
Q

What are the inhibited hormones

A

Prolactin (PIH) & somatostatin

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94
Q

Prolactin- inhibiting hormone

A

Inhibits prolactin

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95
Q

Somatostatin

A

Inhibits growth hormone & thyroid stimulating hormone

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96
Q

What were the anterior pituitary hormones

A
  • follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • thyroid- stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • prolactin (PRL)
  • growth hormone ( GH)
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97
Q

Follicle stimulating hormones

A
  • ovaries growth of ovulation follicles& secretion of estrogen
  • testes- sperm production
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98
Q

Luteinizing hormone

A

Ovaries- ovulation

Testes- testosterone secretion

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99
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone

A

Thyroid gland

Growth of thyroid; secretion of thyroid hormones

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100
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

Adrenal cortex

Growth of adrenal cortex , secretion of glucocorticoids

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101
Q

Prolactin

A

Mammary glands & milk synthesis

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102
Q

Growth hormone

A

Liver, bone, cartilage, muscle and fat

Tissue growth- mitosis

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103
Q

Posterior pituitary hormones

A

Antidiuretic hormones (ADH)

Oxytocin (OT)

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104
Q

Antidiuretic hormone

A

Kidney & water retention

105
Q

Oxytocin

A

Uterus ; mammary glands & labor contractions (milk release) and other functions

106
Q

Where is the thyroid gland

A

Below larynx ; both sides & anterior to trachea

107
Q

What are the structures of thyroid gland?

A

2 large vascularized lines connected by a board isthmus; covered by a CT capsule & composed of thyroid follicles

108
Q

Follicular cells

A

Lines the follicles ( simple cuboidal epithelial cells)

109
Q

Extracfollicular/ paragollicular cells

A

Cells that lie outside of the follicle; colloid fills the cavities, which consists of thoyogloblin

110
Q

What are the hormones produced by thyroid glands

A

Thyroxine (T4)

Triiodothyonime (T3)

Calcitonin

111
Q

What is T4 & T3 synthesize & by what

A

Follicular cells

112
Q

What is the function of T4 & T3?

A

Increases rate of energy release from carbohydrates

Increases rate of protein synthesis

Stimulates breakdown of lipids

Accelerated growth

Stimulates activity in the nervous system

Determines how many calories the body must overcome

113
Q

What is the source of control for T4 & T3

A

TSH from anterior pituitary gland.

T3: 5x more potent than T4 & is more prevalent

114
Q

Calcitonin is synthesized by what

A

Extrafollicular cells

115
Q

What are the functions of calcitonin

A

Lower blood calcium & phosphate ion concentration

  • inhibits release of calcium & phosphate ions from bones (osteoclasts)
  • increases rate at which calcium & phosphates ions are deposited in bones ( osteoblasts)

Increases excretion of calcium by kidneys

116
Q

Calcitonin source of control

A

Elevated blood calcium ion concentration, digestive hormones

117
Q

What is the location of parathyroid gland

A

Posterior surface of thyroid gland & superior & inferior & on both sides of thyroid

118
Q

What is the structure of parathyroid gland?

A

Small yellow-brown sturctures

Covered by CT

Composed of secretory cells

119
Q

What falls under parathyroid hormone

A

Bones, kidneys, intestines

120
Q

Parathyroid hormone bones

A

Stimulates bone resorption by osteoclasts & inhibits osteoblasts

121
Q

Parathyroid hormone kidney

A

Cause kidneys to conserve blood calcium ions & to excrete more phosphate ions in urine

122
Q

Parathyroid hormone intestines

A

Indirectly stimulates absorption of calcium ions from flood in the intestine by influencing metabolism of vitamin D

123
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

Increases blood calcium ion concentration & decreases blood phosphate ion concentration through actions in the bones, kidneys, & intestines.

124
Q

Homeostasis

A

Trying to maintain calcium ion concentration

Calcitonin & PTH are antagonistic

125
Q

What is location of adrenal gland

A

Close association with kidneys

Sits atop of kidneys

Embedded in adipose tissue

126
Q

What is the structure of adrenal gland

A

Pyramid shaped and vascularized

127
Q

What are the 2 parts of adrenal gland

A

Adrenal medulla & adrenal cortex

128
Q

What are the layers of adrenal glands

A

Adrenal medulla (inner core)

Adrenal cortex (outer layer)

129
Q

Chromaffin cells

A

Grouped around blood vessels & connected with sympathetic division of automatic nervous system

130
Q

What are the 3 layers of adrenal cortex?

A

Outer (zona glomerulosa)

Middle (zona fasciculata)

Inner (zona reticularis)

131
Q

What are the effects of hormones of the adrenal medulla

A
  1. Increase heart rate
  2. Increases force of cardiac muscle contraction
  3. Increased breathing rate
  4. Increased BP
  5. Decreased digestive activity
132
Q

What are the hormones of the adrenal cortex

A

Aldosterone (zona glomerulosa)

Cortisol (zona fasciculata)

Adrenal androgens (zona reticularis)

133
Q

What is the action & target of aldosterone

A

Helps regulate the concentration of extra cellular electrolytes by conserving sodium ions (retaining water) & excreting potassium ions

Kidneys

134
Q

What does aldosterone regulate

A

Electrolyte concentrations in body fluids & blood pressure & volume

135
Q

What is the action & target of cortisol

A

Decreases protein synthesis, increases fatty acid release, & stimulates glucose synthesis from non carbohydrates (when blood glucose levels are low)

Any tissues

136
Q

What is the regulations of cortisol

A

CRH from the hypothalamus & ACTH from the anterior pituitary gland

137
Q

What is the action & target of adrenal androgens?

A

Supplement sex hormones from the gonads; may be converted into estrogens

Many tissues

138
Q

What is the location of pancreas

A

Posterior to stomach

139
Q

What is the structure of the pancreas

A

Pancreatic duct attaches to the duodenum transporting digestive juices into the intestine (exocrine function)

140
Q

What falls under pancreatic islets

A

Alpha cells (glucagon)

Beta cells (insulin)

Delta cells (somatostatin)

141
Q

What is the function of glucagon : alpha cells?

A

Stimulates liver to break down glycogen into glucose (glycolysis) & to convert non-carbohydrates into glucose (gluconegenesis)

Stimulates breakdown of fats into fatty acids & glycerol

142
Q

In glucagon low blood glucose concentration stimulates release of what?

A

Decreases blood glucose concentration; stimulates liver to form glycogen from glucose & inhibits conversion of non-carbohyduinto glucose.

Stimulates adipose cells to synthesize & store fat

143
Q

Somatostatin? Delta cells?

A

Helps regulate glucose metabolism by inhibiting secretion of glucagon & insulin

144
Q

What does pineal gland secrete?

A

Melatonin

145
Q

What is the function of pineal gland?

A

Part of regulating circadian rhythms- patterns of repeated activity associated with cycles of night & day

146
Q

What is pineal gland controlled by?

A

Light & dark patterns outside the body

147
Q

What is thymus secreted by

A

Thymosins

148
Q

What is thymus function

A

Affect production & differentiation of white blood cells; immunity

149
Q

Gonads

A

Reproductive system

150
Q

What are the 3 chemical class

A

Steroid hormones

Monoamines

Peptide hormones

151
Q

Define steroid hormones

A

Derived from cholesterol & synthesized in gonads & adrenal cortex

152
Q

Define monoamines

A

Synthesized from amino acids

153
Q

Define peptide hormones

A

3 or more amino acids

154
Q

Define neural stimuli

A

Gland stimulated by nerve fibers

155
Q

Define hormonal stimuli

A

Hormones stimulate other glands

156
Q

Define humoral stimuli

A

Blood-borne stimuli

157
Q

Hormone secretion

A

Not secreted at steady rates & levels vary

158
Q

Hormone transport

A

Arrive at target cell via blood stream

159
Q

Hydrophilic hormones

A

Monoamines & peptides

160
Q

Hydrophobic hormone

A

Steroids & thyroid hormone

161
Q

Bound hormone

A

Attached

162
Q

Unbound hormone

A

Unattached

163
Q

Hormones can only act as what

A

Target cells

164
Q

Receptors location

A

Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus

165
Q

Specificity

A

Receptor to one hormone

166
Q

Saturation

A

All receptors are bound by a hormone

167
Q

Define steroid hormone

A

Poorly soluble in water & double in hydrophobic portion of cell membranes; diffuse easily through

168
Q

Define thyroid hormones

A

Also poorly soluble in water & specific membrane transport mechanisms

169
Q

Once inside a target cell it does what

A

Steroid & thyroid hormones combine with specific protein receptors to form a hormone-receptor complex

170
Q

Hormone receptor complex binds

A

To particular DNA sequences

171
Q

What is the hormone that triggers this first step is considered

A

First messenger

172
Q

Define second messengers

A

Amplify the cellular responses to a hormone & can be activated in response to just a few hormone receptor complexes

173
Q

Up- regulation

A

A cell increases the # of hormones receptors & more sensitive to hormone

174
Q

Down regulation

A

A cell reduces the # of hormone receptors, less sensitive to hormone & long term exposure to high hormone concentration

175
Q

Fluid recovery

A

Reabsorb & return leaked fluid to blood

176
Q

Immunity

A

Fluid passes through lymph node

177
Q

Lupus absorption

A

Lacteals absorb dietary lipids

178
Q

Lymph

A

Fluid derived from the interstitial fluid that the lymphatic vessels carry

179
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

Fluid that surround cells

180
Q

Lymphatic capillaries description

A

Microscopic, closed ended tubes that extend into interstitial spaces

181
Q

What is the location of lymphatic capillaries

A

Everywhere except bone, bone marrow, and corneas & close association with blood capillaries

182
Q

Lymphatic vessels composed of 3 layers

A

Endothelial lining, smooth muscle and elastic fibers & CT

183
Q

Internal valves

A

Prevent backflow

184
Q

Lumbar trunk

A

Lower limbs

185
Q

Intestinal trunk

A

Abdominal viscera

186
Q

Intercostal & bronchomediastinal trunk

A

Thorax

187
Q

Subclavian trunk

A

Upper limbs

188
Q

Jugular trunk

A

Neck & head

189
Q

Thoracic duct

A

Largest; originates as an enlarged sac in the abdomen & passes upward through diaphragm beside the aorta & empties into the left subclavian vein

190
Q

Cisterns chlyi

A

Originates as an enlarged sac in the abdomen

191
Q

Drains lymph

A

Intestinal, lumbar, intercostal, left subclavian, left jugular, left bronchomediastinal trunks

192
Q

Right lymphatic duct

A

Originates in the right thorax at the union of the right jugular, subclavian and bronchomediastinal trunks

193
Q

When does tissue fluid formation occurs when

A

Capillary blood pressure filters water and small molecules from the plasma

194
Q

Lymph formation

A

Filtration normally exceeds reabsorption-> tissue fluid formation

195
Q

What are 3 ways to help move lymph

A
  1. Contracting skeletal muscles in limbs.
  2. Contracting smooth muscle in lymphatic trunks
  3. Pressure changes from skeletal muscle used in breathing
196
Q

When would lymph flow peak? Why?

A

Valves in lymphatic vessels help prevent backflow and keep fluid moving onward

197
Q

Lymph function

A

Absorption of dietary fats & returns small proteins back to bloodstream.

Transport of foreign particles to lymph nodes

198
Q

Lymphocytes

A

T lymphocytes (T cells)

B lymphocytes (B cells)

199
Q

Macrophages

A

Phagocytizing cells

200
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Capture antigens & bring them back to lymph nodes

201
Q

Reticular cells

A

Produce reticular fibers

202
Q

Lymphoid tissue

A

House and provide a proliferation site for lymphocytes

Furnishes an ideal surveillance vantage point for lymphocytes and macrophages

203
Q

What is lymphoid tissue composed of

A

Reticular CT

204
Q

Diffuse lymphoid tissue

A

Loose arrangement of lymphoid cells and reticular fibers

205
Q

MALT

A

Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue

206
Q

What is diffused lymphoid tissue exposed to exterior

A

Digestive, respiratory, urinary, & reproductive

207
Q

What is lymphoid nodules also called

A

Follicles

208
Q

Lymphoid nodules

A

Solid, spherical bodies of tightly packed lymphoid cells and reticular fibers

209
Q

What is the location of lymphoid nodules

A

Lymph nodes, tonsils, appendix, & ilium

210
Q

Primary lymphoid organs

A

T & B lymphocytes go to mature

211
Q

Red bone marrow

A

B cells

212
Q

Thymus

A

T cells

213
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs

A

Where mature lymphocytes first encounter antigens and are activated

214
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Cluster along lymphatic vessels & are a large groupings near body surfaces in the i GUI also, ancillary and cervical regions

215
Q

What are the 2 basic protective functions of the lymph nodes

A
  1. Cleanse lymph

2. Immune system activation

216
Q

Cleanse lymph

A

Macrophages

217
Q

Immune system activation

A

Lymphocytes encounter antigens & become activated

218
Q

Trabeculae

A

CT from capsule extends inward & divides the node into compartments

219
Q

What are the 2 distinct regions of the lymph node structure

A

Cortex & medulla

220
Q

Cortex

A

Lymphoid nodules with germinal center

221
Q

Medullla

A

Medullary cords (onward extension of cortical tissue)

222
Q

Lymph sinuses

A

Lymphatic capillaries

223
Q

Location of the thymus

A

Mediastinum, anterior to aortic arch, and posterior to upper part of the body of sternum

224
Q

Location of spleen

A

Upper, left portion of the abdominal cavity

225
Q

What does the spleen help do

A

Helps to filter blood

226
Q

What are the 2 type of tissues in spleen

A

White pulp and red pulp

227
Q

Hilum

A

Blood vessels & nevrous enter

228
Q

White pulp

A

Lymphocytes & macrophages

229
Q

Red pulp

A

Sinuses with erythrocytes

230
Q

Pathogen

A

Disease causing agent

231
Q

What are the 2 defense systems the body uses against infection

A
  1. Innate defense

2. Adaptive defense

232
Q

Innate defense

A

No specific, local & lacks memory

233
Q

Adaptive defense

A

Lines of defense

234
Q

Innate defenses

A 
Species resistance 
Mechanical barriers
Inflammation
Chemical barriers
Natural killer cells
Phagocytosis 
Fever
235
Q

Helper T cell

A

Stimulate a type of B cell to produce antibodies

236
Q

Cytotoxic T cell

A

Recognize and eliminate tumor cells and virus infected cells

237
Q

Memory T cell

A

“Remember” antigen if subsequent exposure occurs

238
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Polypeptide that enhances certain cellular responses to antigens

239
Q

Perforins

A

Protein that cuts pore like openings in cells , destroying them

240
Q

What are the T cell secretions

A

Cytokinesis & perforins

241
Q

Plasma cells produce and secrete what

A

Antibodies

242
Q

Antibody molecules

A

5 types of antibodies
Y shape
4 amino acid or polypeptide chain

243
Q

Variable region

A

Specialized to fit shape of a specific antigen molecule

244
Q

Constant region

A

Not going to change; give antibody certain properties

245
Q

What are the types of immunoglobulins

A 
Ig G
Ig A
Ig M
Ig D
Ig E
246
Q

What is the location of Ig G and what is it effective against

A

Location- plasma and tissue fluid

Effective against- bacteria, viruses& toxins

247
Q

What is the location of Ig A and what is it effective against

A

Location- exocrine gland secretions

Effective against- bacteria & viruses

248
Q

I hat is the location of Ig M and what is it effective against

A

Location - plasma

Effective against- certain antigens in foods or bacteria

249
Q

What is the location of Ig D

A

Location- surface of most B cells

250
Q

What is the location of Ig E

A

Exocrine gland secretion

251
Q

Antibody actions do what

A

Direct attack, complement activation , and localized changes

252
Q

Agglutination

A

Antigens clump

253
Q

Precipitation

A

Form insoluble substances

254
Q

Neutralization

A

Antigen loses toxic properties

255
Q

Opsonization

A

Antibody- antigen complex more susceptible to phagocytosis

256
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Attracts macrophages & neutrophils

257
Q

Primary immune response

A

Occurs when B and T cells become activated after first encountering antigens

258
Q

Secondary immune response

A

Subsequent encounter of a previous antigen

A&P 2 Test 1 (1 decks)

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