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Child Development > Test One > Flashcards

Test One Flashcards

1
Q

Aristotle

A

Knowledge rooted in experience

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2
Q

Locke

A

Children is like a blank slate

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3
Q

Rousseau

A

Children born with innate sense of justice and mortality

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4
Q

The normative approach

A

Age related averages are computed to represent typical developed

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5
Q

Biological theories

A 
Maturational theory 
Imprinting
Critical period 
Sensitive period 
Development neuroscience
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6
Q

Maturational theory

A

Natural unfolding of a prearranged biological plan

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7
Q

Critical period

A

Time limited, if a child doesn’t get proper stimulation it will lack that skill

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8
Q

Sensitive period

A

Not as dire, easiest to learn at certain point

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9
Q

Development neuroscience

A

Include a lot of different aspects of development

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10
Q

Psychodynamic theories

A

Behaviour is affected by conscious and unconscious processes
Stage theories

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11
Q

Learning theories

A

Environment molds developments
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Reinforcement and punishment

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12
Q

Social learning theories

A

Observation learning
Instinct if reinforcement
Social cognitive theory
Self efficacy

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13
Q

Self efficacy

A

Confidence in your ability

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14
Q

Cognitive theories

A

Piaget- adapt to and seek to understand their environment

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15
Q

Contextual perspective

A

Ecological system theory

Vyostsky

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16
Q

Ecological systems theory

A

Microsystems, mesosystems, exosystem l, macrosystem

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17
Q

Vyostsky

A

Development occurs through social interactions

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18
Q

Micro

A

Mom and dad

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19
Q

Mesosystems

A

Relationship between micro

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20
Q

Exosystem

A

Social environment

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21
Q

Macrosystem

A

The culture you grow up in

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22
Q

Chronosystems

A

Looks at the timing of things

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23
Q

Development is jointly influenced by

A

Heredity and environment

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24
Q

Dynamic system perspective

A

Different aspects of the child form and interested and dynamic system

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25
Q

5 domains of development

A 
Physical 
Emotional
Social
Language 
Cognition
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26
Q

Types of developmental changed

A

Normative age graded
Normative history graded
Non-normative changes

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27
Q

Data collection methods

A

Observation
Surveys and interviews
Case study
Physiological measures

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28
Q

Study types

A

Correlational studies

Experiments

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29
Q

Microgentic study

A

Children are tested repeatedly over a span of days or weeks

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30
Q

Cross sectional designs

A

Different age groups are tested repeatedly over a span of days or weeks

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31
Q

Short affect

A

The change you see may be due to the change in the world in the age gap between children

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32
Q

Longitudinal design

A

The same group of people over time

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33
Q

Repeat test effect

A

The asking of the same question may lead to the children learning the questions

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34
Q

Sequential design

A

Different age groups are tested over time

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35
Q

Cross cultural research

A

Helps determine if developmental changed and milestones are universal

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36
Q

Fertility drugs

A

Real see more ovum

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37
Q

Artificial insemination

A

Sperm injected into uterus when ovum present

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38
Q

Invitro fertilization

A

Removed ovum, introduced sperm outside the body

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39
Q

Surrogate mothers

A

Another woman carries the child

Illegal in Canada

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40
Q

Modifier genes

A

Enhance or dilute the effects of other genes

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41
Q

Polygenic traits

A

Determined by more than one gene

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42
Q

Multi factorial influence

A

Phenotype determined by genes and the environment

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43
Q

Genomic imprinting

A

Making genes when gametes are formed in parents

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44
Q

Mitochondrial inheritance

A

Mitochondria passed through ovum

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45
Q

Plato

A

Children born with innate capacity

Personality, temperament come with

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46
Q

Sex linked disorders

A

Recessive genes
Red/green colour blindness
Hemophilia
Fragile x syndrome

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47
Q

Chromosonal errors

A

Trisomies

Trisomy 21

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48
Q

Behavioural genetics

A

Studies the inheritance behavioural and physical tests

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49
Q

Epigenetics

A

Interaction between genes and multiple levels of the environment that determine development.

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50
Q

Hereitability coefficient

A

Infant how much of a particular gene you have

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51
Q

Niche picking

A

Deliberaity seeking environments that fits one heredity

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52
Q

Internal models of experience

A

Core ideas or assumptions about self others, the world through which other experiences are filtered

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53
Q

Maturation

A

No environmental effect

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54
Q

Maintenance

A

Environmental input is needed to sustain a skill

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55
Q

Facilitation

A

Environmental input means that skills develop earlier than normal

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56
Q

Altunement

A

Environmental input leads to a permanent level of gain in a genetic capacity

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57
Q

Induction

A

Environmental input is needed for the skill to develop at all

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58
Q

Horowitz

A

A child’s vulnerability, resilience and the environment facilitativness interact to determine outcomes

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59
Q

Gestation

A

Occurs over 265 days or 38 weeks

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60
Q

The embryonic stage

A

2 weeks to 2 months

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61
Q

Organogenesis

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

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62
Q

Ectoderm

A

Nervous system and skin

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63
Q

Mesoderm

A

Muscles
Skeleton
Circulatory system
Internal organs

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64
Q

Fetal stage

A

2 months to birth.

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65
Q

Fetal brain development

A

Neurons begin to develop

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66
Q

6 weeks in development

A

Prenatal development sex hormones are secreted

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67
Q

Maternal risk factors

A 
Diet
Malnutrition 
Folic acid 
Stress
Age
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68
Q

Teratogens effects depend on

A

Dose
Heredity
Other
Age

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69
Q

Types of teratogens

A

Rubella
HIV/AIDS
STIs
Environmental hazards

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70
Q

Smoking effects

A

Reduces blood flow to body
Causes placenta to growth abnormality
Less oxygen to body

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71
Q

Alcohol effects

A

FASD
interferes cellular duplication and migration in the neural tube
Reduced oxygen to the baby

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72
Q

Cocaine effects

A

Low birth weight
Cognitive delays
Motor delays

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73
Q

Marjuana effects

A

Physical development, attention.

Sleeping

74
Q

Herion and methodone

A

Withdrawal symptoms
Crying
Tremors

75
Q

Prescription drugs and over the counter

A

Women are advised to not take over the counter drugs

76
Q

Prenatal diagnosis and treatment

A 
Chronic villus sampling 
Amniocentesis 
Ultrasonography 
MRI
Fetoscopy
77
Q

Chronic villus sampling

A

Cells are extracted from the placenta

78
Q

Amniocentesis

A

Amniotic fluid is extended and fetal cells are examined

79
Q

Ultrasonography

A

Sound waves create image of the fetus

80
Q

MRI

A

Fetal magnitude resonance imaging

81
Q

Fetoscopy

A

Camera is used to observe the fetus and sample fetal blood

82
Q

Fetal medicine

A

Drugs
Prenatal Surgery
Blood transfusions
Bone marrow transplants

83
Q

Genetic engineering

A

Corrects genetic abnormalities

Proteomics

84
Q

Proteomics

A

Modifying gene- specific proteins

85
Q

Labour and delivery

A

Dilation or the cervix and contractions
Delivery
Delivery of the placenta

86
Q

Approach childbirth

A

Prepare child birth

Techniques to reduce plain by reducing fear and increasing control

87
Q

Pain drugs

A

Longer lasting effects on the baby
Drugs slow down the process of
Labour and delivery

88
Q

Birth complications

A

Hypoxia and Anoxia

89
Q

Anoxia

A

Complete deprivation of oxygen

90
Q

Hypoxia

A

Deprivation of oxygen in one part of the body

91
Q

How much do babies usually weigh

A

Between 6 and 11 pounds

92
Q

Low birth weight is due to

A 
Being preterm 
Mothers illness 
Multiple births 
Malnutrition 
Teratogens
93
Q

Cesarean section

A

Baby is delivered surgically

94
Q

When is cesarean section used?

A

Fetal distress during labour
Labour lasts too long
Fetus is to large
Maternal health

95
Q

Types of post partum depression

A

Baby blues
Postpartum depression
Postpartum psychosis

96
Q

Baby blues

A

1-3 days after the baby is born

Crying, irritability, can’t sleep, mood changes, feeling vulnerable and scared

97
Q

Postpartum depression

A

Symptoms close to depression
Extreme sadness, feeling of inadequately, guilt and physical symptoms.
Take no interest or pleasure in their baby

98
Q

Postpartum psychosis

A 
Depression 
Cognitive confusion
Often disoriented 
Hallucinations 
Delusions
99
Q

Assessing the newborn

A

Apgar score

Reflex

100
Q

What is apgar score based on?

A 
Heart rate
Respiratory 
Muscle tone 
Response to stimulation of feet 
Color
101
Q

Types of reflexes

A

Adaptive reflexes

Primitive reflexes

102
Q

Adaptive reflexes

A

Rooting reflex

Sucking reflex

103
Q

Rooting reflex

A

Brush finger across the cheek, they will open mouth for feeding

104
Q

Sucking reflex

A

Anything you put in babies mouth they will start studying.

105
Q

Primitive reflexes

A 
Babinski reflex
Palmar reflex 
Moro reflex 
Stepping reflex 
Tonics neck reflex
106
Q

Babinski reflex

A

Running something down a babies foot, they will spread their toes and then curl their foot in

107
Q

Palmar reflex

A

Opening babies hand and put finger in and they close their hand around your finger

108
Q

Moro reflex

A

Put a baby on your forearm and then put their head on your hand and then tilt your fingers down like there is an affect of falling they will spread out and arch their back and curl

109
Q

Stepping reflex

A

Stepping reflex holding baby on service and they start to March. Move had one way and they look there look the arm go straight in the arm behind the more curl in

110
Q

Behavioral stages

A 
Deep sleep
Lighter sleep 
Fussing 
Hunger 
Alert wakefulness
111
Q

What is crying a form of

A

Communication

112
Q

How often to newborns cry?

A

2% to 11%

113
Q

What reduces crying

A

Attention

114
Q

What is colic?

A

Tense periods of crying

115
Q

Crying can also signal what

A

Medical abnormalities

Drain damage

116
Q

Sudden infant death syndrome

A

Usually have babies have physical problems
Problems brain functioning
Babies sleeping on their stomachs

117
Q

What kind of reachings are there

A

Pre-reaching
Ulnar
Pincer gap

118
Q

Pincer gap

A

Can pick up little things

119
Q

How many phases are there in body size

A

Three

120
Q

Phase one of body size

A

Height grow quickly in the first year

Their body weight can triple

121
Q

Phase two of body size

A

2 years of age child will gain 15cm and 2.7 kg a year until adolescence

122
Q

Phase three of body size

A

Growth spurt in adolescence where up to 20-23cm a year can be added

123
Q

Growth curves

A

Distance curve

Velocity curve

124
Q

Distance curve

A

Plots the average size of a sample children at each at indication typical yearly progress

125
Q

Velocity curve

A

Plots average amount of growth at each year interval showing timing of growth spurts

126
Q

Secular growth trends

A

Children heavier and taller
Gain in height have slowed
Timing of puberty declined
Early age nesters toon

127
Q

Mechanisms of physical growth

A

Heredity

Sleep

128
Q

Nutrition in babies

A

Babies have twice the energy needs then adults do

129
Q

How much calorie intake goes towards growth?

A

40%

130
Q

Percentage of women that breast feed

A

75%

131
Q

How often to you have to breast feed babies

A

Every 2-3 hours

132
Q

How often do you have to bottle feed babies

A

3-4 hours

133
Q

What is the advantage of breast feeding ?

A

Fewer illnesses and make the transition to solid food easier
Breast milk have more antibodies that help fight of diseases

134
Q

When do kids become picky

A

Preschool years

135
Q

How long does puberty take

A

About four years

136
Q

What develops during puberty

A

Primary and secondary sexual characteristics

137
Q

Secular growth trends

A

Children heavier and taller
Gain in height have slowed
Timing of puberty declined
Early age nesters toon

138
Q

Mechanisms of physical growth

A

Heredity

Sleep

139
Q

Nutrition in babies

A

Babies have twice the energy needs then adults do

140
Q

How much calorie intake goes towards growth?

A

40%

141
Q

Percentage of women that breast feed

A

75%

142
Q

How often to you have to breast feed babies

A

Every 2-3 hours

143
Q

How often do you have to bottle feed babies

A

3-4 hours

144
Q

What is the advantage of breast feeding ?

A

Fewer illnesses and make the transition to solid food easier
Breast milk have more antibodies that help fight of diseases

145
Q

When do kids become picky

A

Preschool years

146
Q

Secular growth trends

A

Children heavier and taller
Gain in height have slowed
Timing of puberty declined
Early age nesters toon

147
Q

Mechanisms of physical growth

A

Heredity

Sleep

148
Q

Nutrition in babies

A

Babies have twice the energy needs then adults do

149
Q

How much calorie intake goes towards growth?

A

40%

150
Q

Percentage of women that breast feed

A

75%

151
Q

How often to you have to breast feed babies

A

Every 2-3 hours

152
Q

How often do you have to bottle feed babies

A

3-4 hours

153
Q

What is the advantage of breast feeding ?

A

Fewer illnesses and make the transition to solid food easier
Breast milk have more antibodies that help fight of diseases

154
Q

How long does puberty take.

A

About 4 year

155
Q

What happens in puberty

A 
Bones lengthen 
Bones become denser 
Muscles become thicker
Body fat increases and redistributes 
Heart and lung capacity grows
156
Q

Mechanisms of maturation

A

Heredity
Nutrition and exercise
Social environment

157
Q

High stress on girls can lead to what

A

Early menstruation

158
Q

Early maturing girls are

A 
Unpopular 
Withdrawn 
Lack self confidence 
Anxious
Prone to depression
159
Q

Later maturing girls

A

Physically attractive
Sociable
Leaders

160
Q

Challenges to health growth

A

Malnutrition

161
Q

Percentage of poverty rate in Mnaitoba

A

20%

162
Q

Malnutrition can lead to ..

A

Problems with brain development

Lower intelligence scores poor school performance

163
Q

Eating disorders

A

Anorexia

Bulimia nervous

164
Q

Anorexia

A

The body will eventually go through starvation

Things start to shut down

165
Q

Bulimia nervous

A

Guilt and start to Purge

166
Q

When does Neuton development occur ?

A

10 weeks after conception

167
Q

When does myelin form

A

The 4 month

168
Q

Growth spurts very with periods of…

A

Stability

169
Q

Growth spurts are…

A

Localized

170
Q

20 month growth spurt

A

Goal directed planning

171
Q

6-8 years growth spurt

A

Fine motor skills

Hand-eye coordination

172
Q

10-12 years growth spurt

A

Frontal lobe
Logic
Planning
Memory

173
Q

13-15 year growth spurt

A 
Spatial perception 
Motor functions 
Reorganization 
Self regulation 
Executive processing
174
Q

17 year to adult hood growth spurt

A

Logic

Planning

175
Q

Synaptogensis

A

Increase in synapses
Rapid in first 2 years
Pruning
Plasticity

176
Q

Myelination

A

Rapid in first 2 years
Improves brain function
Able to process things faster

177
Q

Corpus collosum

A

Grow more in childhood

Greater lateral oration

178
Q

Later laudatory

A

How to get to point A to point B
Linked
To development. Of spatial perception

179
Q

Facial recognition occurs in

A

Preschool years

180
Q

At eight years what occurs?

A

Cognitive mapping
Perspective of left and right
Spatial cognition

181
Q

Experience expectant growth

A

Brain is rapidly developing organization that depends on ordinary experience

182
Q

Experience expectant growth

A

Additional growth and refinement of existing brain structures from specific learning experiences

Child Development (1 decks)

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