Test One Flashcards
Define homeostasis
When the body is regulating various physiological. processes to keep itself at equilibrium
Describe the mammalian cell, listing the names of the following structures and organelles: cell membrane; cytoplasm; cytoskeleton; mitochondria; endoplasmic reticulum (bought and smooth); ribosomes; Golgi apparatus; secretory vesicles; lysosomes; peroxisomes; nuclear membrane; nucleus; nucleolus; centromere; cilia and flagella; microvilli
Mammalian cells differ structurally because they perform different functions; they depend on other cells; majority eukaryotic cells
Cell membrane: walls for protection
Cytoplasm:
Cytoskeleton:
Mitochondria: energy to run the equipment
Endoplasmic Reticulum:
Ribosomes:
Golgi apparatus:
Secretory vesicles:
Lysosomes:
Peroxisomes:
Nuclear Membrane:
Nucleus:
Nucleolus:
Centromere:
Cilia and Flagella:
Microvilli:
Describe the constituents of extracellular fluid
very large amounts of Na, lots of Cl, very little K
Describe the constituents of intracellular fluid
lots of K, a little bit of Na, and very little Cl
Define and compare the following membrane transport mechanisms: diffusion; osmosis; osmotic pressure; filtration; facilitated diffusion; active transport; endocytosis and exocytosis (phagocytosis, pinocytosis)
Diffusion:
Osmosis:
Osmotic Pressure:
Filtration:
Facilitated Diffusion:
Active Transport:
Endocytosis and Exocytosis:
Describe the effects of the following conditions on the cell: isotonicity; hypertonicity; hypotonicity
Isotonicity: In an isotonic solution, the solute concentration is equal inside/surrounding the cell, therefore the net movement in/out is stable and the cell maintains its shape
Hypertonicity: Cell placed in hypertonic solution, therefore concentration greater within solution and water moves out of cell (shrinks)
Hypotonicity: Cell placed in hypotonic solution, therefore concentration greater within cell and water moves into the cell (swells)
Describe the basic structure and function of the following organic molecules: carbohydrates; lipids; proteins; nucleic acids; DNA; RNA; adenosine triphosphate
Discuss normal chromosomes in relation to number and basic function
Define the following terms: gene; genotype; phenotype; karyotype; diploid; haploid; chromatin; autosome; dominant; recessive; homozygous; heterozygous; recessive; karyotype; locus; alleles; homozygous; heterozygous
Identify on a diagram and explain function of cell connections: desmosomes; gap junction; tight junction
Differentiate between the terms transcription and translation
Describe the cell life cycle, naming the four stages and stating the major events occurring in each state
name and briefly describe the events in each of the stages of mitosis and meiosis, stating the purpose for each process
Describe the molecular structure of DNA
Discuss how cells adapt to changing conditions and identify how these changes may be harmful to the body
Describe the three main stages of prenatal developmenet
Describe the formation of the three germinal layers
Define the term organogenesis
Identify from which germ layer the following organ sand tissues originate: epidermis of skin; brain and spinal cord; lens of the eye; muscles; bone and cartilage; blood; dermis of skin; kidneys; connective tissue; lining of digestive and respiratory systems; secretory parts of liver and pancreas; urinary bladder; thyroid; parathyroid; thymus
List the four basic tissues of the human body
For the following types of epithelium indicate the location and function of the following: simple squamous; simple cuboidal; simple columnar; stratified squamous; stratifies cuboidal; stratified columnar; pseudostratified columnar; transitional
List the types of connective tissue according to their matrix
bone
cartilage
blood
true connective tissue (ligaments tendons)
Describe the following types of connective tissue with respect to their location and major function: fibrous (loose & dense); adipose; reticular/bone marrow; cartilage (hyaline, fibromyalgia, elastic); bone (compact & cancellous); blood
List and describe the functions of skin
Describe the skin with respect to the terms epidermis and dermis
Describe the function of melanin
Describe the important structural and functional generalizations that apply to epithelium as a principal tissue type
Discuss glandular epithelium and compare endocrine and exocrine glands in terms of generalized function
Explain how apocrine, holocrine, and merocrine glands differ in their method of secretion
Discuss the major types of connective tissue fibres, cells, and matrix in terms of structure and function
Compare bone and cartilage in terms of generalized function, cell types, organizational structure, and blood supply
Discuss why blood is considered to be a tissue
Discuss and give examples of the two major types of body membranes
Explain how the skin functions in the homeostasis of body temperature
Describe briefly the four methods of what loss that are mediated by skin
Compare the three types of muscle tissue in terms of structure and function: visceral (smooth); skeletal (striated); cardiac
List the five homeostatic functions of the skeletal system
Distinguish between the terms axial and appendicular skeleton
Describe the features of cancellous and compact bone and describe their locations in long bone
List and describe the function of the three main types of cells found in bones
Discuss bone growth and reabsorption to describe how a long bone grows in length (endochondral growth) and in width (appositional growth)
Explain the role of bone metabolism and hormones in the regulation of blood calcium levels
Identify the following structures on a diagram of a long bone and state the purpose of each: marrow cavity; endosteum; periosteum; site of red bone marrow; Sharpey’s fibres
List the three main classes of joints
Compare the basic structural differences between bone and cartilage
