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test one Flashcards

1
Q

w what are two criterias for succesful weed control

A

must come in contact
must reach living cellular site

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2
Q

how domost soil applied herbicides move into the plant

A

disolved in water solutoin

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3
Q

what are three plant structures that take up soil applied herbicides

A

germinated seeds
roots
emerging shoots

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4
Q

in weed science why is emerging shoot known as defenclise tissue

A

no endosperm
little to no cutical

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5
Q

what three soil characteristics that influence herbiside absorptoin into the soil

A

soil texture
soil organic matter
soil ph

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6
Q

what is ligand exchange

A

molicule bonded to a centeral atom ex glyphosate

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7
Q

with foliar applied herbiced weed control would be unsatisfactory if 2

A

insufficient herbicider
retentoin time to short ex rain

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8
Q

what five factors efect uptake of foliar herbiside

A

abitliy to go through cutical
leaf area
leaf oreintatoin
amount retained
hairs on leaf surface

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9
Q

leaves with greater epicuticaler wax 2

A

reduced spread
reduced absorbtoin

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10
Q

oil or water soluble herbisides cross cutical more easy

A

oil

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11
Q

herbicide translocatoin takes place through the 2

A

xylum
ploem

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12
Q

herbiside movment in the plant often transports with

A

water and nutrients
carbohydrates

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13
Q

what are two broad classifactaotins of herbisides

A

contact
systemic

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14
Q

what are two types of systemic herbisides

A

apoplasticaly
symplasticaly

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15
Q

apoplasticaly translocated herbicides move in the

A

xylum

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16
Q

what directoin do apoplasticaly herbicides move in

A

up

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17
Q

what stuctures to symplastically translocated move in

A

ploem

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18
Q

what diectoin do symplasticaly translocated herbicides move in

A

up and down

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19
Q

WHICH leaVES are affected first whith appoplastic translocatoin

A

old leaves

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20
Q

symplasticaly herbicides provide good control of 3

A

anual
bianual
perenial

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21
Q

why does symplasticaly herbicides provide poor control of quackgrass in hot dry summer months

A

dormant so reduced translocatoin

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22
Q

what are the seven modes of actoin

A

pigment inhibitors
lipid synthesis inhibitors
amino acid chain inhibitors
photosynthesis inhibitor
growth disruptor
sythetic oxens
cell membrain disruptor

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23
Q

define herbicide mode of actoin

A

the sequence of events that occur from the initial herbicide contact to the final effect usually death

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24
Q

two types of amini acid synthesisors

A

aromatic amino synthesis
inhibitor of branched chain

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25
Q

two types of cell growth disruptors

A

microtubial polymerizatoin inhibitor
long chain fatty acid inhibitor

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26
Q

two types of cell membrane disruptors

A

photosynthesis involved
photosynthsis not involved

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27
Q

what is the active ingredient of aromatic synthesis inhibitor

A

glyphosate

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28
Q

when is glyphosate applied in respect to weeds

A

POST

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29
Q

in laymans terms what is the mode of action of synthetic auxins

A

turns genes on that are usually off

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30
Q

when are synthetic auxins applied

A

POST

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31
Q

what weeds do cell growth disruptors and inhibitors primarly control 1

A

annual grasses

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32
Q

what are two effects of microtubule polymerization inhibitors

A

stops cell divisoin
interfere with cell wall formatoin

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33
Q

in laymens terms what is the mode of actoin of photosynthesis inhibitors

A

inhibite electron transport

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34
Q

where do the photosynthesis inhibitors act in the plant

A

chloroplast

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35
Q

what weeds do photosynthis control

A

broadleaf plants

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36
Q

what symptoms from photosynthesis inhibitors

A

chlorosis loss of greeen
dissasosiatoin of leaf tissue

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37
Q

what pigments do not develop after the applicatoin of pigment inhibitors

A

carotenoid pigment

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38
Q

primary injury of pigment inhibitrs

A

white bleaching

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39
Q

how are lipid synthesizers translocated 2

A

symplistically
apoplastic

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40
Q

in cell membrane disruptors what couses cell membrane breakdown

A

free radicals

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41
Q

what weeds do lipid synthesis inhibitors

A

annual perenial grasses

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42
Q

what is a selective herbiside

A

killls select weeds but does not efect the desired crop

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43
Q

what are nine metheds of selectivity with herbicides

A

genetic tolerance
insertoin of a resistent gene
different metabolism
aditoin of a softener
different translocatoin
diff adsorbtoin
diff sensitivity
depth
interceptoin

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44
Q

tolerance of a crop to a herbicide due to a insertian of a transgene which are refered to ass 2

A

herbiside resistant crop
genetically modified organsims

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45
Q

what do herbiside resistant transgenes do

A

increase metabolism
code for insensitive enzime

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46
Q

what are six round up ready crops

A

corn
soybeans
canola
cotton
sugerbeet
alfalfa

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47
Q

what are six herbicid resistent crops registered in canada

A

round up ready
round up extend
liberty link
round up ready extend flex
balance bean
enlist e3

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48
Q

what are three corn herbicides

A

round up
liberty link
enlist

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49
Q

what are 2 herbicides that soybeans have a genetic tolerence to

A

round up
liberty link

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50
Q

describe difference metabolism

A

some plants degrade herbicide making it safe for crops

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51
Q

what are the four phases of herbiside metabolism

A

activatoin
congigatoin
transport
degratoin in vacuals

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52
Q

what are five herbicides that the weeds convert into a phytotoxic compound and they dies

A

converse
shieldex
command
horizon
puma advance

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53
Q

what do herbiside safeners do

A

increase rate of herbiside metabolism

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54
Q

what are three leaf charachteristics that wees have that will intersept less spray

A

narrow leaves
upright
waxy

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55
Q

describe differential translocatoin in respect to herbisizes

A

herbisides end up in a area of the plant where they do no damage

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56
Q

describe differentials in adsorbsoin in respect to herbisides

A

diffenent thicknesses of cutical

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57
Q

describe differential sensitivity

A

some plants have diferent enzymes that perform same functoin

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58
Q

what are three adjectives used to describe glyphasate

A

post
systemic
broad spectrum

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59
Q

what are 4 salts used in glyphosate

A

enlist duo
credit extreme
potasiam salt
isopropylamine

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60
Q

is there a difference whith what salt you choose

A

there is no differance

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61
Q

what are 5 desirable atributes to using toundup

A

stable over extreme temperatures
easily diluted
doesnt plug nozzles
efecatoius manner
minimal enviromental impact

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62
Q

why must glyphodsate be applied POST

A

it is rapidly absorbed by the soil

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63
Q

glyphosare is readly absorbed by the

A

foilage

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64
Q

what two products can be added to roundup to improve absorptoin

A

surfactant
ammonium sulfate

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65
Q

what could you add to a tank with hard water

A

amonium sulfate

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66
Q

what type of translocated herbicide is glyphosate

A

symplastically ploem

67
Q

what is the mode of actoin for glyphosate

A

amino acid synthesis inhibitor

68
Q

what group of amino acids are not produced after the applicatoin of glyphosate

A

aromatic amino acids

69
Q

what amino acids are not produced after the applicatoin of glyphosate 3

A

tryosine
tryptophon
phenylanlanine

70
Q

what are three reasons for selectivity in glyphossate

A

insertoin of a transgene
prior to crop emergence
direct spraying

71
Q

what weeds does glyphosate control

A

anual perenial bienial
grass sedge broadleaf
seedlings and mature

72
Q

what are two main reasons glyphosate is such a effacious herbicide

A

exelent translocatoin
limmited metabolizm

73
Q

what are three secondary reasons glyphosate is such a good herbicid

A

good absorbtoin
slow acting
unique mode of actoin

74
Q

what are 5 factores that contribute to poor weed control with glyphosate

A

applicatoin when dark
drought
cold
large weeds
antagonism

75
Q

what are 4 reasons the efficacy of roundup may be reduced

A

dirty water hard water
tank mixed with other
herbicide or fertilizer

76
Q

which weeds is glyphosate really good on

A

grasses

77
Q

what type of weed is difficult to control with glyphosate

A

perennial broadleaf

78
Q

what are six factores that infuence the speed of weed contol with glyphosate

A

tank mix partner
weed species
rate
weather
weed growth rate
development stage

79
Q

why is glyphosate broken down in the soil

A

it is tightly absorbed to the soil

80
Q

what is a round up crop

A

have a transgene that confers to the resistence to glyphosate

81
Q

what are six reasons farmers use roundup so much

A

exelent weed control
exelent crop saftey
low cost
simplicity
large farms
can use with strip till and no till

82
Q

what are five social concerns around the use of roundup

A

human health residue
geneflow to wild species
hog the research money
glyphosate resistent biotypes
round up ready has advantage

83
Q

why is a early aplicatoin of glyphosate recomended 3

A

improved weed control
less interpherence
higher crop yeild

84
Q

what are 4 possible optoins for weed control in round up ready crops

A

single POST applicatoin
2 POST applicatoin
early POST tankmixed
pre residue herbicide g;yphosate POST

85
Q

what are four possible reasons for injury with glyphosate

A

delayed burndoown
missaplicatoin
drifts
to much of it

86
Q

what is a injury symptom of ghlyphosate

A

chlorosis at the growing point

87
Q

what are injury symptoms of glyphosate in rr corn

A

breakdown of leaf tissue near stock

88
Q

what are injuries of glyphosate in rr soybeans

A

yellow flash

89
Q

what are three reasons for variability in damage due to glyphosate drift

A

concentratoin of it in the drift
growth stage and corn configuratoin
weather

90
Q

what are three risks with widespread use of rr crops

A

vulinteer rr crops
multiple resistent weeds
weed shifts

91
Q

what is the definition of a herbiside resistent weed

A

reproduce and set seed

92
Q

what two things are required for glyphaste resistance to develop

A

selectoin presure
resistent biotype

93
Q

what are two clasifacatoins of herbiside resistence

A

target site
non target site

94
Q

define target site resistance

A

changes impact at target site

95
Q

define non target site

A

limits the amount of herbicide that reaches the target site

96
Q

what are two types of targer site resistence

A

altered target site
gene over expretion

97
Q

what are 5 types of non target site resistence

A

reduced retentoin
reduced absorbtion
altered translocatoin
enhanced metabilism
sacrificial

98
Q

list the adjectives used to describe glufosinate

A

broad spectrum
POST
contact

99
Q

what are three liberty link crops registered

A

corn
soybean
canola

100
Q

what are the two formulations of glufosinate sold

A

liberty 200
ignite

101
Q

what 2 types of weeds does liberty control

A

anual grass
broadleaf

102
Q

when is glufosinate applied

A

POST

103
Q

Why does glufosinate have to be applied post emergence

A

no root retention

104
Q

is glufosinate a contact or systemic herbicide

A

contact

105
Q

what is the mode of action of glufosinate

A

cell membrane disruptor

106
Q

what accumilates rapidly in the plant after glutamine production is stopped

A

reactive oxygen species

107
Q

ultimatly why does the plant die after the applicatoin of glufosinate

A

reactive oxygen species destroyes cell membranes

108
Q

what is the primary basis for selectivity with the glufosinate

A

inertion of a trans gene

109
Q

why does glufosinate provide no control over perennial weeds

A

translocatoin is limited

110
Q

does glufosinate provide any residual weed control

A

no

111
Q

on what environmental conditions would you expect glufosinate to be most effective 3

A

bright
humid
moist soils

112
Q

when should glufosinate be applied for best results in soils 7

A

young and active
10 am to 6 pm
high label rate
spray when hot and humid
high water
add ams for hard water
medium spray droplets

113
Q

what are two common annual broadleaf weeds liberty provides variable control over

A

lambs quarter
velvet leaf

114
Q

what are 7 situations where poor weed control may happen with liberty

A

weed hight
cool temps
low humidity
drought
rainfall within 4 hours
poor coverage
wrong time application

115
Q

what are two reasons for time of day effect with liberty`

A

air temp and leaf angle

116
Q

describe a liberty link crop

A

has a transgene that allows resistance

117
Q

because liberty provides no residule weed control, what are 3 common practaces

A

sequential pass
tank mix
two pass program

118
Q

where should u use liberty link crops 2

A

less weed presure
annual weeds

119
Q

what weeds do the group one herbicide control

A

grass weeds

120
Q

which two crops are the group 1 weeds sprayed on

A

barley
wheat

121
Q

do group one herbicides provide residal weed control

A

no they do not

122
Q

what are group one weeds generally refered to as

A

graminicides

123
Q

the use of group one herbicides has been reduced in western Canada because of

A

resistance

124
Q

trade names for aryloxphenoxy 4

A

horozon
puma advance
venture
assure

125
Q

trade name for cyclohexanediones 3

A

select poast achive

126
Q

trade name for phenylpyzolins 1

A

axial

127
Q

what 4 group one herbisides are used for grass contro; in broadleaf crops

A

select venture assure poast

128
Q

what group one herbicide is used for grass control 5

A

horizon puma advance axial achive

129
Q

what stage of growth should group one herbisudes be aplied
anual grass
quack grass

A

1-6
1-5

130
Q

how are group one herbicides translocated

A

simplistically

131
Q

where do group one herbicides accumilate in the plant

A

at the growing point

132
Q

what is the mode of actoin for group one herbicides

A

lipid synthesis inhibitors

133
Q

lipids are a key component of

A

membrane

134
Q

what is the basis of selectivity in a group one herbiside 5

A

diverential sensitivity at target site
differential metabolism
differential absorbtion
differential translocation
herbiside safener

135
Q

what group one herbicide works best in vulinteer corn

A

assure

136
Q

what are three reasons for antagonism

A

reduced adsorbsion
enhanced metabolism
reduced translocation

137
Q

what are two benifits of adding a adjuvent

A

puma advanced label
as a safener

138
Q

what three things would help weed control with group 1 herbicides

A

grasses are young
activly growing
not stressed

139
Q

what are two benefits of early weed control

A

improved weed control
higher crop yield

140
Q

what 4 things would reduce or delay weed control for group 1 herb

A

grass past 4 leaf stage
grasses are stressed
rainfall within one hour
failure to add adjuvent

141
Q

what is the mode of actoin of treflan and prowl

A

cell growth disruptors and inhibitors

142
Q

what two effects of loss of microtube structure and functoin

A

disrupt cell divisoin
disrupt cell wall

143
Q

in respect to weed control treflan and prowl provide 2

A

primary annual grass control
small seeded broadleaf weeds

144
Q

how is treflan and prowls residule activity in the soil

A

full season

145
Q

what are two possible reasons for poor weed control with prowl

A

weeds to large
lack of rainfall

146
Q

describe the effect of group 3 herbisides on the stems of sensitive plants 2

A

purple swollen
deformed and brittle

147
Q

root inhibition and injury symptoms from group 3 herbicides

A

stubby and swollel

148
Q

what is the basis of selectivity for treflan and prowl 5

A

differential sensitivity
“ metabolism
“ absorbsion
“ translocation
depth protection

149
Q

describe depth protection in corn with prowl

A

plant at least 4 cm deep

150
Q

describe injury symptoms from treflan or prowl in corn 4

A

reduced stands
stubby roots swollen tips
uneven plant Hight
purplish cover

151
Q

do group 1 herbicides provide residual grass control

A

almost non

152
Q

describe the injury sypmtoms from group 1 herbisides in corn 4

A

new leafs become chlorate
older pigments change to red purple
growing point turns brown
yellow streaks apear

153
Q

describe injurys from group 1 herbisides in soybeans

A

white to yellow flecking appears

154
Q

which two annuall grass have evollved a resistence

A

wild oat
large crabgrass

155
Q

trade name for dinitroanalines 3

A

treflan
edge
prowl

156
Q

what group of weeds do group 3 primarly control

A

annual grass

157
Q

when must treflan be applies

A

ePOST

158
Q

what are the three reasons treflan must be applied preplant incorp

A

breakdown by light
vulitile
very low water sul;ubility

159
Q

when is prowl applied to in corn 2

A

PRE
EPOST

160
Q

what two sites of absorbtion for treflan and prowl

A

roots hypocotle

161
Q

describe injury symptoms from treflan and prowl in soybean 4

A

short swollen roots
swollen hypocotle
delayed emergance
stunted stoot growth

162
Q

what is the only grou 3 resistance weed in canada

A

green foxtail

163
Q

under what 3 conditoins will caryover effects from trefland and prowl occur

A

high rates
low rainfall
reduced tillage

164
Q

what seven causes for injury with treflan and prowl

A

cold wet condition
deep planting
soil crustings
excesive rates
poor interceptoin
seading diseases
high salt concentration

crop diagnostics (5 decks)

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