Test One Flashcards
According to Green, which 20th century ideas actually originated with Rousseau?
- critical periods in development
- discovery learning
- let children learn in the least restrictive environment
According to Rousseau
Boys and girls should follow the natural plan appropriate for their respective sex
Rene Spitz found that which of the following was most affected by institutionalization?
Social development
According to Skinner the discriminative stimulus:
Provides information about a context in which some behaviors will be reinforced and others not reinforced
Child Temper Tantrum vs. Mom giving treat to silence child
Temper Tantrum - negative reinforcement
Treat - positive reinforcement
Skinners theory of operant conditioning is considered a “paradigm case” for
The exogenous family of theories
Phenotype is to genotype as
Academic grades are to innate ability
True or false: information contained in a group of genes is a genotype
True
According to E.O. Wilson, the human body is
The genes’ way of making more genes
Which of the following is true about child development
It is the scientific study of the patterns of growth, change, and stability that occur from conception through adolescence
Most children in the US enter into some sort of formal education between 5-7 years. This is referred to as _____ event
Normative
The first researcher to actually study child adolescence as a separate period of development was
G. Stanley Hall
Reinforcement
A stimulus that increases likelihood that the proceeding behavior will be repeated
According to Piaget, the organized mental patterns that represent behaviors and actions and that serve as the foundation of cognitive development are known as
Schemes
According to Freud, everyone’s personality has which three aspects
Id, ego and superego
The most basic level of the nervous system is the individual cells known as
Neurons
Moro Reflix
Thrusting out arms in attempt to grab something (occurs when support of neck is suddenly removed)
Example of fine motor skill
Drawing
Zeitgeist
Time ghost – ghost time
Spirit of time
The common sense of one generation is not necessarily the common sense of another.
Common sense CHANGES based on life experience.
Jean Jaques Rousseau
1712-1778
Hobo from Paris
Creator of the concept of childhood.
Wrote books
Book One - Rousseau
THE NATURAL PLAN
Gods plan for raising moral children without corruption
Catholicism = wrong - children are not born with original sin
The MORAL child - innate goodness
Things degenerate in the hands of man
At this time no concept of childhood - from age 3 on mini adults
Book Two - Rousseau
STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT critical periods Infancy (B-2) Young Childhood (2-12) Pubescence (12-15) Adolescence (15-25)
Rousseau INVENTED childhood
Book Three - Rousseau
DISCOVERY LEARNING
no rote memorizing of Greek and Roman texts
Natural lessons provided by nature
Children discover natural lessons about physical and social laws
Book Four - Rousseau
PERMISSIVENESS
let child extend his understanding by permitting curiosity, exploration, and discovery without imposing parental habits or restriction (within reason).
Practice the “least restrictive environment” for child’s ability
Book Five - Rousseau
EDUCATION OF SOPHIE - 1762
Men have a natural plan.
Women have a natural plan too.
Therefore educate women - this was revolutionary idea
Konrad Lorenz
Ethologist - studied animals Geese followed him 1966 published book - laid out psychological phenomenon = imprinting = CRITICAL for child development Imprint typically on mother Won Nobel prize
An understanding of zeitgeist helps one appreciate?
- how assumption about children change over time
- why it took most of the 20th century to figure out the needs of human infants
- why Rene Spitz couldn’t explain infant deaths
Average newborn weight
7 lbs
Babies weight at 5 months
About 15lbs
Babies weight after one year
22 lbs
Baby length after 1 year
- grows about a foot
- is about 30inches
Length of child @ second year
Average 3 ft
Cephalocaudal Principle
The principle that growth follows a pattern that begins with the head and upper body parts and then proceeds down to the rest of the body.
Proximodistal Principle
The principle that development proceeds from the center of the body outward
Principle of Hierarchical Integration
The principle that simple skills typically develop separately and independently but are later integrated into more complex skills
Principle of The independence of systems
The principle that different body systems grow at different rates
Neuron
Basic nerve cell of the nervous system
Synapse
The gap at the connection between neurons, through which neurons chemically communicate with one another
A babies brain….
Triples its weight during their first two years of life–and it reaches more than 3/4 of its adult weight by age 2
Rooting Reflix
@3 weeks
Infants turn head in response to things that touch its cheek
Stepping Reflex
@ 2 months
Movement of legs when held upright with feet touching floor
Babinski Reflex
@8-12 months
Infant fans toes in response to a stroke on the outside of its foot
Endogenous vs. exogenous
Endogenous - nature - Freud-psychoanalysis and Wilson - sociobiology
Exogenous - nurture - skinner with the operant conditioning - you’re putting behavior on someone rather than just having it.
