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1
Q

When were X-rays discovered

A

1895

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2
Q

What is the approximate vertical angulation for bitewing radiographs?

A

+10 degrees

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3
Q

A radiograph is defined as

A

A picture on film produced by the passage of sprays through an object or body

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4
Q

An error in which of the following would result in overlapping

A

horizontal angulation

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5
Q

Who discovered the x-ray

A

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen

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6
Q

Radiation is defined as

A

a form of energy carried by waves or streams of particles

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7
Q

Otto Walkhoff took the first radiograph on a patient T or F

A

False

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8
Q

While taking radiographic projections the patients head should be resting on headrest with the chin pointing towards the ceiling T or F

A

False

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9
Q

What is the purpose of BWX

A

To see maxillary, mandible and adjacent tooth surfaces

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10
Q

What are the types of BWX

A

horizontal and vertical

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11
Q

What are the 6 important concepts to remember

A
  1. Receptor placement
  2. Receptor position
  3. Vertical angulation
  4. Horizontal angulation
  5. PID position
  6. Receptor exposure
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12
Q

What is the receptor position for BWX

A

parallel to teeth you want to capture

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13
Q

What is the Horizontal angulation for BWX

A

(side to side) PID & PSP parallel

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14
Q

What is an example of a patient protection technique used before x-ray exposure

A

proper prescribing of radiographs

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15
Q

The main suggestion for the operator’s protection is that the operator must

A

Avoid the primary beam

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16
Q

The acronym for the permitted lifetime accumulated dose is

A

MAD-Maximum accumulated dose

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17
Q

Inherent filtration in the dental x-ray tubehead

A

Includes filtration that takes place when the primary beam passes through the glass tubehead seal

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18
Q

A circular collimator (diaphragm) produces a round beam that is ___Inches in diameter

A

2.75

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19
Q

The ALARA concept states that all radiation must be kepth

A 
As 
Low 
As 
Reasonably 
Achievable
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20
Q

A film badge

A

is worn by the operator

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21
Q

____- speed film is currently the fastest intraoral film available

A

F

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22
Q

The single most important factor in patient protection is the inherent filtration of the X-ray tube head

A

FALSE

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23
Q

What does the collimator do

A

restricts the size and shape of primary beam

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24
Q

What is filtration

A

the use of absorbing materials for removing low energy x-rays from primary beam

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25
What is inherent filtration
Glass window of X-ray tube head, insulating oil and tube head seal (lead glass or aluminum)
26
What is added filtration
aluminum disks added between collimator and the tube head seal
27
What is the filtration for a machine operation at or below 70 KVP
1.5 mm aluminum
28
What is the filtration for a machine operating at or above 70 KVP
2.5 mm aluminum
29
What after exposure technique will protect patient and operator
proper film/sensor handling and proper film processing/sensor retrieval
30
a small(short) object-receptor distance will increase magnification of the tooth image T or F
False
31
a periapical film must show
the crown to the apex of the tooth
32
According to the basic principles of the paralleling technique, the film is placed in the mouth ____ to the long axis of the tooth being radiographed, and the central ray of the x-ray beam is directed ____ to the film and long axis of the tooth.
Parallel; perpendicular
33
Elongation is caused by too much vertical angulation
False
34
In taking a periodical radiograph using the bisecting technique, the x-ray beam was not centered on the film packet. The resulting film shows
Cone cut
35
When using the Parallel technique the film and the ___ should be as parallel as possible
Long axis of the tooth
36
When using the bisecting technique what is the relationship between the imaginary bisector and the central ray
the central ray is perpendicular to the imaginary bisector
37
What factor affects forshortening and elongation of a tooth image on the film while using the bisecting technique
vertical angle
38
In taking a periodical radiograph using the bisecting technique, the x-ray beam was not centered on the film packet. The resulting film shows
Cone cut
39
When the bisecting technique is used, which of the following angles is bisected
the angle formed by the receptor and the long axis of the tooth
40
One of the advantages of the bisecting technique is
they can be used when a patient has a shallow palate
41
Who was responsible for using the paralleling technique in practical dental radiography
McCormack
42
Who developed the first x-ray tube
Coolidge 1913
43
Who introduced the bisecting technique
Price
44
Who wrote the first paper on the danger of x-radiation
Rollins 1896
45
Who exposed the first dental radiograph in the US using a skull?
Morton 1896
46
Who introduced the long-cone paralleling technique
Fitzgerald 1947
47
Who wrote the first dental text; introduced bite-wing technique
Raper 1925
48
Who exposed the first dental radiograph in the United States on a living patient?
Kells 1896
49
Who exposed the first dental radiograph
Walkoff 1896
50
What is a cathode ray
A stream of high-speed electrons that originates from the cathode in an x-ray tube
51
What is fluorescence
A glow that results when a fluorescent substance is struck by light, cathode ray, or x-rays
52
What is radiation
A form of energy carried by waves or a stream of particles
53
What is x-radiation
a high-energy radiation produced by the collision of a beam of electrons with a metal target in an x-ray tube
54
What is the purpose of radiation guidlines?
to protect the patients and ourselves to minimize the amount of radiation both parties are exposed to
55
What is an angle
A figure formed by two lines diverging from a common point
56
What is angulation
The alignment of the central ray of the x-ray beam in both planes
57
What is horizontal angulation?
The positioning of the pid in a side to side plane
58
What is vertical angulation
The positioning of the PID in an up and down plane
59
What is the difference between a horizontal and vertical bitewing
The position of the bitewing receptor; with the long portion of the receptor horizontal or vertical
60
What is crystal bone
The most coronal portion o the alveolar bone found between teeth; it composed of cortical bone and appears radiopaque
61
What are areas where teeth are no longer present called
endentulous
62
What is the bisecting technique
A method used to expose pariapical images
63
When does elongation occur
When the vertical angle is too flat
64
When does foreshortening occur
When the vertical angle is too extreme
65
What is the occlusal projection
An intra oral radiographic examination used to examine the buccal and lingual aspects of the mandible and locate foreign bodies
66
What is a topographic occlusal projection used for
to examine maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth
67
What is interpretation
The explanation of what is viewed on a dental radiograph
68
What is the primary beam
the penetrating x-ray beam produced at the target within the x-ray head
69
No federal standard existed for dental x-ray machines manufactured before what year?
1974
70
When were x-rays first used in dentistry?
1895
71
When x-rays were first used in dentistry, how long was the exposure?
25 min
72
Dental films placed inside the mouth are termed
Intraoral Films
73
The component part of the dental x-ray machine that contains the x-ray tube is termed the?
tube head
74
The component part of the dental x-ray machine that allows movement and positioning of the tube head is termed the?
extension arm
75
The dental radiographer can regulate the x- ray beam (kilovoltage, mA, time) through the use of the:
Control panel
76
A device that is used to stabilize an intraoral film is:
Film holder
77
A metal instrument that is used to restrict the size of the -ray beam to the size of the Intraoral film is the?
Collimator device
78
What does the term bitewing refer to
A patient biting on a wing or a tab
79
What is the purpose of a bitewing
To detect caries and see in between teeth
80
What size of film is recommended for the use with the bitewing technique in an adult patient?
Size 2
81
What does bisect mean
to divide into two equal parts
82
What are the advantages of the bisecting technique?
Easier placement for patients (more comfortable), | No anatomical restrictions
83
Name some disadvantages of the bisecting technique
More distortion | Harder to place x-ray beam
84
ln the bisecting technique the central ray is directed?
Perpendicular to the imaginary bisector
85
With the bisecting technique the vertical angulation is determined by the _____.
imaginary bisector
86
What are the common types of intraoral film?
1) Bitewing (Interproximal examination) 2) Periapical film 3) Occlusal
87
Which film is used to examine the entire tooth and supporting bone?
periapical film
88
Name advantages to the parallel technique.
Accurate Image Easy to replicate beam angle from appointment to appointment Easier to determine where the beam should be
89
How do you achieve parallelism?
Film must be placed away from the tooth and toward the middle of tiie oral cavity
90
The 8 inch PID is more effective in reducing radiation exposure to the patient than the 16 inch PID.
False
91
What is the most effective PID in reducing patient exposure?
Rectangular PID
92
What is used as a collimator?
lead plate
93
What is the recommended size of the beam at the patients face?
2.75 inches

radiography (1 decks)

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