Test One Flashcards
Neoplasia
Mean new growth
-implies abnormalities of cellular growth
Malignant neoplasm is cancer
Benign growth is generally easily cured
Malignant cancer may not be survivable
-cancer is associated with altered 
Malignant tumor
1-can kill host if untreated
2-Confirmed by invasive or metastasizing nature
3-Tissue specific differentiation does not closely resemble tissue type of origin and the greater degree of anaplasia indicates aggressive malignancy
Malignant tumor 2
Grows rapidly
May initiate tumor vessel growth
Frequently Necrotic
 Dysfunctional
Benign tumor
Does not have potential to kill host but may be life-threatening because of its location
Does not invade adjacent tissue or spread to distant sites
Many are encapsulated
More closely resembles original tissue type
Grows more slowly
Little Vascularity
Rarely necrotic
Often retains original function
-oma
Benign tumor
Ie-Adenoma
-carcinoma
or sarcoma
Malignant tumor
Carcinoma
Epithelial origin
Sarcoma mesenchymal
Nerve bones muscles origin
Leukemia
White blood cells
Carcinogen
Potentially cancer-causing agent
Porto-oncogene
Enhance growth producing pathways
Oncogene
Porto-oncogene in its mutant overactive form
Tumor suppressor gene
Inhibits cell proliferation
Cancers may arise when tumor suppressor gene function is lost or abnormally inhibited
Porto-oncogenes
Normal cellular genes that can be transformed into oncogenes by activating mutations
Gain of function mutations for for
-growth factors
-receptors
- cytoplasmic signaling molecules
-nuclear transcription factors
Growth factor(mitogens)
Small cell manufactured peptides
-secretes into extra cellular space
Diffuse to nearby cells
-interact with receptors on target cell surface
-activate signaling cascade; can produce autocrine signaling(excessive self stimulated growth)
Growth factor receptors
Transmembrane proteins
-mitogen binding area on outside of cell
-enzyme activating area on inside of cell
Binding activates cell proliferation
Mutations lead to excessive responsiveness by
-expression of receptors that should not be there at all
- excessive amounts of normally present receptor
-receptors with abnormally high affinity
Cytoplasmic signaling pathways
Involve numerous enzymes and chemicals that normally function to transmit signals from activated receptors at cell surface to cell nucleus
-mutant Porto-oncogene can activate pathway, even when no signal received at cell surface
Atrophy
Cells shrink and reduce their differentiated functions in response to normal and injures factors
Hyper trophy
Increase in cell mass accompanied by an augmented functional capacity in response to physiologic and pathophysiologic demands
Hyperplasia
Increase in functional capacity related to an increase in cell number due to mitotic division
Metaplasia
Replacement of one differentiated cell type with another
Dysplasia
Disorganized appearance of cells because of abnormal variations in size sheet and arrangement potential to transform into cancerous cells
Fat necrosis
Appears as a chalky white area around the tissue also in the pancreas
Caseous necrosis
Characteristics of lung damage secondary to tuberculosis resembles a clumpy cheese most likely found in the lungs
Liquefactive
Occurs with dissolution of dead cells liquefication of lysosomal enzymes formation of abscess or cyst from dissolved dead tissue found in the brain
Coagulative
Process that begins with ischemia most likely seen in the heart but also can be seen and gangrene
Apoptosis
Occurs in response to injury that does not directly kill the cell, activate a cellular suicide response
Somatic death
Death of an entire organism no inflammation or immuno logical response occurs prior to death. General features are cessation of respirations and heartbeat presence of stiffen muscles throughout body after the death then flaccid and then release of free radicals and lytic enzymes
Do red cells have a higher affinity to oxygen are carbon monoxide?
Carbon monoxide
P 53 gene is also called
Guardian angel of tumor until he has mutated
Most common cancer in children is?
ALL
Major cause of death in leukemia is?
Infection
What cells are affected in HIV
T cells
When you have a patient with HIV what characterized them that they have aids now?
CD4 count goes under 200 or their predisposed to pneumonia. When we go under 200 we treat for pneumonia. HIV is replicated in the G.I. tract
