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Genetics Lab > Test one > Flashcards

Test one Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is genetics

A

the study of heredity or the study of biological information

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2
Q

what do we use as our experimental model organism

A

Drosophila melanogaster

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3
Q

what is the life cycle of a drosophila

A 
embryo
first instar larva
second instar larva
third instar larva
pupa
adult
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4
Q

what on a virgin will you find on their abdomen

A

meconium

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5
Q

what principles of genetic did Mendel discover

A

law of segregation

law of independent assortment

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6
Q

what was the first scientist to combine data collection, analysis, and theory to discover the basic principles of genetics

A

gregor mendel

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7
Q

why did mendel use peas in his experiment

A

breeding could be done by cross fertilization or selfing
large # of progeny in short period of time
traits remained constant in crosses within a line

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8
Q

what determines traits

A

genes
one from mother
one from father

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9
Q

each gene comes in alternative forms which are called

A

alleles

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10
Q

what is a phenotype

A

an observable characteristic

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11
Q

what is a genotype

A

a pair of alleles in an individual

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12
Q

what is an homozygote

A

two identical alleles

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13
Q

what is a heterozygote

A

two different alleles

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14
Q

what are the parent phenotypes of a hybrid cross

A

one is homo dom and homo recess

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15
Q

what is the F1 phenotype of a hybrid cross

A

all one phenotype

hetero dom

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16
Q

what is a simple way to visualize the segregation and random union of alleles

A

punnett square

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17
Q

what can reveal an unknown genotype

A

a testcross

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18
Q

in a monohybrid what is the ratio of phenotypes for the F1 progeny

A

3:1

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19
Q

when a true breeding dihybrid crosses, what is the F1 of this cross

A

heterozygote

RrYy

20
Q

what is the phenotypic ratio of the F2 generation in a dihybrid

A

9:3:3:1

21
Q

in the F1 dihybrid produces four possible gametes in what kind of ratio

A 
1:1:1:1
YR
Yr
yR
yr
22
Q

what is the product rule

A

probability of two independent events occurring together is the product of their individual probabilities

23
Q

if both parents are true bred in dihybrid testcross what is the possible F1

A

one possible outcome

heterozygote dom

24
Q

if one parent is true bred and one parent is heterozygous for one trait, what does the F1 generation look like

A

two types of F1 phenotypes

25
Q

if one parent is true bred and one parent is heterozygous for both traits what does the F1 looks like

A

4 products of F1 generation

shows all four phenotypes

26
Q

what does a chi square test measure

A

how well the observed results conform the expected results

27
Q

what is a null hypothesis

A

observed values are no different from expected values

28
Q

what is needed to do a chi square

A

total number of progeny
how many classes of progeny
number of offspring observed in each class

29
Q

how to find degrees of freedom

A 
df= n- 1
n= number of classes
30
Q

where is DNA packed

A

into highly condensed chromosomes

31
Q

how many chromosomes are present in a drosophila

A

4

32
Q

what are the steps in mapping a mutant allele

A

determine chromosome
determine the region on the chromosome
determine the actual gene locus

33
Q

how can you tell if mutant allele is on x chromosome

A

all males show the mutant phenotype

males inherit mutant fro mom

34
Q

when are two genes linked

A

when the parental type is greater than the recombinant type

35
Q

when are two genes not linked

A

ratio is 1:1:1:1

parental type is equal in number to recombinant type

36
Q

when does unlinked genes occur

A

either when two genes are on different chromosomes or when they are sufficiently far apart on the same chromosome that at least one crossover occurs between them in every meiosis

37
Q

what is recombination frequency

A

percentage of total recombinant progeny

38
Q

where does crossover occurs

A

chiasmata

39
Q

what else can recombination frequencies be used for

A

a measure of physical distance between two linked genes

40
Q

in a three point cross, what does the most frequent class represent

A

parental configuration of alleles

41
Q

in a three point cross, what does the least frequent class represent

A

double cross overs

42
Q

what is the first step in mapping the genes in relation to each other in a three point cross

A

identify the middle gene

double cross over

43
Q

deviation from the 1:1:1:1 ratio always mean

A

linkage

44
Q

what is special about drosophila salivary glands

A

contain giant chromosomes

45
Q

what are giant chromosomes called

A

polytene

Genetics Lab (1 decks)

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