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Child Language Development > Test One > Flashcards

Test One Flashcards

1
Q

Two Major Stages of Infant Language Development

A
  1. Preintentional (Birth to 8 mos.): Infants cannot formulate a communicative plan
  2. Intentional (8 to 18 mos)
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2
Q

Bates: 3 Stages of Infant Language Development

A
  1. Perlocutionary (preintentional; 0-8 mos.)
  2. Illocutionary (intentional; 8-12 mos.)
    No words

3.Locutionary (the linguistic period; first word stage and after; 12 mos and beyond!)
Words

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3
Q

Oller: 4 Stages of Early Vocalization

A
  1. 1-2 mos.: Phonation Stage
    • Quasi-vowels
    • Produced with normal phonation
    • Produced with a vocal tract at rest; no posturing
  2. 2-3 mos.: Primitive Articulation
    • Phonation plus articulation (articulators comes together, but not intentionally)
      - Soft palate might come into contact with pharynx when laying down: coo and goo
  3. 4-8 mos.: Expansion Stage
    • Squeals, raspberries
    • Marginal babbling (no rapid transition from vowel to consonant)
      - No real concise babbling
      • Listening to auditory feedback; not intentional
  4. By 10 months: Canonical babbling
    • Reduplicated
      - Conical
      - Some say there is no connection to later language development
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4
Q

Canonical

A

Well-formed syllables
At least one fully vowel-like element
At least one fully consonant-like element
A rapid transition between vowel and consonant
Reduplicated [mamamama]
Variegated [mapatipo]
*If not done by 10 months old, there is a problem

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5
Q

Hanen’s Stages of Language Development

A 
The Discoverer: Birth – 8 mos.
The Communicator:  8 – 13 mos.
First Words User: 12 – 18 mos.
The Combiner: 18 – 24 mos.
Early Sentence User: 2-3 yrs.
Later Sentence User: 3-5 yrs.
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6
Q

The Preintentional Stage (0-8 mos.) also known as

what Bates, Hanen and Oller’s stages?

A 
Bates – Perlocutionary
Hanen – Discoverer Stage
Oller - 1-2 mos.: Phonation Stage
            2-3 mos.: Primitive Articulation
            4-8 mos.: Expansion Stage
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7
Q

Preintentional Communications

A
  1. Cry Behavior
    - Stimulates laryngeal and oral functions (strengthens)
    - Prompts caregivers to provide basic needs (biological needs met)
    - Infants learn natural contingencies – if I do something, then that causes something to happen
  2. Smiles
    - Reflexive (first few weeks of life)
    - Social (quickly becomes shaped)
  3. Gaze Patterns (1st emerging pragmatic)
    - turn-taking with gaze
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8
Q

3 Types of Gaze Patterns

A
  1. Mutual gaze: prolonged eye contact (“eye lock”) – from birth – around 8” away or face
  2. Gaze coupling: partners alternately look at the other, turn-taking; looking at, then look away
  3. Deictic gaze: Infants fix eye gaze on some object of interest; foundation for joint-attention (adult can reinforce by fixing their gaze on object as well, ex. Mobile)
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9
Q

Emerging Pragmatic Behaviors - Preintentional

A
  1. Eye gaze
  2. Turn-taking (vocalization)
  3. Joint Attention / Joint referencing
    a. Responding to joint attention (RJA)
    b. Initiating joint attention (IJA)
    RJA has been observed in infants as early as 6 mos. (Mundy et al., 2007) – responds to toy
    IJA is later developing, but should be in place by 12-14 mos.
    If not doing these by 12 months = autism
    -Encourage development by following an infant’s deictic gaze: co-orientation
    -Label, co-orient
    -Imitate sounds and guestures
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10
Q 
INTENTIONAL PHASE (8-18 months)
aka Bates and Hanen's what stages?
A

-Bates Illocutionary (8 mos – 12 mos)
Intentional without words

-Bates Locutionary (12 mos. & beyond!)
With words

-Hanen’s Communicator & First Word User Stages

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11
Q

Children develop intentionality to:

A
  1. Request
  2. Protest
  3. Comment (showing)
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12
Q

Prelinguistic (illocutionary - Bates) communicative behaviors: Intentionally communicate without words

A
  1. Gestures
    - Distal - pointing/ want up/hi/bye/blowing kisses – no touching or contact with a person or object
    - Contact gestures - when the baby has contact with object or person
  2. Establishment of joint reference
  3. Vocalizations
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13
Q

Emergence of the First Word

A

Some infants develop Protowords - Phonetically consistent forms (PCFs)

  • “Units” with distinguishable utterance boundaries (a beginning and an end)
  • Reoccurring utterances
  • Reliably associated with recurring situations
  • No resemblance to the adult form (ex. gega)
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14
Q

Real Words

A

emerge around 12 months
A stable, consistent production that is phonetically similar to the adult-word form in a particular language used by the child in a particular context. Real words:
-have a vowel sound close to the adult production
-are followed by a brief period of silence
-are used under recurring conditions
-are used in conversations

Bates: Locutionary
Hanen: First word user

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15
Q

First words determined by what 4 determinants (semantic development):

A
  1. Environment (ex. Mom and Dad, dog)
  2. Word types:
    - Nouns (usually first) & verbs; concrete (here and now) comes before abstract
    - Social (e.g., “bye-bye”)
    - Occurrence (“allgone” “more” “again”)
    - Adjectives (“Pretty baby!”)
  3. Sounds in words; babies have “sound preferences”
  4. Function – how useful is the word to the baby? (No!)
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16
Q

Average expressive vocabulary 18-30 months?

A

18 mos. 50 – 100 words (less than 50 = slow to talk)
24 mos. 200 – 300 words
30 mos. 500 words

17
Q

Hanen’s 18-24 month stage?

A

The Combiner
Two word combinations (determine meaning through context):
-Object + action (“Doggie run!)
-Descriptor + object (“Pretty ball!”)
-Request (“Want cookie!”)
-Refusal (“No bath!”)
-Possessive (“Mommy hat!” or…?) need context to understand meaning
Ex. Mommy sock (3 ways to interpret)
**Semantics is an important part of early meaning

18
Q

Early language

Hanen’s Stage: 2-3 years?

A

Early Sentence User Stage
***Morphological structure starts appearing:
–ing (running)
*Focuses on the “here and now” of the child’s world

19
Q

3 Typical “mistakes” in early language development?

A
  1. Overextension: A child, for example, calls all men daddy
  2. Underextension: A child calls the family dog a dog, but no other (discriminating too much)
  3. Overgeneralization: A child learns a grammatical rule, but not the exceptions right away (e.g., foots, goed)
20
Q

EARLY SYNTACTIC AND MORPHOLOGIC DEVELOPMENT

A

24-30 mos.
-First usage of grammar and bound morphemes should appear shortly after word combinations appear

LOOK AT BROWN’S STAGES
(text, p. 216)

21
Q

Development of Pragmatic Skills

A
  • Shift from the “here and now” to the “there and then”
  • Capable of following the partner’s lead
  • Practices “situational pragmatics”
  • Conversational repair
  • Ellipsis
22
Q

LANGUAGE AND THE PRESCHOOL CHILD

Hanen’s what stage?

A

Later Sentence User Stage: 3-5 years

  • Sentences more than 4 words long
  • More complex, correct grammar
  • Compound sentences linking two or more ideas together
  • Pronouns are correct
  • A vocabulary of up to 5,000 words
23
Q

Children 3-5 years of age interact by:

A
  • Taking more turns in conversations
  • Understanding pauses as a signal for a change of speakers
  • Saying “yeah” and nodding to acknowledge what you’re saying
  • Not always giving you a turn
  • Persisting to get into a conversation
  • Calling or yelling to get a listener’s attention
  • Staying close and maintaining eye contact

Child Language Development (1 decks)

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