test one Flashcards
w what are two criterias for succesful weed control
must come in contact
must reach living cellular site
how domost soil applied herbicides move into the plant
disolved in water solutoin
what are three plant structures that take up soil applied herbicides
germinated seeds
roots
emerging shoots
in weed science why is emerging shoot known as defenclise tissue
no endosperm
little to no cutical
what three soil characteristics that influence herbiside absorptoin into the soil
soil texture
soil organic matter
soil ph
what is ligand exchange
molicule bonded to a centeral atom ex glyphosate
with foliar applied herbiced weed control would be unsatisfactory if 2
insufficient herbicider
retentoin time to short ex rain
what five factors efect uptake of foliar herbiside
abitliy to go through cutical
leaf area
leaf oreintatoin
amount retained
hairs on leaf surface
leaves with greater epicuticaler wax 2
reduced spread
reduced absorbtoin
oil or water soluble herbisides cross cutical more easy
oil
herbicide translocatoin takes place through the 2
xylum
ploem
herbiside movment in the plant often transports with
water and nutrients
carbohydrates
what are two broad classifactaotins of herbisides
contact
systemic
what are two types of systemic herbisides
apoplasticaly
symplasticaly
apoplasticaly translocated herbicides move in the
xylum
what directoin do apoplasticaly herbicides move in
up
what stuctures to symplastically translocated move in
ploem
what diectoin do symplasticaly translocated herbicides move in
up and down
WHICH leaVES are affected first whith appoplastic translocatoin
old leaves
symplasticaly herbicides provide good control of 3
anual
bianual
perenial
why does symplasticaly herbicides provide poor control of quackgrass in hot dry summer months
dormant so reduced translocatoin
what are the seven modes of actoin
pigment inhibitors
lipid synthesis inhibitors
amino acid chain inhibitors
photosynthesis inhibitor
growth disruptor
sythetic oxens
cell membrain disruptor
define herbicide mode of actoin
the sequence of events that occur from the initial herbicide contact to the final effect usually death
two types of amini acid synthesisors
aromatic amino synthesis
inhibitor of branched chain
two types of cell growth disruptors
microtubial polymerizatoin inhibitor
long chain fatty acid inhibitor
two types of cell membrane disruptors
photosynthesis involved
photosynthsis not involved
what is the active ingredient of aromatic synthesis inhibitor
glyphosate
when is glyphosate applied in respect to weeds
POST
in laymans terms what is the mode of action of synthetic auxins
turns genes on that are usually off
when are synthetic auxins applied
POST
what weeds do cell growth disruptors and inhibitors primarly control 1
annual grasses
what are two effects of microtubule polymerization inhibitors
stops cell divisoin
interfere with cell wall formatoin
in laymens terms what is the mode of actoin of photosynthesis inhibitors
inhibite electron transport
where do the photosynthesis inhibitors act in the plant
chloroplast
what weeds do photosynthis control
broadleaf plants
what symptoms from photosynthesis inhibitors
chlorosis loss of greeen
dissasosiatoin of leaf tissue
what pigments do not develop after the applicatoin of pigment inhibitors
carotenoid pigment
primary injury of pigment inhibitrs
white bleaching
how are lipid synthesizers translocated 2
symplistically
apoplastic
in cell membrane disruptors what couses cell membrane breakdown
free radicals
what weeds do lipid synthesis inhibitors
annual perenial grasses
what is a selective herbiside
killls select weeds but does not efect the desired crop
what are nine metheds of selectivity with herbicides
genetic tolerance
insertoin of a resistent gene
different metabolism
aditoin of a softener
different translocatoin
diff adsorbtoin
diff sensitivity
depth
interceptoin
tolerance of a crop to a herbicide due to a insertian of a transgene which are refered to ass 2
herbiside resistant crop
genetically modified organsims
what do herbiside resistant transgenes do
increase metabolism
code for insensitive enzime
what are six round up ready crops
corn
soybeans
canola
cotton
sugerbeet
alfalfa
what are six herbicid resistent crops registered in canada
round up ready
round up extend
liberty link
round up ready extend flex
balance bean
enlist e3
what are three corn herbicides
round up
liberty link
enlist
what are 2 herbicides that soybeans have a genetic tolerence to
round up
liberty link
describe difference metabolism
some plants degrade herbicide making it safe for crops
what are the four phases of herbiside metabolism
activatoin
congigatoin
transport
degratoin in vacuals
what are five herbicides that the weeds convert into a phytotoxic compound and they dies
converse
shieldex
command
horizon
puma advance
what do herbiside safeners do
increase rate of herbiside metabolism
what are three leaf charachteristics that wees have that will intersept less spray
narrow leaves
upright
waxy
describe differential translocatoin in respect to herbisizes
herbisides end up in a area of the plant where they do no damage
describe differentials in adsorbsoin in respect to herbisides
diffenent thicknesses of cutical
describe differential sensitivity
some plants have diferent enzymes that perform same functoin
what are three adjectives used to describe glyphasate
post
systemic
broad spectrum
what are 4 salts used in glyphosate
enlist duo
credit extreme
potasiam salt
isopropylamine
is there a difference whith what salt you choose
there is no differance
what are 5 desirable atributes to using toundup
stable over extreme temperatures
easily diluted
doesnt plug nozzles
efecatoius manner
minimal enviromental impact
why must glyphodsate be applied POST
it is rapidly absorbed by the soil
glyphosare is readly absorbed by the
foilage
what two products can be added to roundup to improve absorptoin
surfactant
ammonium sulfate
what could you add to a tank with hard water
amonium sulfate
what type of translocated herbicide is glyphosate
symplastically ploem
what is the mode of actoin for glyphosate
amino acid synthesis inhibitor
what group of amino acids are not produced after the applicatoin of glyphosate
aromatic amino acids
what amino acids are not produced after the applicatoin of glyphosate 3
tryosine
tryptophon
phenylanlanine
what are three reasons for selectivity in glyphossate
insertoin of a transgene
prior to crop emergence
direct spraying
what weeds does glyphosate control
anual perenial bienial
grass sedge broadleaf
seedlings and mature
what are two main reasons glyphosate is such a effacious herbicide
exelent translocatoin
limmited metabolizm
what are three secondary reasons glyphosate is such a good herbicid
good absorbtoin
slow acting
unique mode of actoin
what are 5 factores that contribute to poor weed control with glyphosate
applicatoin when dark
drought
cold
large weeds
antagonism
what are 4 reasons the efficacy of roundup may be reduced
dirty water hard water
tank mixed with other
herbicide or fertilizer
which weeds is glyphosate really good on
grasses
what type of weed is difficult to control with glyphosate
perennial broadleaf
what are six factores that infuence the speed of weed contol with glyphosate
tank mix partner
weed species
rate
weather
weed growth rate
development stage
why is glyphosate broken down in the soil
it is tightly absorbed to the soil
what is a round up crop
have a transgene that confers to the resistence to glyphosate
what are six reasons farmers use roundup so much
exelent weed control
exelent crop saftey
low cost
simplicity
large farms
can use with strip till and no till
what are five social concerns around the use of roundup
human health residue
geneflow to wild species
hog the research money
glyphosate resistent biotypes
round up ready has advantage
why is a early aplicatoin of glyphosate recomended 3
improved weed control
less interpherence
higher crop yeild
what are 4 possible optoins for weed control in round up ready crops
single POST applicatoin
2 POST applicatoin
early POST tankmixed
pre residue herbicide g;yphosate POST
what are four possible reasons for injury with glyphosate
delayed burndoown
missaplicatoin
drifts
to much of it
what is a injury symptom of ghlyphosate
chlorosis at the growing point
what are injury symptoms of glyphosate in rr corn
breakdown of leaf tissue near stock
what are injuries of glyphosate in rr soybeans
yellow flash
what are three reasons for variability in damage due to glyphosate drift
concentratoin of it in the drift
growth stage and corn configuratoin
weather
what are three risks with widespread use of rr crops
vulinteer rr crops
multiple resistent weeds
weed shifts
what is the definition of a herbiside resistent weed
reproduce and set seed
what two things are required for glyphaste resistance to develop
selectoin presure
resistent biotype
what are two clasifacatoins of herbiside resistence
target site
non target site
define target site resistance
changes impact at target site
define non target site
limits the amount of herbicide that reaches the target site
what are two types of targer site resistence
altered target site
gene over expretion
what are 5 types of non target site resistence
reduced retentoin
reduced absorbtion
altered translocatoin
enhanced metabilism
sacrificial
list the adjectives used to describe glufosinate
broad spectrum
POST
contact
what are three liberty link crops registered
corn
soybean
canola
what are the two formulations of glufosinate sold
liberty 200
ignite
what 2 types of weeds does liberty control
anual grass
broadleaf
when is glufosinate applied
POST
Why does glufosinate have to be applied post emergence
no root retention
is glufosinate a contact or systemic herbicide
contact
what is the mode of action of glufosinate
cell membrane disruptor
what accumilates rapidly in the plant after glutamine production is stopped
reactive oxygen species
ultimatly why does the plant die after the applicatoin of glufosinate
reactive oxygen species destroyes cell membranes
what is the primary basis for selectivity with the glufosinate
inertion of a trans gene
why does glufosinate provide no control over perennial weeds
translocatoin is limited
does glufosinate provide any residual weed control
no
on what environmental conditions would you expect glufosinate to be most effective 3
bright
humid
moist soils
when should glufosinate be applied for best results in soils 7
young and active
10 am to 6 pm
high label rate
spray when hot and humid
high water
add ams for hard water
medium spray droplets
what are two common annual broadleaf weeds liberty provides variable control over
lambs quarter
velvet leaf
what are 7 situations where poor weed control may happen with liberty
weed hight
cool temps
low humidity
drought
rainfall within 4 hours
poor coverage
wrong time application
what are two reasons for time of day effect with liberty`
air temp and leaf angle
describe a liberty link crop
has a transgene that allows resistance
because liberty provides no residule weed control, what are 3 common practaces
sequential pass
tank mix
two pass program
where should u use liberty link crops 2
less weed presure
annual weeds
what weeds do the group one herbicide control
grass weeds
which two crops are the group 1 weeds sprayed on
barley
wheat
do group one herbicides provide residal weed control
no they do not
what are group one weeds generally refered to as
graminicides
the use of group one herbicides has been reduced in western Canada because of
resistance
trade names for aryloxphenoxy 4
horozon
puma advance
venture
assure
trade name for cyclohexanediones 3
select poast achive
trade name for phenylpyzolins 1
axial
what 4 group one herbisides are used for grass contro; in broadleaf crops
select venture assure poast
what group one herbicide is used for grass control 5
horizon puma advance axial achive
what stage of growth should group one herbisudes be aplied
anual grass
quack grass
1-6
1-5
how are group one herbicides translocated
simplistically
where do group one herbicides accumilate in the plant
at the growing point
what is the mode of actoin for group one herbicides
lipid synthesis inhibitors
lipids are a key component of
membrane
what is the basis of selectivity in a group one herbiside 5
diverential sensitivity at target site
differential metabolism
differential absorbtion
differential translocation
herbiside safener
what group one herbicide works best in vulinteer corn
assure
what are three reasons for antagonism
reduced adsorbsion
enhanced metabolism
reduced translocation
what are two benifits of adding a adjuvent
puma advanced label
as a safener
what three things would help weed control with group 1 herbicides
grasses are young
activly growing
not stressed
what are two benefits of early weed control
improved weed control
higher crop yield
what 4 things would reduce or delay weed control for group 1 herb
grass past 4 leaf stage
grasses are stressed
rainfall within one hour
failure to add adjuvent
what is the mode of actoin of treflan and prowl
cell growth disruptors and inhibitors
what two effects of loss of microtube structure and functoin
disrupt cell divisoin
disrupt cell wall
in respect to weed control treflan and prowl provide 2
primary annual grass control
small seeded broadleaf weeds
how is treflan and prowls residule activity in the soil
full season
what are two possible reasons for poor weed control with prowl
weeds to large
lack of rainfall
describe the effect of group 3 herbisides on the stems of sensitive plants 2
purple swollen
deformed and brittle
root inhibition and injury symptoms from group 3 herbicides
stubby and swollel
what is the basis of selectivity for treflan and prowl 5
differential sensitivity
“ metabolism
“ absorbsion
“ translocation
depth protection
describe depth protection in corn with prowl
plant at least 4 cm deep
describe injury symptoms from treflan or prowl in corn 4
reduced stands
stubby roots swollen tips
uneven plant Hight
purplish cover
do group 1 herbicides provide residual grass control
almost non
describe the injury sypmtoms from group 1 herbisides in corn 4
new leafs become chlorate
older pigments change to red purple
growing point turns brown
yellow streaks apear
describe injurys from group 1 herbisides in soybeans
white to yellow flecking appears
which two annuall grass have evollved a resistence
wild oat
large crabgrass
trade name for dinitroanalines 3
treflan
edge
prowl
what group of weeds do group 3 primarly control
annual grass
when must treflan be applies
ePOST
what are the three reasons treflan must be applied preplant incorp
breakdown by light
vulitile
very low water sul;ubility
when is prowl applied to in corn 2
PRE
EPOST
what two sites of absorbtion for treflan and prowl
roots hypocotle
describe injury symptoms from treflan and prowl in soybean 4
short swollen roots
swollen hypocotle
delayed emergance
stunted stoot growth
what is the only grou 3 resistance weed in canada
green foxtail
under what 3 conditoins will caryover effects from trefland and prowl occur
high rates
low rainfall
reduced tillage
what seven causes for injury with treflan and prowl
cold wet condition
deep planting
soil crustings
excesive rates
poor interceptoin
seading diseases
high salt concentration
