Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

human biology > test one > Flashcards

test one Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four categories of macromolecules

A

proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the seven characteristics that determine if something is alive

A

(1) made up of cells
(2) must have DNA or other macromolecules
(3) can reproduce
(4) grow and develop
(5) maintain homeostasis
(6) require energy (or form of energy)
(7) can evolve and change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the three domains?

A

bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the six kingdoms? what are characteristics/examples of each kingdom?

A

(1) bacteria – unicellular, e.coli
(2) archaea – unicellular, extremophiles
(3) protista – unicellular, algae, amoeba
(4) fungi – uni or multicellular, yeast or mushrooms
(5) plantae – multicellular, fern
(6) animalia – multicellular, chicken

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

list the levels of biological organization from the smallest to the largest (12)

A

atom, molecules, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

identify the parts of an atom. how do you calculate atomic mass?

A

protons (positively charged), neutrons (no charge), electrons (negatively charged). atomic mass = # of protons + # of neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are isotopes?

A

atoms with different number of neutrons (typically neutrons = protons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what type of reaction links monomers to form polymers?

A

dehydration reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what molecule is released from the monomers as the polymer is generated in dehydration reaction

A

water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what type of reaction separates polymers into monomers?

A

hydrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what replaces the bond after monomers are separated in hydrolysis?

A

water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

compare and contrast hydrolysis and dehydration reaction.

A

dehydration reaction creates bonds and releases water while hydrolysis breaks down bonds and replaces the bond with water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is a polar covalent bond?

A

covalent bond is the sharing of electrons in space. polar covalent is when electrons are shared unequally, specifically when there is a difference in electronegativities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

compare covalent and ionic bonds.

A

ionic bonds are when electrons leave one atom and go to another atom while covalent bonds are when atoms share electrons in space. covalent bonds are stronger than ionic bonds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

describe how hydrogen bonds form.

A

hydrogen bonds form when the slightly positive hydrogen atoms of one water molecule are attracted to the slightly negative oxygen atoms in another water molecule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

define acids.

A

pH 1 through 6, gives off H+ ions in solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

define bases

A

pH 8 through 14, absorbs H+ ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

define buffers

A

minimizes changes in pH by getting everything back to neutral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the two types of nucleic acids

A

DNA & RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are the monomers of nucleic acids?

A

nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the individual units that make up nucleic acids (components of a nucleotide)?

A

phosphate, five carbon sugar, and nitrogenous base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

compare DNA and RNA

A

dna is double stranded, has deoxyribose as the sugar, and has thymine as a base. RNA is single stranded, has ribose as the sugar, and has uracil as a base.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is ATP?

A

adenosine triphosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the function of atp in the body

A

atp is an energy source for doing things such as walking, muscle contraction, heart beat, etc. it brings sugar to our cells and allows us to function as a living thing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are the characteristics of a lipid?

A

categories of lipids are steroids, fats, and waxes. the backbone of lipids are glycerol. they function by providing caloric energy, and protecting and insulating body organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what are the monomers of a lipid

A

glycerol and fatty acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is the monomer of a protein?

A

amino acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is a polypeptide?

A

chains containing 10 or more amino acids. between peptides and proteins in terms of # of amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are the four levels of protein structure?

A

primary (particular sequence of amino acids), secondary (consists of patterns known as helices and pleated sheets), tertiary (overall 3D shape of the protein), and quaternary (two or more polypeptide chains called a subunit, the results of assembled subunits)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is a monomer of a carbohydrate?

A

monosaccharide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

how many different bonds can carbon form?

A

four electrons, meaning four different bonds (bonds would be single) (can form single, double, or triple bonds)

32
Q

what is the energy storage molecule in animals?

A

glycogen

33
Q

what is the energy storage molecules in plants?

A

starch

34
Q

compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. (6)

A

prokaryotic cells are structurally simple and typically smaller than eukaryotic cells. most prokaryotic cells are surrounded by a rigid cell wall and are limited to bacteria and archaea. eukaryotic cells make up the cells in the human body. nonmembranous organelles (ribosomes and cytoskeletal elements) are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. membrane bound organelles are unique to eukaryotic cells. in prokaryotes, a membrane does not surround the dna (no nucleus).

35
Q

nucleus

A

contains almost all of the genetic information and influences cellular structure and function

36
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum (rer)

A

studded with ribosomes (sites where the synthesis of proteins begins); produces membrane

37
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ser)

A

detoxifies drugs; produces membrane

38
Q

golgi complex

A

sorts, modifies, and packages products of rer

38
Q

lysosomes

A

digest substances imported from outside the cell; destroy old or defective cell parts

39
Q

mitochondria

A

provide cell with energy through the breakdown of glucose during cellular respiration

39
Q

centrioles

A

may function in cell division

40
Q

microtubule

A

maintains cell shape and forms tracks on which vesicles move

41
Q

microfilament

A

plays a role in muscle contraction and cell division

42
Q

plasma membrane

A

regulates movement of materials into and out of cell

43
Q

cytoplasm

A

the material surrounding the nucleus

44
Q

nucleolus

A

produces components of ribosomes (rna and protein)

45
Q

ribosome

A

site where protein synthesis begins

46
Q

describe the structure and function of the plasma membrane

A

plasma membrane made up of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates; function is to be semi permeable and let gasses and water exchange while allowing for transport in and out of the cell

47
Q

what are the types of passive transport

A

diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion (do not require atp)

47
Q

simple diffusion

A

random movement from region of higher concentration to region of lower concentration

47
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

movement from region of higher concentration to region of lower concentration with the aid of a carrier or channel protein.

48
Q

osmosis

A

movement of water from region of higher water concentration (lower solute concentration) to region of lower water concentration (higher solute concentration)

49
Q

active transport

A

movement, often from region of lower concentration to region of higher concentration, with the aid of a carrier protein and energy from ATP

50
Q

endocytosis

A

process by which materials are engulfed by the plasma membrane and drawn into the cell in a vesicle

51
Q

exocytosis

A

process by which a membrane-bound vesicle from inside the cell fuses with the plasma membrane and spills contents outside the cell

52
Q

hypertonic solutions

A

greater concentration on outside of cell

53
Q

hypotonic solution

A

greater concentration on inside of cell

54
Q

isotonic solution

A

equilibrium, equal concentration on inside and outside of cell

55
Q

cell in hypertonic solution will

A

shrivel when water leaves cell

56
Q

cell in hypotonic solution will

A

lyse or expand when water goes in

57
Q

function of atp in cellular respiration

A

is the energy invested

58
Q

function of oxygen in cellular respiration

A

meets up with the hydrogens to form water

59
Q

function of water in cellular respiration

A

keeps the concentration difference across the membrane so more hydrogens come through and more ATP is made

60
Q

function of glucose in cellular respiration

A

it splits

61
Q

function of NADH in cellular respiration

A

used in last stage, starts to accumulate in glycolysis

62
Q

function of FADH2 in cellular respiration

A

another electron carrier

63
Q

function of CoEnzymeA in cellular respiration

A

molecule that attaches to pyruvate in transition reaction

64
Q

acetylcoa function in cellular respiration

A

produced in transition reaction

65
Q

glycolysis

A

in cytoplasm, glucose is split, end result is 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP and NADH

66
Q

transition reaction

A

in cytoplasm, not a full stage but an intermediate stage, generates acetyleCoA

67
Q

citric acid cycle

A

in mitochondria, 4 carbon starting material of oxo

68
Q

electron transport chain

A

creates atp with final result being water

69
Q

glycolysis definiton

A

first stage of cellular respiration, begins with the splitting of glucose in 2 three carbon sugars which are then converted into two molecules of pyruvate. two molecules of NADH are generated

70
Q

transition reaction definition

A

pyruvate reacts with CoA, resulting in the removal of one carbon from each pyruvate, resulting in Acetyl CoA.

71
Q

citric acid cycle definition

A

acetyl CoA reacts with a four carbon compound in the first of a cyclic series of eight chemical reactions;; it completes the loss of electrons from glucose and yields two ATP and several molecules of of NADH and FADH2

72
Q

electron transport chain definition

A

molecules of NADH and FADH2 pass their electrons to a series of carrier proteins embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. the transfer of electrons from one pretein to the next releases energy and is used to make atp.

human biology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions