Test One Flashcards
Aristotle
Knowledge rooted in experience
Locke
Children is like a blank slate
Rousseau
Children born with innate sense of justice and mortality
The normative approach
Age related averages are computed to represent typical developed
Biological theories
Maturational theory Imprinting Critical period Sensitive period Development neuroscience
Maturational theory
Natural unfolding of a prearranged biological plan
Critical period
Time limited, if a child doesn’t get proper stimulation it will lack that skill
Sensitive period
Not as dire, easiest to learn at certain point
Development neuroscience
Include a lot of different aspects of development
Psychodynamic theories
Behaviour is affected by conscious and unconscious processes
Stage theories
Learning theories
Environment molds developments
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Reinforcement and punishment
Social learning theories
Observation learning
Instinct if reinforcement
Social cognitive theory
Self efficacy
Self efficacy
Confidence in your ability
Cognitive theories
Piaget- adapt to and seek to understand their environment
Contextual perspective
Ecological system theory
Vyostsky
Ecological systems theory
Microsystems, mesosystems, exosystem l, macrosystem
Vyostsky
Development occurs through social interactions
Micro
Mom and dad
Mesosystems
Relationship between micro
Exosystem
Social environment
Macrosystem
The culture you grow up in
Chronosystems
Looks at the timing of things
Development is jointly influenced by
Heredity and environment
Dynamic system perspective
Different aspects of the child form and interested and dynamic system
5 domains of development
Physical Emotional Social Language Cognition
Types of developmental changed
Normative age graded
Normative history graded
Non-normative changes
Data collection methods
Observation
Surveys and interviews
Case study
Physiological measures
Study types
Correlational studies
Experiments
Microgentic study
Children are tested repeatedly over a span of days or weeks
Cross sectional designs
Different age groups are tested repeatedly over a span of days or weeks
Short affect
The change you see may be due to the change in the world in the age gap between children
Longitudinal design
The same group of people over time
Repeat test effect
The asking of the same question may lead to the children learning the questions
Sequential design
Different age groups are tested over time
Cross cultural research
Helps determine if developmental changed and milestones are universal
Fertility drugs
Real see more ovum
Artificial insemination
Sperm injected into uterus when ovum present
Invitro fertilization
Removed ovum, introduced sperm outside the body
Surrogate mothers
Another woman carries the child
Illegal in Canada
Modifier genes
Enhance or dilute the effects of other genes
Polygenic traits
Determined by more than one gene
Multi factorial influence
Phenotype determined by genes and the environment
Genomic imprinting
Making genes when gametes are formed in parents
Mitochondrial inheritance
Mitochondria passed through ovum
Plato
Children born with innate capacity
Personality, temperament come with
Sex linked disorders
Recessive genes
Red/green colour blindness
Hemophilia
Fragile x syndrome
Chromosonal errors
Trisomies
Trisomy 21
Behavioural genetics
Studies the inheritance behavioural and physical tests
Epigenetics
Interaction between genes and multiple levels of the environment that determine development.
Hereitability coefficient
Infant how much of a particular gene you have
Niche picking
Deliberaity seeking environments that fits one heredity
Internal models of experience
Core ideas or assumptions about self others, the world through which other experiences are filtered
Maturation
No environmental effect
Maintenance
Environmental input is needed to sustain a skill
Facilitation
Environmental input means that skills develop earlier than normal
Altunement
Environmental input leads to a permanent level of gain in a genetic capacity
Induction
Environmental input is needed for the skill to develop at all
Horowitz
A child’s vulnerability, resilience and the environment facilitativness interact to determine outcomes
Gestation
Occurs over 265 days or 38 weeks
The embryonic stage
2 weeks to 2 months
Organogenesis
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
Ectoderm
Nervous system and skin
Mesoderm
Muscles
Skeleton
Circulatory system
Internal organs
Fetal stage
2 months to birth.
Fetal brain development
Neurons begin to develop
6 weeks in development
Prenatal development sex hormones are secreted
Maternal risk factors
Diet Malnutrition Folic acid Stress Age
Teratogens effects depend on
Dose
Heredity
Other
Age
Types of teratogens
Rubella
HIV/AIDS
STIs
Environmental hazards
Smoking effects
Reduces blood flow to body
Causes placenta to growth abnormality
Less oxygen to body
Alcohol effects
FASD
interferes cellular duplication and migration in the neural tube
Reduced oxygen to the baby
Cocaine effects
Low birth weight
Cognitive delays
Motor delays
Marjuana effects
Physical development, attention.
Sleeping
Herion and methodone
Withdrawal symptoms
Crying
Tremors
Prescription drugs and over the counter
Women are advised to not take over the counter drugs
Prenatal diagnosis and treatment
Chronic villus sampling Amniocentesis Ultrasonography MRI Fetoscopy
Chronic villus sampling
Cells are extracted from the placenta
Amniocentesis
Amniotic fluid is extended and fetal cells are examined
Ultrasonography
Sound waves create image of the fetus
MRI
Fetal magnitude resonance imaging
Fetoscopy
Camera is used to observe the fetus and sample fetal blood
Fetal medicine
Drugs
Prenatal Surgery
Blood transfusions
Bone marrow transplants
Genetic engineering
Corrects genetic abnormalities
Proteomics
Proteomics
Modifying gene- specific proteins
Labour and delivery
Dilation or the cervix and contractions
Delivery
Delivery of the placenta
Approach childbirth
Prepare child birth
Techniques to reduce plain by reducing fear and increasing control
Pain drugs
Longer lasting effects on the baby
Drugs slow down the process of
Labour and delivery
Birth complications
Hypoxia and Anoxia
Anoxia
Complete deprivation of oxygen
Hypoxia
Deprivation of oxygen in one part of the body
How much do babies usually weigh
Between 6 and 11 pounds
Low birth weight is due to
Being preterm Mothers illness Multiple births Malnutrition Teratogens
Cesarean section
Baby is delivered surgically
When is cesarean section used?
Fetal distress during labour
Labour lasts too long
Fetus is to large
Maternal health
Types of post partum depression
Baby blues
Postpartum depression
Postpartum psychosis
Baby blues
1-3 days after the baby is born
Crying, irritability, can’t sleep, mood changes, feeling vulnerable and scared
Postpartum depression
Symptoms close to depression
Extreme sadness, feeling of inadequately, guilt and physical symptoms.
Take no interest or pleasure in their baby
Postpartum psychosis
Depression Cognitive confusion Often disoriented Hallucinations Delusions
Assessing the newborn
Apgar score
Reflex
What is apgar score based on?
Heart rate Respiratory Muscle tone Response to stimulation of feet Color
Types of reflexes
Adaptive reflexes
Primitive reflexes
Adaptive reflexes
Rooting reflex
Sucking reflex
Rooting reflex
Brush finger across the cheek, they will open mouth for feeding
Sucking reflex
Anything you put in babies mouth they will start studying.
Primitive reflexes
Babinski reflex Palmar reflex Moro reflex Stepping reflex Tonics neck reflex
Babinski reflex
Running something down a babies foot, they will spread their toes and then curl their foot in
Palmar reflex
Opening babies hand and put finger in and they close their hand around your finger
Moro reflex
Put a baby on your forearm and then put their head on your hand and then tilt your fingers down like there is an affect of falling they will spread out and arch their back and curl
Stepping reflex
Stepping reflex holding baby on service and they start to March. Move had one way and they look there look the arm go straight in the arm behind the more curl in
Behavioral stages
Deep sleep Lighter sleep Fussing Hunger Alert wakefulness
What is crying a form of
Communication
How often to newborns cry?
2% to 11%
What reduces crying
Attention
What is colic?
Tense periods of crying
Crying can also signal what
Medical abnormalities
Drain damage
Sudden infant death syndrome
Usually have babies have physical problems
Problems brain functioning
Babies sleeping on their stomachs
What kind of reachings are there
Pre-reaching
Ulnar
Pincer gap
Pincer gap
Can pick up little things
How many phases are there in body size
Three
Phase one of body size
Height grow quickly in the first year
Their body weight can triple
Phase two of body size
2 years of age child will gain 15cm and 2.7 kg a year until adolescence
Phase three of body size
Growth spurt in adolescence where up to 20-23cm a year can be added
Growth curves
Distance curve
Velocity curve
Distance curve
Plots the average size of a sample children at each at indication typical yearly progress
Velocity curve
Plots average amount of growth at each year interval showing timing of growth spurts
Secular growth trends
Children heavier and taller
Gain in height have slowed
Timing of puberty declined
Early age nesters toon
Mechanisms of physical growth
Heredity
Sleep
Nutrition in babies
Babies have twice the energy needs then adults do
How much calorie intake goes towards growth?
40%
Percentage of women that breast feed
75%
How often to you have to breast feed babies
Every 2-3 hours
How often do you have to bottle feed babies
3-4 hours
What is the advantage of breast feeding ?
Fewer illnesses and make the transition to solid food easier
Breast milk have more antibodies that help fight of diseases
When do kids become picky
Preschool years
How long does puberty take
About four years
What develops during puberty
Primary and secondary sexual characteristics
Secular growth trends
Children heavier and taller
Gain in height have slowed
Timing of puberty declined
Early age nesters toon
Mechanisms of physical growth
Heredity
Sleep
Nutrition in babies
Babies have twice the energy needs then adults do
How much calorie intake goes towards growth?
40%
Percentage of women that breast feed
75%
How often to you have to breast feed babies
Every 2-3 hours
How often do you have to bottle feed babies
3-4 hours
What is the advantage of breast feeding ?
Fewer illnesses and make the transition to solid food easier
Breast milk have more antibodies that help fight of diseases
When do kids become picky
Preschool years
Secular growth trends
Children heavier and taller
Gain in height have slowed
Timing of puberty declined
Early age nesters toon
Mechanisms of physical growth
Heredity
Sleep
Nutrition in babies
Babies have twice the energy needs then adults do
How much calorie intake goes towards growth?
40%
Percentage of women that breast feed
75%
How often to you have to breast feed babies
Every 2-3 hours
How often do you have to bottle feed babies
3-4 hours
What is the advantage of breast feeding ?
Fewer illnesses and make the transition to solid food easier
Breast milk have more antibodies that help fight of diseases
How long does puberty take.
About 4 year
What happens in puberty
Bones lengthen Bones become denser Muscles become thicker Body fat increases and redistributes Heart and lung capacity grows
Mechanisms of maturation
Heredity
Nutrition and exercise
Social environment
High stress on girls can lead to what
Early menstruation
Early maturing girls are
Unpopular Withdrawn Lack self confidence Anxious Prone to depression
Later maturing girls
Physically attractive
Sociable
Leaders
Challenges to health growth
Malnutrition
Percentage of poverty rate in Mnaitoba
20%
Malnutrition can lead to ..
Problems with brain development
Lower intelligence scores poor school performance
Eating disorders
Anorexia
Bulimia nervous
Anorexia
The body will eventually go through starvation
Things start to shut down
Bulimia nervous
Guilt and start to Purge
When does Neuton development occur ?
10 weeks after conception
When does myelin form
The 4 month
Growth spurts very with periods of…
Stability
Growth spurts are…
Localized
20 month growth spurt
Goal directed planning
6-8 years growth spurt
Fine motor skills
Hand-eye coordination
10-12 years growth spurt
Frontal lobe
Logic
Planning
Memory
13-15 year growth spurt
Spatial perception Motor functions Reorganization Self regulation Executive processing
17 year to adult hood growth spurt
Logic
Planning
Synaptogensis
Increase in synapses
Rapid in first 2 years
Pruning
Plasticity
Myelination
Rapid in first 2 years
Improves brain function
Able to process things faster
Corpus collosum
Grow more in childhood
Greater lateral oration
Later laudatory
How to get to point A to point B
Linked
To development. Of spatial perception
Facial recognition occurs in
Preschool years
At eight years what occurs?
Cognitive mapping
Perspective of left and right
Spatial cognition
Experience expectant growth
Brain is rapidly developing organization that depends on ordinary experience
Experience expectant growth
Additional growth and refinement of existing brain structures from specific learning experiences
