Test One Flashcards
1
Q
Aristotle
A
Knowledge rooted in experience
2
Q
Locke
A
Children is like a blank slate
3
Q
Rousseau
A
Children born with innate sense of justice and mortality
4
Q
The normative approach
A
Age related averages are computed to represent typical developed
5
Q
Biological theories
A
Maturational theory Imprinting Critical period Sensitive period Development neuroscience
6
Q
Maturational theory
A
Natural unfolding of a prearranged biological plan
7
Q
Critical period
A
Time limited, if a child doesn’t get proper stimulation it will lack that skill
8
Q
Sensitive period
A
Not as dire, easiest to learn at certain point
9
Q
Development neuroscience
A
Include a lot of different aspects of development
10
Q
Psychodynamic theories
A
Behaviour is affected by conscious and unconscious processes
Stage theories
11
Q
Learning theories
A
Environment molds developments
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Reinforcement and punishment
12
Q
Social learning theories
A
Observation learning
Instinct if reinforcement
Social cognitive theory
Self efficacy
13
Q
Self efficacy
A
Confidence in your ability
14
Q
Cognitive theories
A
Piaget- adapt to and seek to understand their environment
15
Q
Contextual perspective
A
Ecological system theory
Vyostsky
16
Q
Ecological systems theory
A
Microsystems, mesosystems, exosystem l, macrosystem
17
Q
Vyostsky
A
Development occurs through social interactions
18
Q
Micro
A
Mom and dad
19
Q
Mesosystems
A
Relationship between micro
20
Q
Exosystem
A
Social environment
21
Q
Macrosystem
A
The culture you grow up in
22
Q
Chronosystems
A
Looks at the timing of things
23
Q
Development is jointly influenced by
A
Heredity and environment
24
Q
Dynamic system perspective
A
Different aspects of the child form and interested and dynamic system
25
5 domains of development
```
Physical
Emotional
Social
Language
Cognition
```
26
Types of developmental changed
Normative age graded
Normative history graded
Non-normative changes
27
Data collection methods
Observation
Surveys and interviews
Case study
Physiological measures
28
Study types
Correlational studies
| Experiments
29
Microgentic study
Children are tested repeatedly over a span of days or weeks
30
Cross sectional designs
Different age groups are tested repeatedly over a span of days or weeks
31
Short affect
The change you see may be due to the change in the world in the age gap between children
32
Longitudinal design
The same group of people over time
33
Repeat test effect
The asking of the same question may lead to the children learning the questions
34
Sequential design
Different age groups are tested over time
35
Cross cultural research
Helps determine if developmental changed and milestones are universal
36
Fertility drugs
Real see more ovum
37
Artificial insemination
Sperm injected into uterus when ovum present
38
Invitro fertilization
Removed ovum, introduced sperm outside the body
39
Surrogate mothers
Another woman carries the child
Illegal in Canada
40
Modifier genes
Enhance or dilute the effects of other genes
41
Polygenic traits
Determined by more than one gene
42
Multi factorial influence
Phenotype determined by genes and the environment
43
Genomic imprinting
Making genes when gametes are formed in parents
44
Mitochondrial inheritance
Mitochondria passed through ovum
45
Plato
Children born with innate capacity
| Personality, temperament come with
46
Sex linked disorders
Recessive genes
Red/green colour blindness
Hemophilia
Fragile x syndrome
47
Chromosonal errors
Trisomies
| Trisomy 21
48
Behavioural genetics
Studies the inheritance behavioural and physical tests
49
Epigenetics
Interaction between genes and multiple levels of the environment that determine development.
50
Hereitability coefficient
Infant how much of a particular gene you have
51
Niche picking
Deliberaity seeking environments that fits one heredity
52
Internal models of experience
Core ideas or assumptions about self others, the world through which other experiences are filtered
53
Maturation
No environmental effect
54
Maintenance
Environmental input is needed to sustain a skill
55
Facilitation
Environmental input means that skills develop earlier than normal
56
Altunement
Environmental input leads to a permanent level of gain in a genetic capacity
57
Induction
Environmental input is needed for the skill to develop at all
58
Horowitz
A child's vulnerability, resilience and the environment facilitativness interact to determine outcomes
59
Gestation
Occurs over 265 days or 38 weeks
60
The embryonic stage
2 weeks to 2 months
61
Organogenesis
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
62
Ectoderm
Nervous system and skin
63
Mesoderm
Muscles
Skeleton
Circulatory system
Internal organs
64
Fetal stage
2 months to birth.
65
Fetal brain development
Neurons begin to develop
66
6 weeks in development
Prenatal development sex hormones are secreted
67
Maternal risk factors
```
Diet
Malnutrition
Folic acid
Stress
Age
```
68
Teratogens effects depend on
Dose
Heredity
Other
Age
69
Types of teratogens
Rubella
HIV/AIDS
STIs
Environmental hazards
70
Smoking effects
Reduces blood flow to body
Causes placenta to growth abnormality
Less oxygen to body
71
Alcohol effects
FASD
interferes cellular duplication and migration in the neural tube
Reduced oxygen to the baby
72
Cocaine effects
Low birth weight
Cognitive delays
Motor delays
73
Marjuana effects
Physical development, attention.
| Sleeping
74
Herion and methodone
Withdrawal symptoms
Crying
Tremors
75
Prescription drugs and over the counter
Women are advised to not take over the counter drugs
76
Prenatal diagnosis and treatment
```
Chronic villus sampling
Amniocentesis
Ultrasonography
MRI
Fetoscopy
```
77
Chronic villus sampling
Cells are extracted from the placenta
78
Amniocentesis
Amniotic fluid is extended and fetal cells are examined
79
Ultrasonography
Sound waves create image of the fetus
80
MRI
Fetal magnitude resonance imaging
81
Fetoscopy
Camera is used to observe the fetus and sample fetal blood
82
Fetal medicine
Drugs
Prenatal Surgery
Blood transfusions
Bone marrow transplants
83
Genetic engineering
Corrects genetic abnormalities
| Proteomics
84
Proteomics
Modifying gene- specific proteins
85
Labour and delivery
Dilation or the cervix and contractions
Delivery
Delivery of the placenta
86
Approach childbirth
Prepare child birth
| Techniques to reduce plain by reducing fear and increasing control
87
Pain drugs
Longer lasting effects on the baby
Drugs slow down the process of
Labour and delivery
88
Birth complications
Hypoxia and Anoxia
89
Anoxia
Complete deprivation of oxygen
90
Hypoxia
Deprivation of oxygen in one part of the body
91
How much do babies usually weigh
Between 6 and 11 pounds
92
Low birth weight is due to
```
Being preterm
Mothers illness
Multiple births
Malnutrition
Teratogens
```
93
Cesarean section
Baby is delivered surgically
94
When is cesarean section used?
Fetal distress during labour
Labour lasts too long
Fetus is to large
Maternal health
95
Types of post partum depression
Baby blues
Postpartum depression
Postpartum psychosis
96
Baby blues
1-3 days after the baby is born
| Crying, irritability, can't sleep, mood changes, feeling vulnerable and scared
97
Postpartum depression
Symptoms close to depression
Extreme sadness, feeling of inadequately, guilt and physical symptoms.
Take no interest or pleasure in their baby
98
Postpartum psychosis
```
Depression
Cognitive confusion
Often disoriented
Hallucinations
Delusions
```
99
Assessing the newborn
Apgar score
| Reflex
100
What is apgar score based on?
```
Heart rate
Respiratory
Muscle tone
Response to stimulation of feet
Color
```
101
Types of reflexes
Adaptive reflexes
| Primitive reflexes
102
Adaptive reflexes
Rooting reflex
| Sucking reflex
103
Rooting reflex
Brush finger across the cheek, they will open mouth for feeding
104
Sucking reflex
Anything you put in babies mouth they will start studying.
105
Primitive reflexes
```
Babinski reflex
Palmar reflex
Moro reflex
Stepping reflex
Tonics neck reflex
```
106
Babinski reflex
Running something down a babies foot, they will spread their toes and then curl their foot in
107
Palmar reflex
Opening babies hand and put finger in and they close their hand around your finger
108
Moro reflex
Put a baby on your forearm and then put their head on your hand and then tilt your fingers down like there is an affect of falling they will spread out and arch their back and curl
109
Stepping reflex
Stepping reflex holding baby on service and they start to March. Move had one way and they look there look the arm go straight in the arm behind the more curl in
110
Behavioral stages
```
Deep sleep
Lighter sleep
Fussing
Hunger
Alert wakefulness
```
111
What is crying a form of
Communication
112
How often to newborns cry?
2% to 11%
113
What reduces crying
Attention
114
What is colic?
Tense periods of crying
115
Crying can also signal what
Medical abnormalities
| Drain damage
116
Sudden infant death syndrome
Usually have babies have physical problems
Problems brain functioning
Babies sleeping on their stomachs
117
What kind of reachings are there
Pre-reaching
Ulnar
Pincer gap
118
Pincer gap
Can pick up little things
119
How many phases are there in body size
Three
120
Phase one of body size
Height grow quickly in the first year
| Their body weight can triple
121
Phase two of body size
2 years of age child will gain 15cm and 2.7 kg a year until adolescence
122
Phase three of body size
Growth spurt in adolescence where up to 20-23cm a year can be added
123
Growth curves
Distance curve
| Velocity curve
124
Distance curve
Plots the average size of a sample children at each at indication typical yearly progress
125
Velocity curve
Plots average amount of growth at each year interval showing timing of growth spurts
126
Secular growth trends
Children heavier and taller
Gain in height have slowed
Timing of puberty declined
Early age nesters toon
127
Mechanisms of physical growth
Heredity
| Sleep
128
Nutrition in babies
Babies have twice the energy needs then adults do
129
How much calorie intake goes towards growth?
40%
130
Percentage of women that breast feed
75%
131
How often to you have to breast feed babies
Every 2-3 hours
132
How often do you have to bottle feed babies
3-4 hours
133
What is the advantage of breast feeding ?
Fewer illnesses and make the transition to solid food easier
Breast milk have more antibodies that help fight of diseases
134
When do kids become picky
Preschool years
135
How long does puberty take
About four years
136
What develops during puberty
Primary and secondary sexual characteristics
137
Secular growth trends
Children heavier and taller
Gain in height have slowed
Timing of puberty declined
Early age nesters toon
138
Mechanisms of physical growth
Heredity
| Sleep
139
Nutrition in babies
Babies have twice the energy needs then adults do
140
How much calorie intake goes towards growth?
40%
141
Percentage of women that breast feed
75%
142
How often to you have to breast feed babies
Every 2-3 hours
143
How often do you have to bottle feed babies
3-4 hours
144
What is the advantage of breast feeding ?
Fewer illnesses and make the transition to solid food easier
Breast milk have more antibodies that help fight of diseases
145
When do kids become picky
Preschool years
146
Secular growth trends
Children heavier and taller
Gain in height have slowed
Timing of puberty declined
Early age nesters toon
147
Mechanisms of physical growth
Heredity
| Sleep
148
Nutrition in babies
Babies have twice the energy needs then adults do
149
How much calorie intake goes towards growth?
40%
150
Percentage of women that breast feed
75%
151
How often to you have to breast feed babies
Every 2-3 hours
152
How often do you have to bottle feed babies
3-4 hours
153
What is the advantage of breast feeding ?
Fewer illnesses and make the transition to solid food easier
Breast milk have more antibodies that help fight of diseases
154
How long does puberty take.
About 4 year
155
What happens in puberty
```
Bones lengthen
Bones become denser
Muscles become thicker
Body fat increases and redistributes
Heart and lung capacity grows
```
156
Mechanisms of maturation
Heredity
Nutrition and exercise
Social environment
157
High stress on girls can lead to what
Early menstruation
158
Early maturing girls are
```
Unpopular
Withdrawn
Lack self confidence
Anxious
Prone to depression
```
159
Later maturing girls
Physically attractive
Sociable
Leaders
160
Challenges to health growth
Malnutrition
161
Percentage of poverty rate in Mnaitoba
20%
162
Malnutrition can lead to ..
Problems with brain development
| Lower intelligence scores poor school performance
163
Eating disorders
Anorexia
| Bulimia nervous
164
Anorexia
The body will eventually go through starvation
| Things start to shut down
165
Bulimia nervous
Guilt and start to Purge
166
When does Neuton development occur ?
10 weeks after conception
167
When does myelin form
The 4 month
168
Growth spurts very with periods of...
Stability
169
Growth spurts are...
Localized
170
20 month growth spurt
Goal directed planning
171
6-8 years growth spurt
Fine motor skills
| Hand-eye coordination
172
10-12 years growth spurt
Frontal lobe
Logic
Planning
Memory
173
13-15 year growth spurt
```
Spatial perception
Motor functions
Reorganization
Self regulation
Executive processing
```
174
17 year to adult hood growth spurt
Logic
| Planning
175
Synaptogensis
Increase in synapses
Rapid in first 2 years
Pruning
Plasticity
176
Myelination
Rapid in first 2 years
Improves brain function
Able to process things faster
177
Corpus collosum
Grow more in childhood
| Greater lateral oration
178
Later laudatory
How to get to point A to point B
Linked
To development. Of spatial perception
179
Facial recognition occurs in
Preschool years
180
At eight years what occurs?
Cognitive mapping
Perspective of left and right
Spatial cognition
181
Experience expectant growth
Brain is rapidly developing organization that depends on ordinary experience
182
Experience expectant growth
Additional growth and refinement of existing brain structures from specific learning experiences
