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APRS learning objectives > Test One > Flashcards

Test One Flashcards

1
Q

Define homeostasis

A

When the body is regulating various physiological. processes to keep itself at equilibrium

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2
Q

Describe the mammalian cell, listing the names of the following structures and organelles: cell membrane; cytoplasm; cytoskeleton; mitochondria; endoplasmic reticulum (bought and smooth); ribosomes; Golgi apparatus; secretory vesicles; lysosomes; peroxisomes; nuclear membrane; nucleus; nucleolus; centromere; cilia and flagella; microvilli

A

Mammalian cells differ structurally because they perform different functions; they depend on other cells; majority eukaryotic cells

Cell membrane: walls for protection

Cytoplasm:

Cytoskeleton:

Mitochondria: energy to run the equipment

Endoplasmic Reticulum:

Ribosomes:

Golgi apparatus:

Secretory vesicles:

Lysosomes:

Peroxisomes:

Nuclear Membrane:

Nucleus:

Nucleolus:

Centromere:

Cilia and Flagella:

Microvilli:

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3
Q

Describe the constituents of extracellular fluid

A

very large amounts of Na, lots of Cl, very little K

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4
Q

Describe the constituents of intracellular fluid

A

lots of K, a little bit of Na, and very little Cl

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5
Q

Define and compare the following membrane transport mechanisms: diffusion; osmosis; osmotic pressure; filtration; facilitated diffusion; active transport; endocytosis and exocytosis (phagocytosis, pinocytosis)

A

Diffusion:

Osmosis:

Osmotic Pressure:

Filtration:

Facilitated Diffusion:

Active Transport:

Endocytosis and Exocytosis:

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6
Q

Describe the effects of the following conditions on the cell: isotonicity; hypertonicity; hypotonicity

A

Isotonicity: In an isotonic solution, the solute concentration is equal inside/surrounding the cell, therefore the net movement in/out is stable and the cell maintains its shape

Hypertonicity: Cell placed in hypertonic solution, therefore concentration greater within solution and water moves out of cell (shrinks)

Hypotonicity: Cell placed in hypotonic solution, therefore concentration greater within cell and water moves into the cell (swells)

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7
Q

Describe the basic structure and function of the following organic molecules: carbohydrates; lipids; proteins; nucleic acids; DNA; RNA; adenosine triphosphate

A
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8
Q

Discuss normal chromosomes in relation to number and basic function

A
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9
Q

Define the following terms: gene; genotype; phenotype; karyotype; diploid; haploid; chromatin; autosome; dominant; recessive; homozygous; heterozygous; recessive; karyotype; locus; alleles; homozygous; heterozygous

A
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10
Q

Identify on a diagram and explain function of cell connections: desmosomes; gap junction; tight junction

A
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11
Q

Differentiate between the terms transcription and translation

A
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12
Q

Describe the cell life cycle, naming the four stages and stating the major events occurring in each state

A
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13
Q

name and briefly describe the events in each of the stages of mitosis and meiosis, stating the purpose for each process

A
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14
Q

Describe the molecular structure of DNA

A
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15
Q

Discuss how cells adapt to changing conditions and identify how these changes may be harmful to the body

A
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16
Q

Describe the three main stages of prenatal developmenet

A
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17
Q

Describe the formation of the three germinal layers

A
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18
Q

Define the term organogenesis

A
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19
Q

Identify from which germ layer the following organ sand tissues originate: epidermis of skin; brain and spinal cord; lens of the eye; muscles; bone and cartilage; blood; dermis of skin; kidneys; connective tissue; lining of digestive and respiratory systems; secretory parts of liver and pancreas; urinary bladder; thyroid; parathyroid; thymus

A
20
Q

List the four basic tissues of the human body

A
21
Q

For the following types of epithelium indicate the location and function of the following: simple squamous; simple cuboidal; simple columnar; stratified squamous; stratifies cuboidal; stratified columnar; pseudostratified columnar; transitional

A
22
Q

List the types of connective tissue according to their matrix

A

bone
cartilage
blood
true connective tissue (ligaments tendons)

23
Q

Describe the following types of connective tissue with respect to their location and major function: fibrous (loose & dense); adipose; reticular/bone marrow; cartilage (hyaline, fibromyalgia, elastic); bone (compact & cancellous); blood

A
24
Q

List and describe the functions of skin

A
25
Q

Describe the skin with respect to the terms epidermis and dermis

A
26
Q

Describe the function of melanin

A
27
Q

Describe the important structural and functional generalizations that apply to epithelium as a principal tissue type

A
28
Q

Discuss glandular epithelium and compare endocrine and exocrine glands in terms of generalized function

A
29
Q

Explain how apocrine, holocrine, and merocrine glands differ in their method of secretion

A
30
Q

Discuss the major types of connective tissue fibres, cells, and matrix in terms of structure and function

A
31
Q

Compare bone and cartilage in terms of generalized function, cell types, organizational structure, and blood supply

A
32
Q

Discuss why blood is considered to be a tissue

A
33
Q

Discuss and give examples of the two major types of body membranes

A
34
Q

Explain how the skin functions in the homeostasis of body temperature

A
35
Q

Describe briefly the four methods of what loss that are mediated by skin

A
36
Q

Compare the three types of muscle tissue in terms of structure and function: visceral (smooth); skeletal (striated); cardiac

A
37
Q

List the five homeostatic functions of the skeletal system

A
38
Q

Distinguish between the terms axial and appendicular skeleton

A
39
Q

Describe the features of cancellous and compact bone and describe their locations in long bone

A
40
Q

List and describe the function of the three main types of cells found in bones

A
41
Q

Discuss bone growth and reabsorption to describe how a long bone grows in length (endochondral growth) and in width (appositional growth)

A
42
Q

Explain the role of bone metabolism and hormones in the regulation of blood calcium levels

A
43
Q

Identify the following structures on a diagram of a long bone and state the purpose of each: marrow cavity; endosteum; periosteum; site of red bone marrow; Sharpey’s fibres

A
44
Q

List the three main classes of joints

A
45
Q

Compare the basic structural differences between bone and cartilage

A

APRS learning objectives (1 decks)

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