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Abnormal Psych II - Test 1 > Test One > Flashcards

Test One Flashcards

Chapters 1-5

1
Q

Demonological Model (Historical)

A

View that abnormal behavior is the work of spiritual/supernatural/entities/demonic possession

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2
Q

Trephination

A

Operation that drilled holes into the skull in an attempt to release an entity/demon out of a person - to try and solve abnormal behavior

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3
Q

Hippocrates’ Early Medical Concepts (Ancient Greece)

A
  • Mental disorders had a natural/biological cause
  • He categorized mental disorders
  • Aware of mania
  • Aware of melancholia (depression)
  • Phrenitis (psychosis)
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4
Q

The Humors (Hippocrates)

A

Origins of the medical model of abnormal behavior

  • The imbalance if the humors accounted for abnormal behavior
  1. Phlegm - calming - too much phlegm results in lethargy/sluggishness
  2. Black-Bile - too much causes melancholia (depression)
  3. Blood - creates sanguine disposition - cheerful, confident, optimistic - an excess causes mania
  4. Yellow bile - bilious and choleric - quick-temper - excessive anger
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5
Q

Treatment of Humor Imbalance (Historical)

A
  • increase amount of humor if they didn’t have enough
  • decrease amount if they had too much - often through trying to drain and suck out what they though was the humor
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6
Q

Plato (Ancient Greece)

A

-Viewed psychological phenomena as responses to the whole organism

  • interaction/response that a person’s psych state has something to do with their overall body and its experience to the environment - world experiences affect the body which might effect the mental state
  • Individual differences and sociocultural experiences are influential in the self and the psyche
  • Discussed hospital care - idea of hospital as a place for sick people to help them get better
  • Maintained and practiced in Asia
  • Disappears from W. Europe for about 1,000 years
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7
Q

Aristotle

A
  • Wrote/recorded ideas about consciousness - takes spirituality out of the discussion of what makes an individual - the consciousness is part of us not the supernatural
  • Idea that one can use thinking to reduce pain and increase pleasure
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8
Q

Egyptians (Historical)

A

proposed wide range of therapeutic measures to alleviate mental distress/abnormal behavior

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9
Q

Asclepiades (Ancient Greece)

A

Disease based on flow - there is possibly some unseen microscopic thing that causes illness

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10
Q

Galen (Ancient Greece/Rome)

A

provided anatomy of the nervous system

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11
Q

Roman (Historical)

A

Medicine focused on comfort - to make people feel better physically and mentally

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12
Q

China (Historical)

A

Earliest focus on mental disorders
- emphasis on natural causes - abnormal behavior and distress caused by environmental factors
- Chung Ching - ‘Hippocrates of China’
- Experienced brief ‘dark ages’ that blame supernatural causes due to loss of access to knowledge
- In current psychology there is a increased influence of E and SE Asian ideas in treatment of mental health conditions

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13
Q

Middle Ages

A
  • Middle East had scientific approach - consistent knowledge base - this knowledge made its way to W. Europe during Enlightenment Age
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14
Q

Medieval Times (Europe)

A
  • Demonological Model
  • No (modern) doctors
  • Roman Catholic Church/State
    • They addressed care of the sick
    • Treated Abnormal behavior by performing EXORCISM
  • Prior to this period you would be kicked out of the community for abnormal behavior
  • Witchcraft decided to be the source/cause of abnormal behavior
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15
Q

Witchcraft (15th-17th centuries)

A
  • decided to be the cause of abnormal behavior in ‘the West’
  • particularly placed on women presenting abnormal behavior (for the time - ex. being single, childless, non-submissive, educated)
  • Active search (hunt) for those with abnormal behavior
  • Belief that women made pacts with demons/the devil
  • Many torturous ways of testing to see if one was a witch (ex. water float test)
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16
Q

Asylums (15th-16th century emergence)

A
  • Took those presenting abnormal behavior/impoverished people and put them in places with abhorrent conditions
    • idea of conflation between being impoverished and mental disorders
    • makes it difficult for society to deal with poverty and with mental illness
  • Did not actually treat people was just a place to put people instead of sending them away
  • St. Mary’s of Bethlehem Hospital (Bedlam) - most famous asylum
  • some places had people look at those in the asylums for entertainment
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17
Q

Renaissance (W. Europe)

A

Emergence of scientific questioning in W. Europe
- part of the humanistic movement

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18
Q

Humanitarian Reform (19th-20th centuries)

A
  • Movement toward attempts to treat those with mental health conditions more humanely
  • Questioning the previous way Asylums were run
    • leads to asylums getting slightly better
  • Prominent figures
    • Pinel (France)
    • Tuke and The Quakers (England)
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19
Q

Military’s role in mental health treatment

A
  • US Civil War (1861-1865)
    • Due to severe violence and loss large number of those who experienced war/soldiers were noticeably different mentally than they were before
    • Lead to the first mental health facility opening (in ‘the west’)
  • Germany (1870-1914)
    • Development of program of military psychiatry following the Franco-Prussian War
  • Military contributed to development of the field of psychology
  • Medicine emerges in ‘the west’ - the emergence of modern doctors (John Hopkins)
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20
Q

19th Century views of causes and treatment of mental disorders

A
  • asylums move from just storing people to trying to make those with mental health issues ‘better’
  • Saw Victorian morality (physical/environmental cleanliness) as source of good health
    • applied this view to asylums through extreme structure and focus on neat/clean/and organization to treat mental disorders
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21
Q

20th century

A
  • People began to write about their own experiences with mental health and mental health systems
  • Asylums give way to mental hospitals
    • mental hospitals are incredibly inhumane - usually once one enters one does not leave
    • mental institutions make way into popular media raising awarness of mental institutions
    • mental health care systems in the USA (1940s)
    • Fully-fledged psychiatry and psychology fields
    • psychology as a discipline but not clinical psychology yet
  • lobotomies only stop being widely practiced around the 1980s
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22
Q

Indicators of Abnormality

A
  • Subjective Distress
  • Maladaptive - does the behavior fit the context it is occurring in
  • Statistical Deviancy - what is the likelihood of that behavior occurring in a certain context - how often
  • Violation of standards of society - larges cue that something is wrong
  • Social Discomfort - does the behavior make others around the individual uncomfortable or does it make the individual uncomfortable
  • Irrationality and Unpredictability - does the person have a clear idea of why they are doing that behavior
  • Dangerousness - how dangerous the behavior is to others around them and the individual themselves
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23
Q

Mental Disorder (DSM-V (TR)

A
  • Operationalizes and categorizes abnormal behaviors
  • Intersection/Interaction/interconnections of biological/psychological/developmental/dysfunction in the individual
  • Clinically significant disturbance in behavior/emotional regulation/cognitive function
  • Associated with distress or disability
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24
Q

The DSM System

A

Specific to North America (Canada and USA)

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25
Q

ICD-11 Classification System

A
  • International System
  • Nosology - Listing/Compendium of Items
  • Nosology of biomedicine disorders (psychological, physical, and mental)
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26
Q

Classification Systems

A

Provide objective language for clinicians to COMMUNICATE (common language) about disorders, and HOW to STRUCTURE information that facilitates research, establishes range of problems that fit into mental disorder (container)

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27
Q

Disadvantages of Classification (Systems)

A
  • loss of individual’s information
  • there are stigmas and stereotyping associated with diagnosis
  • self-concept can be impacted by diagnostic labeling
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28
Q

Stress

A

Stress is external demand (change) on an organism
- organism’s internal biological and psychological systems respond to these demands
- we experience stress physically and psychologically

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29
Q

The psychological perspective of stress

A

Stress as something that is developed and is maintained by some kind of experience we have with the world - os either real, anticipated, or imagined

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30
Q

What Kind(s) of Change is Stress

A

Stress is all change regardless if it is ‘good’ or ‘bad’ change

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31
Q

Stressor

A

Anything that causes the experience of stress - anything that forces change upon us

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32
Q

Characteristics of Stressors

A
  • SEVERITY
  • CHRONICITY - how long it occurs
  • TIMING - when it happens - extremely important - may predict how difficult the stress is for us to manage
  • DEGREE OF IMPACT - how many parts of one’s life it impacts
  • LEVEL OF EXPECTATION - what we think the stressor will be like - what we anticipate our level of ability to respond to stressor
  • CONTROLLABILITY - most important factor - the ability to be able to manage the stressor
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33
Q

Factors predisposing on to stress

A
  • Nature of the stressor
  • Previous experience with crisis
  • Current/recent/anticipator life changes
  • Our own perception/evaluation of the stressor
  • Individual stress tolerance
  • AMOUNT OF SUPPORT AVAILABLE - external resources and social supports
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34
Q

Characteristics of Stressors

A
  • CRISES - especially stressful because the stressors are so strong that typical coping techniques are overwhelmed
  • LIFE CHANGES - can be positive and/or negative depending on how we view the event
  • PERCEPTION of BENEFITS - from life changes/crises impact how we consider our stressor
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35
Q

Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale

A
  • Allows users to rate different experiences depending on how stressful they find them
  • Challenge with it is the changes of what was stressful when it was created (1950s/60s) may not be relevant now vice versa
  • This scale tells us everyone’s rating of different stressors will vary and somethings will remain about the same
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36
Q

Resilience

A

One’s ability to cope/deal/experience stress and recover from this

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37
Q

Factors in Resilience

A
  • Gender
  • Age
  • Education
  • Economic position
  • Outlook
  • Self-confidence
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38
Q

Allostatic Load

A

biological cost of adapting to stress
- high load = more stress

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39
Q

Everyday forms of stress can elevate risk for:

A

Disease, Illness, and acute diseases such as heart disease

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40
Q

Mental stress raises:

A

Blood pressure and epinephrine levels

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41
Q

Selye’s general adaptation syndrome

A

When one experiences stress the response happens in the same pattern each time

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42
Q

Stages of Selye’s general adaptation syndrome

A
  1. Alarm
  2. Resistance
  3. Exhaustion
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43
Q

Alarm Stage (1)

A
  1. Shock phase - immediate recognition that there is a stressor
    Physiological effects - lowering the body’s blood pressure and temperature
  2. Counter-shock stage - preparing the body to respond defensively to the stress-producing agent
    Physiological effects - body releases higher levels of adrenaline, increased respiration, raises blood pressure, heightens awareness of surroundings, activates sweat glands as the body prepares to respond
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44
Q

Resistance Stage (2)

A

When we are sustaining physiological response to stress
Physiological impacts - decreases ability to defend against other agents (raises risk of illness/disease)

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45
Q

Exhaustion Stage (3)

A

When the body has depleted our physiological resources and we can no longer respond to the stressor
Illness can occur as a result of the body’s inability to defend against the stressor

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46
Q

Cannon’s Flight or Fight Theory (SAM = Sympathetic-Adrenal-Medullary System)

A

immediate response to stress
- we are primed to fight the stressor, flee from the stressor, or freeze
- we can understand our physiological responses by how our bodys’ are primed to deal with real/perceived danger
- activation of autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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47
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

the system that responds to our environment without us having to think about it

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48
Q

Autonomic nervous system substructures

A
  • Sympathetic nervous system
  • Parasympathetic nervous system
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49
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Activates things that prepare us to defend against real/perceived threat (fight, flight, or freeze)

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50
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Deactivates things - takes over when the threat has gone and helps us return to baseline state (homeostasis/allostasis)

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51
Q

Acute Stress Response

A

Endocrine system’s response to stress
- Releases hormones from the pituitary and adrenal glands

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52
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Receives directions directly from the hypothalamus instructing it to produce adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) that stimulates the adrenal glands (located above each kidney)

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53
Q

Adrenal gland(s)

A

Triggered by ACTH from the pituitary gland to release hormones critical to stress response - cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine

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54
Q

Stress Systems

A
  • Sympathetic-adrenal-medullary system (SAM) - combination of sympathetic nervous system and adrenal glands
  • Hypothalmaic-Piutitary-Adrenocortical System - Combination of adrenal cortex, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland
  • Glucocorticoids
55
Q

Glucocorticoids

A
  • Hormones released from adrenal gland (triggered by ACTH) to respond to stressor
  • Primary one is cortisol
  • An anti-inflammatory, and immunosuppressant
  • Releases glucose into the blood stream
56
Q

Experiencing Stressful Situation Steps

A
  1. Experience stressor and evaluate distress level
  2. This info gets transmitted through hypothalamus
  3. The hypothalamus signals pituitary gland to release ACTH
  4. This activates the adrenal glands to release glucocohorites and noradrenaline
  5. These hormones deactivate/weaken the immune system
57
Q

Distress

A

state of psychological/mental pain/suffering

58
Q

Health Psychologists

A

psychologists who study interrelationships between psychological factors and physical health

59
Q

Stressors

A

source of stress - can be good or bad

60
Q

3 Sources of Stressors

A

Psychological Factors
Daily Life Hassles
Physical Environment

61
Q

Immune systems in stressful situation

A
  • Glucocorticoids - cortisol - are anti-inflammatories that play role in stress by:
    • Suppressing body’s normal response to stress - preventing organ damage
    • In periods of chronic/prolonged stress levels may remain high - this can lead to damage of the immune system and organs
62
Q

Cortisol

A

Primary stress hormone
Is a glucocorticoid

63
Q

Lazarus and Folkman’s Transactional Model of Stress

A
  • Think of stress as an ongoing event/set of ongoing events - since we are always involved in stress
  • Think of stress as our ability/access to use resources to deal with a situation - coping
  • One of the most important things is what resources we have available to deal with stress
64
Q

Coping

A

Includes a person’s psychological, emotional, and physiological resources to deal withs tress

65
Q

Diathesis-Stress Model

A
  • Illness happens when we have an underlying predisposition and if something triggers this underlying factor (such as high stress)
66
Q

Stress and Personality

A

Unhealthy elements of personality types are associated with illness not the personality type itself per se

67
Q

Psychoneuroimmunology

A

The study of the interaction between the nervous system and the immune system in response to stress

68
Q

The Immune System’s Functions

A
  • Protects body from outside pathogens
  • Builds up ability to respond to illnesses previously had
  • Deals with inflammation and allergens
  • Communicates to the brain via cytokines - under stress the body cannot turn off cytokines leading to chronic inflammation
69
Q

Stress’s effect on the immune system

A
  • Suppresse/Compromises immune system
    • Under stress immune system is less capable to reducing inflammatory response
  • Long term stress associated with overall immunosuppression
70
Q

Acculturative Stress

A
  • The process of adapting to a new cultural environment is highly stressful/distressing
  • Found to be harder on the second generation than the first
71
Q

Adjustment Disorders

A
  • Psychological response to a common stressor (ex. loss/lack of employment) - when a major aspect of one’s life is disrupted in a way that negatively affects one’s life
  • Occurs within 3 months of experiencing the stressor
  • Ends when the stressor ends or the person adapts
  • Often looks like depression and/or anxiety
  • Can also present as a disturbance of conduct
72
Q

Posttraumatic Stress Disorders

A
  • Patterns of abnormal behavior characterized by maladaptive reactions to traumatic stress typically involving anxiety, depression, and significant impairment of daily functioning
  • Includes PTSD and Acute Stress Disorder
73
Q

Acute Stress Disorder

A

Happens slightly (days-weeks) after a traumatic experience - is a maladaptive response to trauma (not the response in the moment - only becomes disordered when it spans across time)

74
Q

Features of Acute Stress Disorder

A
  • Characteristic features - general/emotional numbing, emotional distress, impaired functioning
  • Duration - period of 3 days to 1 month following exposure to trauma (has a limit/time period)
  • Intensity - is often has less intense symptoms than PTSD
  • Does not have to be due to direct exposure can be through second hand exposure
  • Occurs typically following: sexual violence, post-operative surgery recovery, actual/threatened death, serious accident
75
Q

Symptoms of Acute Stress Disorder

A
  • Intrusive memories
  • Disturbing dreams
  • Re-experiencing/flashbacks
  • Detachment/Dissociation from surroundings or self
  • Sleep Disturbances
  • Irritability and Aggressive behavior
  • Exaggerated startle response (people may view this as having a medical emergency)
76
Q

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A

Chronic maladaptive response to a traumatic experience often involving anxiety, depression, and daily functioning

77
Q

Prevalence of PTSD

A

9%

78
Q

Features of PTSD

A
  • Avoidance behavior
  • Reexperiencing trauma - combination of intrusive memories, disturbing dreams, and flashbacks
  • Emotional distress, negative thoughts, and impaired functioning
  • Heighten arousal
    • Hypervigilance
    • Difficulty sleeping and concentrating
    • Exaggerated Startle Response
    • Irritability/outbursts of anger
  • Emotional numbing - especially of positive/caring emotions
  • Duration - Symptoms persist for longer than one month
    • Has no discernable end point
    • Can last for months to years (decades)
    • Can emerge months to years after trauma event
    • Can be predicted by occurrence of Acute Stress Disorder
79
Q

Predictive Factors/Etiology of PTSD

A
  • Trauma related - degree of exposure to trauma and severity of trauma (being in inescapable traumatic situations)
  • Factors relating to the person or social environment
    • History of childhood sexual abuse
    • Lack of social support
    • Diathesis - genetic predisposition/vulnerability
    • Feelings of shame/stigma
    • Lack of coping skills/resources to deal with stressor
    • Detachment/dissociation shortly after event
    • Prior psychiatric history
80
Q

Biological Factors in PTSD (Eitology)

A
  • Gender - women have higher levels of cortisol
  • Genetics - some gene sets are associated with development of PTSD
  • Reduced size of hippocampus
81
Q

Biological treatment of PTSD

A
  • Propranolol
  • Sleep Deprivation
82
Q

Sociocultural Etiology of PTSD

A
  • Members of minority groups are at higher risk for PTSD due to resources available and how their behaviors are responded/reacted to by law enforcement
  • Those returning to negative/unsupportive environments are at higher risk
83
Q

Psychological Etiology of PTSD (perspectives)

A
  • Learning/behavioral
    • Classical conditioning - association of stimulus with response - PTSD is outcome of associating traumatic experience with anxiety
    • Operant Conditioning - avoidance behavior associated with stimulus
84
Q

Treatment of PTSD

A
  • Exposure therapy
  • CBT treatments
  • Telephone hotlines
  • Crisis intervention
  • Psychological first aid/debriefing
  • Medication
  • Online resources
85
Q

Prevention of Stress Disorders

A
  • Psychological first aid/debriefing right when the event occurs
  • Inoculation - previous training/learning on how to deal with disaster (ex. certain jobs, life events, etc)
86
Q

Challenges in studying crisis victims

A
  • Victims/survivors may not want to talk about it
  • hard to track people down
  • When the group is larger who have experienced collectively the same trauma they are easier to study (veterans)
  • Hardest to study survivors of natural disasters
87
Q

Abnormal Psychology

A

Branch of psychology that studies abnormal behavior and ways to help those affected by psychological disorders

88
Q

Psychological Disorder

A

Pattern of abnormal behavior associated with states of significant emotional distress or with impaired behavior/ability to function

89
Q

What is Abnormal?

A

When emotional state does not appropriately correspond with the situation and how strongly you respond to the emotional state

90
Q

Criteria of abnormality

A
  • Unusualness (w/in a cultural context)
  • Social deviance
  • Faulty Perceptions/Interpretations of reality
    • delusions and hallucinations
  • Significant personal distress
    • inappropriate to the situation and duration and degree of response
  • Maladaptive/Self Defeating behavior
  • Dangerousness - to self and others
91
Q

Comorbidity/co-occurance

A

When two or more disorders occur at the same time

92
Q

Statistics of Mental Disorders

A

Prevalence - 46% of American Adults are directly affected by mental disorder in their lifetime
Incidence - 18.9% are currently affected (2018)
Women are more likely than men to suffer from mental disorder (especially mood disorders)
Young adults are 2x as likely to be affected by mental disorder than those over 50

93
Q

Anxiety

A

A reaction to normal emotions in RESPONSE to INTERNAL STRESS (not the environment)
- It is not about the now - it is PAST and FUTURE FOCUSED
- LESS OBVIOUS DANGER LEADS TO ANXIETY

94
Q

Fear

A

Limbic System Arousal
- Sensory experiences (environmental) trigger stress responses to get away from the perceived danger
- UNPREVENTABLE HARDWIRED adaptive response to potentially dangerous environment
- PRESENT-ORIENTED
- EXTERNALLY-FOCUSED - danger is coming from the environment
- OBVIOUS DANGER LEADS TO FEAR

95
Q

__________ is the most commonly occuring disorder currently

A

Anxiety

96
Q

Anxiety Disorders Include:

A
  • Panic Disorder
  • Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
  • Specific phobic disorder
  • Social Anxiety Disorder (social phobia)
  • Agoraphobia
97
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders Include:

A
  • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
  • Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)
  • Hoard Disorder
  • Trichotillomania
  • Excoriation
98
Q

Panic Disorder

A
  • Characterized by repeated (unexpected) panic attacks
  • Prevalence of 5.1% US adults
  • Average age of onset between late adolescence and mid-30s
  • 2x as common in women than men
  • strongly physiological
99
Q

Features of a panic attack

A
  • intense anxiety reactions and feelings of sheer panic accompanied by physiological symptoms such as: tachycardia (rapid heart rate), sweating, hot flashes/chills, chest pain, nausea/stomach distress, detachment for self/reality, shortness of breath/difficulty breathing, etc…
  • Duration usually for minutes but they can last for hours
  • Unexpected (at first)
100
Q

When having a panic attack people often think __________ (what takes many people with panic attacks to the ER)

A

they are having a heart attack or severe allergic reaction

101
Q

Panic Disorder may lead to development of ________ (another disorder)

A

Agoraphobia

102
Q

DSM-V diagnostic criteria for panic disorder

A

Person must have experienced repeated, unexpected panic attacks and one attack must have been followed by a period of at least one month that included one of both:
1. Persistent fear of further attacks or feared consequences of an attack
2. Significant maladaptive changes in behavior

103
Q

Cognitive behavioral model of panic attacks

A
  1. Panic proneness - genetic predisposition and anxiety sensitivity
  2. Triggering event - internal body sensations and external threatening cues
  3. perception of threat (start of cycle)
  4. Worry or fear
  5. Changes in bodily sensations
  6. Catastrophic misinterpretations of bodily sensations
  7. The cycle of worry repeats and anxiety/panic builds leading to a panic attack
104
Q

Causal Factors of panic disorder

A

Combination of cognitive and biological factors of misperceptions of underlying causes of changes in physical sensations

105
Q

Vulnerability factors for developing panic disorder

A

Biological factors
- Genetic factors
- Unusually sensitive internal alarm system
- Neurotransmitter imbalance - not enough activity of GABA leading to neurons excessively firing
- Biological challenges that produce changes in bodily sensations - such as temp changes, reactions to drugs, hyperventilation
Cognitive Factors
- Anxiety sensitivity

106
Q

Anxiety Sensitivity

A

Tendency to overreact to symptoms of anxiety - Fear of one’s emotions and bodily sensations getting out of control
- this leads to catastrophic thinking patterns
- is influenced genetic and environmental factors

107
Q

Treatment methods for panic disorder

A

Most widely used treatment is a combination of medication and CBT

108
Q

Phobia

A

an excessive, irrational fear that is disproportionate to the threat the object/situation poses

109
Q

Most (not all) people with phobic disorders recognize that their fears are _________ and __________

A

Excessive and unreasonable

110
Q

Types of Phobic Disorders

A
  • Specific Phobia
  • Social Anxiety Disorder (social phobia)
  • Agoraphobia
111
Q

Social Anxiety Disorder

A

Intense fear of social situations - one may avoid them or endure them only with great distress - excessive fear of negative evaluations from others such as: rejection, humiliation, and embarrassment
- Prevalence 12.1% of US pop
- Average age of onset is 15 with 80% of those with the disorder developing it by the age of 20
- strongly associated with history of childhood shyness - the trait of shyness may be a diathesis that makes one more vulnerable to the development of social anxiety disorder
- often is a chronic disorder lasting an average of 16 years

111
Q

Specific phobia

A

Persistent, excessive fear of a a specific object or situation that is out of proportion to the actual danger they pose
- Lifetime prevalence of US pop - 12.5% - more common in women than in men
- to be diagnosable the phobia must signifiactly affect one’s lifestyle/functioning or cause significant distress

112
Q

Agoraphobia

A

An excessive, irrational fear of open/public spaces
- often follows a chronic and persistent course
- average age of onset is in late adolescence and early adulthood
- May co-occur with panic disorder

113
Q

Learning theory perspective of phobic disorders

A
  • Phobic disorders are developed in a two-factor model (Mowrer) - they are learned through classical and operant conditioning
    • fear component of phobia is acquired through classical conditioning where objects/situations are paired with aversive stimuli
    • avoidance factor of phobia is learned and maintained through operant conditioning where relief from anxiety through avoidance of the fear negatively reinforces one to avoid it
  • Observational Learning - not a direct conditioning of fear, it is when one learns the fear through observing others model a fearful reaction to the object/situation
114
Q

Biological perspective of phobic disorders

A
  • Genetic predispositions such as a gene that causes greater activation of the amygdala when exposed to a fear stimulus
  • Prepared conditioning
115
Q

Prepared conditioning

A

Evolution favored the survival of human ancestors who were genetically predisposed to develop fears of potentially threatening things

116
Q

Cognitive perspectives of phobic disorders

A
  • Oversensitivity to threatening cues
  • overproduction of danger - tendency to over predict the level of fear one will experience in fearful situations
  • Self-defeating thoughts and irrational beliefs
117
Q

Treatment of phobic disorders

A

Systematic desensitization - gradual process where one learns to deal with progressively more disturbing stimuli while they stay relaxed
- fear stimulus hierarchy
Gradual exposure - stepwise approach where those with phobias are gradually lead to confront the fear stimulus
- can be done through: imaginal exposure, in vivo (actual) exposure, flooding, and virtual reality therapy
Cognitive therapy where one identifies and corrects their dysfunctional, distorted beliefs
Drug therapy - SSRIs and is best when used in combination with another therapeutic approach

118
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

A

Persistent anxiety that is not limited to certain situations

118
Q

Features of GAD

A
  • Chronic worrying - excessive and uncontrollable worry
  • For a diagnosis it needs to be associated with either marked emotional distress or significant impairment in daily functioning
  • Restlessness
  • Tenseness
  • Easily fatigued
  • Difficulty focusing
  • Memory issues
  • Irritability
  • Sleep disturbances
  • Commonly co-occurs with other disorder
119
Q

Prevalence and Incidence of GAD

A

Prevalence (of US adults) - 5.7%
Incidence (of US adults) - 3%
Twice as common in women than men

120
Q

Onset and course of GAD

A
  • It is a stable disorder that has an average onset in mid-teens to mid-twenties and follows a lifelong course
121
Q

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

A
  • Recurrent obsessions and/or compulsions
  • Obsessions generate anxiety that may be at least partially relieved by performance of compulsive rituals
  • Lifetime prevalence (of US adults) is 2-3%
122
Q

Anxiety Disorders

A

A group of disorders with maladaptive and/or excessive anxiety reactions which cause significant emotional distress or impair one’s ability to function

123
Q

Features of anxiety disorders

A

Physical - jumpiness, shaking/trembling, sweating, faintness, cold limbs, tingling, dry mouth, etc…
Behavioral - avoidance, dependency/clinging, agitation
Cognitive - worry, nagging sense of dread/apprehension, preoccupation/over awareness of bodily sensations, fear of losing control, difficulty concentrating, etc…

124
Q

Obessions

A

Recurrent, intrusive thoughts (often distressing or disturbing)

125
Q

Compusions

A

Repetitive behaviors one feels compelled to perform - often a method to reduce anxiety caused by obsessions

126
Q

Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)

A

Preoccupation with imagined/exaggerated physical ‘defect’ in appearance - fear that others judge them negatively due to perceived flaw
- obsessive thoughts about the perceived flaw
- compulsive rituals to try and fix/hide perceived flaw
- Accompanied by low levels of self-esteem and higher levels of perfectionism
- High co-occurrence with other disorders and suicidal ideation/behavior
- Differences in brain area activation may be a factor in the development of BDD

127
Q

Hoarding Disorder

A

Characterized by extreme difficulty discarding unnecessary and seemingly useless possessions, resulting in distress or creating so much clutter one’s home becomes unsafe/unlivable
- Prevalence of 2-5%
- Commonly occurs more in older, poorer, and those with more health problems
- Obsessive features of recurring thoughts about acquiring objects and fear of losing objects
Compulsive features of repeated rearranging possessions and refusal to discard them
- is NOT a subtype of OCD

128
Q

Exoriation

A

Skin picking disorder - compulsive/repetitive picking of skin
- prevalence of 1.4% or more
- Features - scratching, picking, rubbing and digging at skin. It may be an attempt to remove perceived issues/imperfections and may be used as a coping response to stress/anxiety

129
Q

Trichotillomania

A

hair pulling disorder
can be on scalp or other parts of the body
compulsive hair pulling

130
Q

Hoarding disorder is different than OCD because

A

Those with hoarding disorder do not experience distress due to hoarding, they experience pleasure in keeping and acquiring items
This makes treatment of hoarding disorder harder because they do not see anything wrong with them

131
Q
A

Abnormal Psych II - Test 1 (1 decks)

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