test one Flashcards

1
Q

function of blood

A
  1. Transport: O2, CO2, nutrients, hormones, wastes
  2. Regulates: pH and ion compositions by absorbing and neutralizing acids
    3, Restricts: Fluid loss at injury sites with clotting process
  3. Defends: against toxins and pathogens with WBC and antibodies
  4. Stabilizes: temp by absorbing heart and distributing blood flow to different areas
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2
Q

Red blood cells/Erythrocytes function

A
  1. Transport of respiratory gasses (O2 & CO2)
  2. RBCs play an important role in homeostasis of acids — Base balance `
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3
Q

Red blood cell sizes

A

Normocytes: normal cell size
Microcytic: small cell size
Macrocytic: large cell size

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4
Q

Hemoglobin content

A

Normochromic: normal Hb content
Hypochromic: low Hb content
HyperchromicL high Hb content

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5
Q

What blood cells/leukocytes (WBC)

A
  • Less than 1% of all blood cells
  • Larger than RBCs
  • Helps the body defend against pathogens
  • Removes toxins, wastes, and abnormal or damaged cells
  • Contains a nucleus unlike a RBC
  • Lacks hemoglobin
  • Circulates for a short portion of lifespan (about 20 days)
  • some WBCs leave the bloodstream and migrate through other tissues of the body
  • Some remain in the tissues outside the bloodstream
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6
Q

Types of WBCs

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Monocytes: These are apart of the bodies nonspecific defences, responds to ant threat, without having to identify specific pathogens.
Lymphocytes: Respond to any threat, without having to identify specific pathogens .

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7
Q

To remember the size from largest to smallest of WBCa remember..

A

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

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8
Q

Palates thrombocytes/megakaryocytes

A

One of the formed elected officials the blood
Specialized cell fragments in the body that pay a major role in blood clotting
Has no nucleus and is about half the size of RBCs
Lifespan: of about 9-12 days, and is removed by phagocytosis primarily in the spleen

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9
Q

Blood plasma

A

Liquids protein of whole blood
contains no formed elements
Transports organic and inorganic molecules
3% of total O2 transported in blood
5% of total CO2 transported in blood
composition
Water (92%) containing many dissolved substances including:
plasma proteins (7%)
other solutes (1% nutrients, Electrolytes, organic wastes)

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10
Q

3 major types of plasma proteins

A
  1. Albumins: Most abundant (about 60% of all plasma proteins)
  2. globulins: About 35% of plasma proteins, acts as transport proteins and antibodies or immunoglobulins. Globulins involved liopid transport called lipoprotein.
  3. Fibrinogen: About 4% of plasma proteins, function in blood clotting as insoluble strands of fibrin.
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11
Q

Blood is divided into two fractions (assuming 5.0L total)

A
  1. Plasma: extracellular part of blood: Liquide component 2.75 L (55%)
  2. Formed elements: Contains the cellular components (RBC, WBC, Platelets) 2.25L (45%)
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12
Q

Blood volumes in the body

A

Adult males average about 5-6 L of blood
Adult females average about 4-5 L of blood
Varies by average body size

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13
Q

Blood pH

A

Blood is alkaline — pH 7.35 to pH 7.45
If blood moves towards neutral you can become very sick “acidosis**

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14
Q

Blood lifespan

A

The average RBC lifespan is 120 days
Storage of donated blood is limited to 6 weeks

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15
Q

RBC formation

A
  • Also called erythropoiesis
  • In adults, it occurs in red bone marrow or myeloid tissue
  • Requires amino acids =, iron, vitamins, vitamin B12 absorption requires intrinsic factor
  • In adults, red bone marrow is found in vertebrae, sternum, ribs, scapulae, pelvis, proximal limb bones
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16
Q

Stem cells

A

Formed elements develop in red bone marrow
Process is hematopoiesis
Multi potent stem cell is a hemocytoblast
Division of a hemocytoblast produces 2 types of stem sells
1. lymphoid stem cell
2. Myeloid stem cell

17
Q

Stem cell paths

A

Lymphoid stem cells develop into lymphocytes. some stem cells remain in red bone marrow; others migrate to lymphoid tissues
myeloid stem cells develop into all other formed elements
Hormones released by activated lymphocytes and other cells in immune response

18
Q

Mechanisms of blood disease

A

Most blood diseases result from failure of myeloid and lymphatic tissues, where the formed elements are made.
Possible causes:
Toxic chemicals
radiation
inherited defects
nutritional deficiencies
cancer, including leukaemia

19
Q

Jaundice

A

Yellowish skin and eyes
- Sgin of excessive level of bilirubin in blood
- Bilirubin level rise in peripheral tissues
Result of blocked bile ducts, due to: gallstones, failure of liver to absorb or excrete bilirubin. Hemolytic anemia, which involves excess RBC breakdown

20
Q

Polycthemia

A

Increased RBCs

21
Q

Anemia

A

Results in decreased tissue O2 levels
Decreased RBC
Deceased hemoglobin
Majority of clinical signs of anemia related to low tissue oxygen levels, Fatigue; skin pallor, Weakness; faintness; headache
Compensation by increasing heart and respiratory rates

22
Q

How blood clotting works

A
  • Blood vessel is damage causes platelets to become sticky and forms a “platelet plug” at the site of injury
  • Accumulated platelets resales clotting factors that enter into the clotting mechanism
  • Platelets ultimately become part of the blood clot itself
23
Q

Homeostasis

A

the stopping of bleeding
- Halts the loaf of blood through damaged vessels
- Establishes framework for tissue repair
3 steps
1. Vascular phase — Vessel soak
2. Platelet phase — form platelet plug
3. coagulation phase — complex cascade

24
Q

Requirements for blood clotting

A
  • Calcium ions, vitamin K, and 11 different plasma proteins
  • Liver synthesizes most of these clotting proteins
25
Q

blood clot disorders

A

Thrombocytopenia = reduced platelet cont that is characterized by bleeding from small blood vessels
Thrombocytosis = High platelet count
Hemophilia = Bleeding disease