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SOWK4212- POLICY > TEST ONE > Flashcards

TEST ONE Flashcards

1
Q

social policy

A

-refers to choice or decision-making with respect to some group, community or collective

-regulations and rules that deal with many areas of social problems concerning distributive, punitive, commutative justice

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2
Q

desirability

A

some policy moves are easily, especially those that benefit the sick, the young, the old

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3
Q

impossibility theorem

A

Kenneth Arrow 1951: public voting cannot guarantee the best outcome but can prevent the worst outcome

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4
Q

capability approach (furthering impossibility theorem)

A

Amartya Sen: everyone has different needs, we need social policy that addresses individual needs but later people felt that it was not possible

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5
Q

what do policy analyst do?

A

-clarify the ideology behind the policy
-checking the consistency between what is said and done
-comparing what is stated with the consequences of the policy

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6
Q

social policy/ social welfare policy/ public policy

A

-concept of social policy is wider than social welfare policy
-public policy is wider than social policy

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7
Q

social policy

A

-concerns big issues in society such as social inequality, human rights and freedoms, distribution of wealth, employment, healthcare, criminal justice, social problems, political issues
-covers range of all areas of distributive, punitive, commutative justice
-governs the environment in which SW work
-deals with problems of vulnerable people
-SW need to understand how groups pain political power through social policy

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8
Q

social welfare policy

A

deals with specific issues in social welfare programs, quality and effectiveness of social service programs, mostly in the area of distributive justice

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9
Q

public policy

A

covers all areas of public activities which regulate the behaviours of everyone, from economic and industrial policy to fishing policy

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9
Q

core social work values

A

service, social justice, dignity and worth of persons, importance of human relationships, integrity, competence

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9
Q

political feasibility

A

Although problem identified, social change initiated by SW may fail because power distribution, some organisations/agencies cause problems for SW because they do not want to change

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10
Q

why do we study history?

A

Social policies are in a constant state of change, but their roots may be traced back to the earliest stages of human evolution

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10
Q

path dependence

A

-humans make their own history, but not in the circumstances of their choosing
-proposed by Paul David, explains how decisions in any circumstance are limited by decisions made in the past
-hx is constrained by path-dependent processes of social changes’ “path dependence is a way to narrow conceptually the choice set and link decision making through time’

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11
Q

the cumulative effect of policy

A

once a policy is set up, its effect will be accumulated and will affect any policy-making in the future

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12
Q

the residual model (define)

A

-based on the promise that there are two ‘natural’ channels through which an individual’s needs are met: the private market and the family
-only when those break down should social welfare institutions come into play and even then only temporary
-dominated until mid 20th C

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13
Q

the residual model (theoretical basis)

A

-Adam Smith believed free trade assumes that if each person pursues their own interest then the general welfare of all will be fostered
-supply and demand of goods are regulated by the market through the ‘invisible hand’
-objects to governmental control, but acknowledges the necessity of some restrictions

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14
Q

The English Poor Law

A

-active from 1598- 1945 dominant during residual model
-welfare is a safety net confined to those who are unable to manage otherwise (deserving poor?)

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15
Q

3 non-gov’t forms of Euro charity

A

medieval guilds (merchant and artisans), private foundations (hospitals) and churches

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16
Q

the welfare model (define)

A

-saw the welfare services as normal, first line functions of modern industrial society…in helping individuals to achieve self-fulfilment
-1950s to 1990s?

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17
Q

The Beveridge Report 1942

A

proposed a system of national insurance based on 3 assumptions:
-family allowances
-national health service
-full employment

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18
Q

Marsh Report 1943

A

echoes the Beveridge report and provided framework for comprehensive universal welfare

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19
Q

Canada Assistance Plan (several programs)

A

-unemployment insurance created in 1940
-family allowance in 1944 given to moms with kids under 16 regardless of income
-old age security 1951, over 70 y/o
-universal health insurance first in SK and in every province by 1960s

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20
Q

The Market-State Approach

A

-aka neo-liberal regime
-process of dismantling the welfare states begin in early 1990s
-driven by increasing public debt

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21
Q

Program changes from welfare to market state approach

A

-Canadian Assistance Plan transformed to Canada Health and Social Transfer that gave block grants to each province, more provincial financial responsibility
-national welfare standards were abolished (moved to prov standards)
-universal programs for families and OAS became income-tested
-universal social assistance programs became mean-tested and conditional

-abandoned universal models, provincial freedom

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22
Q

the third sector/ civil society

A

-as opposed to gov’t and private sectors
-includes voluntary civic organizations, NGOs, advocacy groups, nonprofit and for profit organizations, internet based groups, self-help

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23
Q

Armitage lists 7 types of programs/services provided by gov or non gov

A
  1. cash programs (OAS, student loans)
  2. fiscal measures (tax deductions)
  3. goods/services measures (hospital insurance)
  4. employment measures (min wage)
  5. occupational welfare measures (pension plans)
  6. family care programs (home-care provisions)
  7. voluntary/charitable programs (food banks)
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24
Q

Federalism

A

a political concept in which a group of members are bound together with the governing representative authority; this system is based on democratic rules and institutions of sharing power between federal and provincial gov
-power divided between fed and prov
-ex. canada, us, germany

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25
Q

Canada’s federal powers

A

quarantines, marine hospitals, penitentiaries, Indigenous affairs
-things not explicitly outlined defaulted to federal

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26
Q

Canada’s provincial powers

A

hospitals, asylums, charities, reformatory prisons

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27
Q

municipal/prov/federal canada powers random/hx

A

-from 1967 to early 20th C, provinces and municipal had major role in social welfare
-fed has more taxation power over municipal and prov
-prov and municipal have more financial responsibility of social welfare (except social assistance)

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28
Q

transfers (define)

A

the financial transfer from federal to provincial; provincial to municipal and federal to municipal

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29
Q

types of transfers (list)

A
  1. block grants (general purpose)
  2. specific purpose grants
  3. unconditional grants or equalization payments
  4. conditional grants
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30
Q

block grants (type of transfer)

A

aka general purpose- cash transfer from one level of gov to another, the amount is not tied to purpose of the grant

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31
Q

specific purpose grant (type of transfer)

A

cash transfer, amount is tied to specific purpose.
-ex: a matched or shared-cost program

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32
Q

unconditional grant (type of transfer)

A

aka equalization payments- these required no particular commitment tied to an expected type of expenditure, they address
–horizontal fiscal imbalances between richer and poorer provinces (transfer from federal to prov)
—vertical imbalances: between the fiscal capacities of federal and provinces

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33
Q

conditional grants (type of transfer)

A

tied directly to an expected type of service delivery, such as Canada Assistance Plan from federal to provincial for the purpose of health care, education, service

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34
Q

selective/targeting programs (define and critique) (type of income security program)

A

based on Elizabethan poor relief, transfer of money from a gov’t to eligible individual, EI based on record of employment, based on means test that estimate financial resources and number of dependents
-criticism: personalize poverty r/t greater structures, stigma, cost of mngmt is higher than universal program

35
Q

universal program (type of income security program)

A

provide cash benefit to all individuals, based on belief that state is responsible to provide income security for all citizens, eligibility is a right thus not means tested, began during WW2 but eroded over past 25 years

36
Q

demogrants (income security program)

A

a cash payment to an individual/family based on demographic characteristic (usually age) r/t need. ex. OAS

37
Q

social assistance (income security program)

A

selective income security programs that use a means or needs to determine eligibility, considered a last resort

38
Q

in-kind benefit

A

helps to improve the living standards or underprivileged groups w/o the use of cash, they cannot be converted to money
-ex. tax reduction of childcare or housing or gym memberships, or TFSA

38
Q

Canada’s Federal Income Security Programs (list)

A

EI
CPP or QPP
OAS
GIS
Spouse’s Allowance
Veteran’s Pensions
War Vet’s Allowances
Resettlement Assistance program
Canada Child Benefit

38
Q

Canada’s Provincial Income Security Programs (list)

A

Worker’s Comp
Social Assistance (OW, ODSP, etc)
Prov Top-Ups for Elderly

38
Q

social insurance (define)

A

refers to income security programs in which eligibility for benefit is determined by previous record of contribution and on the occurrence of a particular contingency such as unemployment, retirement, injury
-amount of benefit is determined by contribution
-EX. CPP and EI

39
Q

race to the bottom (define concept)

A

a phenomenon in which gov’t reduce the standards or taxes in order to attract or retain economic activity in their jurisdictions; happens when competition increases between geographic areas
-results in lower wages and worse enviro protection

40
Q

ideology (define)

A

-set of ideas and values of an individual or group of people as desirable social aspirations
-this set of beliefs forms basis of political, economic and other systems
-provides normative justifications to social action

41
Q

individualism (define ideology)

A

emphasizes the individual’s freedom, worth and self-determination in the political, social and economic spheres

42
Q

collectivism (define ideology)

A

places the rights and welfare of the group or society about that of the individual
-power and privilege will still come into play likely

43
Q

egalitarianism (define ideology)

A

the belief that all people should have equal economic end
-but equal =/= equity

44
Q

elitism (define ideology)

A

society is organized around interrelated but unequal functional groups, usually with those in the political/economic leadership group referred to as the elite
-hierarchical r/t egalitarian organizational view

45
Q

history of politicizing ‘right vs left’

A

French Assembly 1789: preserve the present order on the right, change it on the left
-some exceptions for ex environmentalists want to keep environment the same yet they are left

46
Q

Communism (who, what, 2 stages)

A

-both theory and political practice derive from Karl Marx and Fredrich Engels
-value liberty for workers, liberty cannot be achieved under capitalist society because distribution was in favour of those who controlled means of production
-2 stages following the overthrow of capitalist:
1. socialist society: from each according to his abilities, to each according to his work
2. communist society: from each according to his abilities, to each according to his need

47
Q

communism (critiques)

A

-in actuality all ‘communist’ countries have been socialist
-gov’t controls everything, theme of dictatorships, inherently undemocratic
-countries took decades to recover

48
Q

social democracy

A

-emerged out of socialist movement
-free market economic cannot ensure efficiency and effective allocation of economic resources to meet the needs of all citizens
-modern social democracy does not aim to replace capitalist system entirely instead want to reform capitalism through state regulation and state-sponsored programs
-contemporary social democrats support mixed economy, gov’t regulated private sector, extensive social security system, enviro protection, immigration and diversity, human rights

49
Q

Toryism

A

-18thC countered liberalization of traditional ideals and growing egalitarianism
-contrasts with conservativism bc it retains british roots
-views itself as collectivist because of the ideal that social and economic hierarchies contribute to social stability and economic security
-law and order instead of liberalism’s liberty and freedom

50
Q

Liberalism

A

-emerged in 18th-19thC emphasizing individual development in a social, political, and economic order unencumbered by gov’t constraints
-freedom (absence of coercion) and individualism are fundamental values
-more right than the Liberal party

51
Q

Neo-Conservatism

A

-the new right, ‘individualist conservatives’, aka neo-lib
-laissez-fair»collectivism

52
Q

Fascism

A

-a gov’t system or political philosophy that involves total power and nationalism (nation > individual or group)
-opposes all other ideologies and supports racist assertions
-inherently undemocratic

53
Q

Liberal Party of Canada

A

business (economic liberalism) or welfare liberalism (HR above economics)

54
Q

Conservative Party of Canada

A

from awareness of interdependence of socio-economic classes and open to some gov’t intervention –to staunch advocates of free market & individualism

55
Q

NDP

A

collectivist and egalitarian: legal equality, equality of opportunity, supports universal programs, higher corporate tax, unions

56
Q

Bloc Quebecois

A

central mandate= promote QC sovereignty

57
Q

8 Theories of Social Welfare

A
  1. social democratic perspective
  2. marxist thought
  3. feminist theory
  4. anti-racist critique of the welfare state
  5. a green critique
  6. calls for a shift from compensation to empowerment
  7. the market state
  8. the third way
58
Q

social democratic perspective (theory of social welfare)

A

assumes that welfare state emerged out of democratic political pressures from social institutions such as trade unions & political parties

59
Q

marxist thought (theory of social welfare)

A

views the welfare state as an instrument of social control (to avoid public unrest for example)

60
Q

feminist theory (theory of social welfare)

A

call for greater support of women in the workplace, expanding childcare and income security that reflects the needs of women

61
Q

anti-racist critique of the welfare state (theory of social welfare)

A

criticizes the welfare state for systematically treating disadvantaged groups less favourably than majority

62
Q

a green critique (theory of social welfare)

A

the welfare state is rooted in the industrial order where the economy is based on growth that is no longer sustainable

63
Q

calls for a shift from compensation to empowerment (theory of social welfare)

A

r/t emphasising individual deficits and providing a community standard such as a poverty line, empowerment social welfare assumes that all people require help in order to develop

64
Q

the market state (theory of social welfare)

A

challenges the social democratic perspective & conforms to individualist and liberal assumptions

65
Q

the third way (theory of social welfare)

A

attempts to combine market state principles with social democratic ones, suggests the best solution is for social services to offer choice to users & encourage competition amongst providers

66
Q

social welfare definition of ‘needs’

A

-needs are defined on a personal and subjective level
-expressed needs: felt needs are that communicated to others
-normative needs: determined by someone other than the individual by applying a benchmark/standard to the individual (ex. poverty line)
-comparative needs: comparing one individual/group to another (ex. poverty of lone-parent families vs. two-parent families)

67
Q

poverty (define)

A

a condition in which a person or family is deprived of, and/or lacks the essentials for a minimum standard of well-being and life
-simply, a lack of income and wealth

68
Q

absolute vs relative poverty

A

absolute poverty= a condition where basic needs such as food and shelter are not met
relative poverty= basic needs may be met but an avg standard of living compared to peers is not met

69
Q

LICO

A

low income cut off
-distinguishes low-income families from average income families

70
Q

Market Basket Measure (MBM)

A

creates a measure of poverty that is based on the actual calculated market costs of housing, food, clothing, footwear, transportation etc for a decent life, and this is calculated for a specific community

71
Q

Canada compared to other countries for debt/poverty/wellness

A

-Canada’s GDP is great
-poverty and child poverty: we are in the middle
-inequality: in the middle for developed countries, did rise in the 1990s then stable since 2000s
-no population growth but immigrants fill the gap

72
Q

5 major issues affecting social policy in Canada

A
  1. the environmental imperative
  2. globalization
  3. social welfare retrenchment
  4. conceptions relating to citizenship and social inclusion
  5. the growing impact of social movements
73
Q

canada’s environmental social policy

A

-Canada is among the worst contributors to climate change but there is no policy
-canada is highest for personal vehicle fuel consumption
-externality: consequences of economic activity is felt by unrelated third parties

74
Q

globalization

A

a trend of internationalization in finance, communication, ideology, politics

75
Q

social welfare retrenchment

A

since the 1980s, fed and prov gov’t have withdrawn commitment to social welfare programs
-2 driving forces of retrenchment: rising govt debts in 1980s, globalization in labour and social welfare

76
Q

social citizenship (3 stages)

A

18thC: civil rights focusing on property and legal rights, due process
19thC: political rights
20thC: social rights, social welfare and economic security

77
Q

civil society

A

the aggregate of non-governmental organizations and institutions that reflect the interests and will of citizens
-sometimes equated with the ‘third sector’ meaning not government or market

78
Q

social inclusion (define and pros of using this term)

A

-a term maybe replacing social citizenship?
-this is the ideology behind universal programs
-advantages of this language
1. includes power relations in the analysis
2. can incorporate many levels of experience (quality of life, rights)
3. involves the social aspect not just the poor
4. highlights process over outcome (process of becoming poor r/t measuring poverty alone)

79
Q

economic impacts of globalization

A

-canada enjoys cheaper products
-domestic wages are linked to global level
-international competition

80
Q

immigration and globalization

A

Samuelson’s theory of trade/labour: international trade may reduce the needs for international migration
-brain drain: large scale emigration with technical skill and knowledge
-migration shapes culture

81
Q

social policy and globalization

A

-globalization limits gov’t power in policy making, ex minimum wage
-global economic changes affect domestic economy and thus social policy

82
Q

race to the bottom

A

competitive situation where a company, state, or nation attempts to undercut the competition’s prices by sacrificing quality standards or worker safety (often defying regulation), or reducing labor costs

83
Q

social capital

A

the attitude, spirit, and willingness of people to engage in collective civic activities or networks of relationships with people in their community and family

84
Q
A

SOWK4212- POLICY (1 decks)

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