Test One Flashcards
0
Q
Two most important principles in kinesiology
A
Mobility
Stability
1
Q
4 aspects of movement
A
Mechanical (biomechanics)
Neural (motor control)
Cardiovascular
Psychological
2
Q
Biomechanics
A
Study of mechanics applied to posture and movement
3
Q
Statics
A
Study of forces acting on a body at rest or at equilibrium
4
Q
Dynamics
A
Study of forces acting on moving bodies
5
Q
Biomechanics is necessary to understand
A
Posture
Movement
Mechanical basis of dysfunction
Mechanical rationale for interventions
6
Q
Kinematics
A
Study of motion without regard to the forces that causes it
7
Q
Kinetics
A
Study of motion under the influence of forces
8
Q
Displacement
A
Motion- change in position over time
9
Q
5 kinematic variables to describe displacement/ motion
A
Type of displacement Location in space of displacement Direction of displacement of segment Magnitude of displacement Velocity or acceperatoon
10
Q
Acceleration
A
Rate in change of velocity
Can indicate increasing velocity (acceleration)or decreasing velocity (deceleration)
11
Q
Types of displacement
A
Translatory motion(linear)
Rotary (angular)
General (curvilinear)
12
Q
General (curvilinear) motion
A
Combination of linear and rotary motion: object is rotating around an axis while also being translated
Most human motion is this type
13
Q
Axis of rotation
A
A line perpendicular to the plane of motion
X axis is coronal
Y axis is vertical
Z axis is anteroposterior
14
Q
Degree of freedom
A
Options of movement of a segment
15
Q
Sagittal plane
A
Moves around the x axis
16
Q
Transverse plane
A
Moves around y axis
17
Q
Frontal plane
A
Moves around z axis
18
Q
How to describe direction of displacement
A
Using positive or negative values, clockwise or counterclockwise Human motion: Flexion extension Abduction adduction Medial and lateral rotation
19
Q
Magnitude of angular motion
A
Range of motion
20
Q
Magnitude of translatory motion
A
Distance
21
Q
Speed
A
Displacement per unit of time regardless of direction
22
Q
Velocity
A
Distance travelled in unit time in given direction
M/sec
Ft/sec
23
Q
Force vectors have 4 components
A
Magnitude
Direction
Line of action
Point of application
24
Moment
The force acting to rotate a body around an axis
| Tends to cause or change rotary motion
25
Effector a rotary force is dependent on
Magnitude of the force
| It's moment arm; the perpendicular distance from the line of action to the axis of rotation
26
Moment arm
Perpendicular distance from the line of action to the axis of rotation
27
Moment
Also known as torque
Torque=force x moment arm
When force changes direction it's moment arm changes in length which affects the torque
28
Force of gravity
Gravity has all of the characteristics of a force
Magnitude- depends on mass of object
Direction- always acts downward
Line of action- always vertical; line of gravity
Point of application- center of gravity
29
Center of gravity
Point at which the total mass of a body is considered concentrated
The body is balanced in all planes
In a symmetrical object the COG is geometric center
In an asymmetrical object the COG is toward the heavy end
30
Stability
The ability of an object to prevent being unbalanced
31
What affects stability
The base of support- the area between feet or assisting device. The larger the better
Placement of the line of gravity relative to the base of support. The more central the better
Height of the center of gravity- lower cog the more stable. Takes more to displace a lower COG
Mass of the object- heavier the object the more stable
32
Newtons law of mechanics
Basis for the study of kinetics
Laws that govern the behaviors of forces and the bodies they act on
3 laws are not isolated from each other they are integrated
33
Newtons law of inertia
A body stays at rest or in uniform motion unless acted on by an unbalanced or outside set of forces
Can change or create motion if inertia is overcome
34
Inertia
The resistance of an object to motion or change in motion
35
What kind of motion does inertia apply to?
Linear and rotary
36
With linear motion inertia is dependent on:
Mass of the object
37
Inertia and rotary motion is dependent on
Mass of the object
Distance of the mass from the axis of motion; the closer the mass, the less the inertia
Mass is constant inertia is not
38
Newtons law of acceleration
When a force acts on an object the object accelerates in direct proportion to the magnitude of the force applied and in inverse proportion to the mass
Acceleration=force/mass
39
Newtons law of reaction
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
40
Composition of forces
This determines if unbalanced forces on a segment exist
This will determine if the segment is in motion or rest
This will determine type and direction of motion
41
Linear force system
2 or more forces act on the same segment in the same plane and in the same line
Forces can be added together and result in a single resultant vector
42
Concurrent force system
2 or more forces meet at a common intersection but their action lines differ
Creates resultant force
43
Force components
A torque around a joint does not only cause rotation around the axis unless applied at 90 degrees
44
A torque can be resolved into what 2 components
Perpendicular (rotary) Fy
| Parallel (translatory) Fx
45
Parallel force systems
Two parallel forces acting in the same object at different locations
46
General force system
A force system that does not fit into one of the other categories
47
First class lever
Axis is between the force line and resistance line
48
Second class lever
Resistance line is between force line and axis
49
Third class lever
Force line is between resistance line and axis
50
Mechanical advantage
Ratio of the muscle moment arm and the resistive moment arm
Force arm/ resistance arm
If >1 considered to be an efficient mechanical system
If <1 inefficient
51
Mechanical advantage in lever systems
1st- depends
2nd- good
3rd- poor
52
Friction
Force created between 2 contacting surfaces that tend to rub or slide past one another
53
Magnitude of friction depends on
Texture of both surfaces
How much force is pressing the 2 surfaces together
Friction prevents or resists motion
It is the greatest just immediately before the object moves
54
Force couple
Two or more forces that create a single motion
55
Work
Transfer if energy resulting in motion or displacement
Force x distance
Measured as joules
56
Positive work
Force and movement in same direction
57
Negative work
Force and movement in opposite direction
58
Energy
Capacity of a body to perform work
59
Kinetic energy
Energy of motion
60
Potential energy
Stored energy
61
Power
Rate of work production
Expressed in watts
Work/time
62
Open chain
One end of segment is free to move in space
63
Closed chain
Both ends of segment or set of segments are constrained
64
Joint design
Form follows function
Balance between stability and mobility
Analysis of the anatomy of the joint/structure
In the body, function influences form
The body responds to loading by adapting appearance and composition
65
Mechanotherapy
Clinical application of mechanotransduction
Therapeutic exercise is prescribed to promote repair or remodeling of injured tissue
Tendon can achieve normalized structure after injury when treated with exercise
Continued research needed for determining the ideal loading conditions
66
Connective tissue components
Cells
| Extracellular matrix
67
Extracellular matrix
```
Part outside cells
Almost entire volume of the tissue
Determines the function
Contains mainly proteins and water
Fibrillar component
And interfibrillar component
```
68
Fibrillar component of extra cellular matrix
Collagen (strength) and elastin-structural protein
69
Interfibrillar component of extra cellular matrix
Water
| Glycoproteins and proteoglycans (pg)
70
When a force acts on an object what does it produce?
Deformation
Tensile load: elongation
Compression load: compression
71
Stress
Force per unit area
| Dealing with tensile load
72
Strain
Elongation per unit length in response to tensile load
Change in length/original length
Expressed as a %
73
Young's modulus
Modulus of elasticity
Represented by linear portion of curve between point A and B
A measure of the material's stiffness
Inverse is compliance
74
Viscoelasticity
Combination of elasticity and viscosity
Makes behavior time dependent, rate dependent, and history dependent
Tissues are affected by the fluid in the structures
75
Viscosity
Resistance to flow
76
Creep
Force applied is the same over time and the deformation increases
77
Stress- relaxation
If tissue is stretched to a fixed length over time, the force required to keep that length would decrease
78
Hysteresis
The loading and unloading does not follow the same path due to energy lost
79
Strain- rate sensitivity
When load is applied rapidly the tissue is stiffer
80
Tendons attach
Muscle to bone
81
Ligaments attach
Bone to bone
| May blend with joint capsule
82
Dense regular CT
Densely packed
Fiber bundles parallel
Withstand tensile forces
83
What determines tendon/ligament properties?
Combination and proportion of collagen and elastin fibers
84
Entheses
Tendon and ligament attachment to the bone
85
Tendon and ligament attach directly to bone via
Fibrocartilage
86
Tendon and ligament attach indirectly to bone via
Fibrous attachment
87
Effect of rate of force of application on mechanical properties of tendons and ligaments
Become stiffer with increased rate of application
88
Tendon load can be increased in 2 ways
Increase the external load
| Increase the speed of movement
89
Progressive load of the Achilles' tendon- 4 ways
Sitting heel raise
Two legged heel raise
One legged heel raise
Eccentric overload
90
Effect of temperature on mechanical properties of tendons and ligaments
Increased tissue temperature=
Decreased stiffness
Increased creep and relaxation
Decreased tissue failure limit
91
Effect of aging on mechanical property of tendons and ligaments
Tensile strength increases during childhood
Maximal tensile strength at skeletal maturity
Declines gradually during adulthood- can be minimized through exercise
92
Ligaments are what kind of organs
Sensory
Proprioception
Kinesthesia
93
What can ligaments cause?
Recruitment or inhibition of muscles
| Eg activate cocontraction to increase joint stability
94
SAID principle
Specific adaptation to imposed demand
95
Immobilization
Decreases tensile strength and stiffness
| Causes contractures
96
How can the effects of immobilization be minimized?
If tendon or ligament is elongated when immobilized
97
General effect of exercise on tendon and ligament strength
Increases circulation
| Can minimize loss of strength associated with aging or injury
98
Bone
Hardest form of CT
99
Bone function
Serves as framework for body
Serves as levers for muscle action
Protect viscera
100
Main misconception about bone
That it's a static tissue
101
Cancellous bone
Soft bone- highly vascularized
Inner layer
Forms thin plates (trabeculae) in lines of stress
102
Cortical bone
Hard bone
Very dense
Outer layer
Covered by periosteum
103
Growth plates
Epiphysis
104
Wolff's law
Structure follows functionn
105
% turnover in cancellous bone per year
25%
106
%turnover in cortical bone per year
3%
107
What part of the body weight of compression does the femur sustain when standing on one leg?
1.8-2.7 times the body weight
108
Why is the compression On the femur higher than the body weight when standing on one leg?
Body weight and muscle force
109
Bending forces on the femur when loaded in standing
Offset loading
Compression medially
Tension laterally
110
Anisotropy
Bone has different mechanical properties in different directions
111
Changes in mechanical properties of bones with aging
>35 years old: gradual decrease in resistance to fracture
112
Changes in mechanical properties of bone with activity
Increase activity: increased density
136
Force
```
A push or pull
Normally from physical contact
Exception is gravity
Mass x acceleration
Tends to cause change or change motion
Cause/effect relationship: every motion is caused by a force. A force does not always cause motion
```
137
Main function of cartilage
Distribute joint loads over as large an area as possible.
| Allow contact and movement between 2 bony surfaces with minimal friction and wear
138
Primary components of cartilage
70-85% water
| Also proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, collagen, lipids, chondrocytes
139
The importance of glycosaminoglycans (gag) in cartilage function
Molecules that imbibe water
Allow for nutrient delivery in ct
Water imbibing swells tissues and gives them stiffness like a water balloon.
Helps disperse repetitive forces
With aging decrease gag replacement: increase tissue breakdown
140
Hyaline cartilage
Found in synovial joints
| Extremely low friction- 6x less than skating on wet ice
141
Fibrocartilage
Repair material
| Higher friction than hyaline cartilage
142
Elastic cartilage
Maintains shape of structures (ear)
143
Cartilaginous nutrition
Joint cartilage is mostly avascular
Only the deepest portions are fed by capillaries from subchondral bone
Rest of cartilage is fed via diffusion and other means of transport from synovial fluid
Requires compression/release of cartilage (pump mechanism)
Weight bearing, joint motion, muscle contraction
144
How is cartilaginous compressibility affected by rate of loading
Rapid loading- cartilage becomes stiffer
145
Biphasic model of cartilage loading
Fluid pressure sustains a lot of the loading initially
| If loading continues, the solid matrix sustains more of the load
146
What happens to the fluid content of cartilage when subjected to a constant load?
Undergoes creep
147
How are compression of cartilage and shear force related in creating cartilage failure
Compression causes shear forces at cartilage bone interface
148
Mechanical factors that can cause osteoarthritis
Obesity
Repetitive loading
Joint instability
Rapid loading (impulse loading)
149
High loading sports and cartilage
Increased chance of osteoarthritis but mostly related to injury
150
ROM exercise and cartilage
Increased fluid flow in and out of cartilage
151
Moderate exercise and cartilage
Increased gag count therefore increase tensile strength
152
Joints serve two basic functions
Provide mobility and stability
153
Basic rule of joints
The more mobile a joint is, the less stable a joint is
154
Diarthroses
Synovial joints
| Allows free movements
155
Synarthroses
Non synovial joints
156
Fibrous joints
Sutures- when fused, synostosis
Gomphoses
Syndesmoses
157
Cartilaginous joints
Symphyses- directly joined by fibrocartilage
| Synchrondrosis- connected by hyaline cartilage
158
2 layers of joint capsule
Stratum fibrosum
| Stratum synovium
159
Stratum fibrosum
Poor vascularization
Rich innervation
Function- position and movement sense
160
Stratum synovium
Rich vascularization
Poor innervation
Produce synovial fluid
161
Diarthrodial classification
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Triaxial
162
Uniaxial
Hinge joints
| Pivot joints
163
Biaxial
Condyloid
| Saddle
164
Triaxial
Plane joints
| Ball and socket joints
165
Hyper mobile
Rom exceeds normal
166
Hypomobile
Rom less than normal
167
Contracture
No mobility
168
Osteokinematics
Rotary movement of the bones in space during physiological joint motion
Flex ext
In the sagittal plane
Around the x axis
169
Accessory motion
Motion of the joint surfaces in relation to another
Accompany voluntary osteokinematics motion but cannot be voluntary isolated
Terms used are roll, slide, spin
170
Convex-concave rule
Convex surface move on fixed concave surface then roll and glide occur in opposite directions
Concave surface move n fixed convex surface then roll and glide occur in same direction
172
Main function of cartilage
Distribute joint loads over as large an area as possible.
| Allow contact and movement between 2 bony surfaces with minimal friction and wear
173
Primary components of cartilage
70-85% water
| Also proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, collagen, lipids, chondrocytes
174
The importance of glycosaminoglycans (gag) in cartilage function
Molecules that imbibe water
Allow for nutrient delivery in ct
Water imbibing swells tissues and gives them stiffness like a water balloon.
Helps disperse repetitive forces
With aging decrease gag replacement: increase tissue breakdown
175
Hyaline cartilage
Found in synovial joints
| Extremely low friction- 6x less than skating on wet ice
176
Fibrocartilage
Repair material
| Higher friction than hyaline cartilage
177
Elastic cartilage
Maintains shape of structures (ear)
178
Cartilaginous nutrition
Joint cartilage is mostly avascular
Only the deepest portions are fed by capillaries from subchondral bone
Rest of cartilage is fed via diffusion and other means of transport from synovial fluid
Requires compression/release of cartilage (pump mechanism)
Weight bearing, joint motion, muscle contraction
179
How is cartilaginous compressibility affected by rate of loading
Rapid loading- cartilage becomes stiffer
180
Biphasic model of cartilage loading
Fluid pressure sustains a lot of the loading initially
| If loading continues, the solid matrix sustains more of the load
181
What happens to the fluid content of cartilage when subjected to a constant load?
Undergoes creep
182
How are compression of cartilage and shear force related in creating cartilage failure
Compression causes shear forces at cartilage bone interface
183
Mechanical factors that can cause osteoarthritis
Obesity
Repetitive loading
Joint instability
Rapid loading (impulse loading)
184
High loading sports and cartilage
Increased chance of osteoarthritis but mostly related to injury
185
ROM exercise and cartilage
Increased fluid flow in and out of cartilage
186
Moderate exercise and cartilage
Increased gag count therefore increase tensile strength
187
Joints serve two basic functions
Provide mobility and stability
188
Basic rule of joints
The more mobile a joint is, the less stable a joint is
189
Diarthroses
Synovial joints
| Allows free movements
190
Synarthroses
Non synovial joints
191
Fibrous joints
Sutures- when fused, synostosis
Gomphoses
Syndesmoses
192
Cartilaginous joints
Symphyses- directly joined by fibrocartilage
| Synchrondrosis- connected by hyaline cartilage
193
2 layers of joint capsule
Stratum fibrosum
| Stratum synovium
194
Stratum fibrosum
Poor vascularization
Rich innervation
Function- position and movement sense
195
Stratum synovium
Rich vascularization
Poor innervation
Produce synovial fluid
196
Diarthrodial classification
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Triaxial
197
Uniaxial
Hinge joints
| Pivot joints
198
Biaxial
Condyloid
| Saddle
199
Triaxial
Plane joints
| Ball and socket joints
200
Hyper mobile
Rom exceeds normal
201
Hypomobile
Rom less than normal
202
Contracture
No mobility
203
Osteokinematics
Rotary movement of the ones in space during physiological joint motion
Flex ext
In the sagittal plane
Around the x axis
204
Accessory motion
Motion of the joint surfaces in relation to another
Accompany voluntary osteokinematics motion but cannot be voluntary isolated
Terms used are roll, slide, spin
205
Convex-concave rule
Convex surface move on fixed concave surface then roll and glide occur in opposite directions
Concave surface move n fixed convex surface then roll and glide occur in same direction
206
Joint structure
To achieve normal motion the accessory motion has to be able to occur
Requires a certain amount of joint play
Loose packed position
Closed packed position (joint surfaces maximal congruent and the ligaments and capsule are taut)
207
Muscle tissue-contractile
Ability to develop tension in response to chemical, electrical or mechanical stimuli
208
Connective tissue-non contractile
Develops tension in response to passive loading
209
Muscle fiber
Single muscle cell enclosed in a cell membrane-the sarcolemma
Arrangement, size, type of muscle fibers in a muscle may vary from muscle to muscle
210
What are muscle fibers composed on
Sarcoplasm (cytoplasm)
Contains myofibrils, ribosomes, glycogen and mitochondria
Myofibrils are the contractile structure
211
Cross bridge interaction
Nerve impulse arrive at motor end plate
Evokes an electrical impulse-action potential
Release of calcium ions
Calcium ions cause troponin to reposition the tropomyosin molecules
Actin receptor site becomes free and the head of myosin can bind
212
Isometric contraction
No movement within fibers
213
Concentric contraction
Muscle fibers pull together
214
Eccentric contraction
Muscle fibers pull apart
215
DOMS
Injury due to eccentric exercise
Together with loss of coordination, swelling and muscle stiffness
Mechanical strain in the muscle fiber and associated CT
216
Normal action
Distal segment moves
217
Reverse action
Proximal segment moves and distal segment stationary
218
Motor unit
Alpha motor neuron
Muscle fibers it innervates
Muscle contraction is all of none principle at the motor unit level
219
Recruitment of motor units
Size principle of motor unit recruitment- initially small motor units, few muscle fibers
As force increases the larger motor units are recruited
Recruitment varies dependent of task and muscle
220
Factors affecting active muscle tension (5)
```
Number of muscle fibers
Diameter of axon(conduction velocity)
Number of motor units firing
Frequency of motor unit firing
Type of muscle fiber
```
221
What kind of fibers are dominant in stability or postural muscles
Type 1
222
What type of fibers are dominant in mobility or non postural muscles
Type 2
223
True or false- most muscle fibers have equal proportion of slow and fast fibers
True
224
Muscle fiber length
Number of sarcomeres along the fiber
| Longer fibers can shorten by longer distances
225
Physiological cross sectional area
Amount of force is proportional to the number of sarcomeres aligned side by side (parallel)
226
Pennation angle
Arrangement of fascicles in relation to the long axis of the muscle
Length of muscle fiber and the distance to the muscle can move not directly related in a pennate muscle
227
Fusiform muscle
SCM
| A lot of movement not alot of strength
228
Unipennate muscle
Flexor pollicis longus
| More strength
229
Bipennate muscles
Biceps femoris
More strength
Tolerates hip flexion knee ext
230
Multipennate muscles
Soleus
1 joint, less mobility
All strength
231
Does all force production go towards producing motion at the lever??
No-some go on an angle
| Helps with stability and venous return
232
Pennation angle and contraction
Changes with contraction
233
Pennate muscles have ________number of muscle fibers
Larger
234
Passive elastic component
The interconnected CT in a muscle
| Parallel elastic component of a muscle
235
Tendon function in series with what?
Muscle
236
Muscle tension exerts force on:
Bony lever
237
Amount of force/ensign is combination of both:
Passive anD active tension
238
Passive tension
Tension developed in passive elastic component
239
Active tension
Tension developed by the contractile components
240
Active insufficiency
A muscle that cross more than one joint will have a decrease in the torque produced when all the joints are placed at end ROM so the muscle is in the shortened position
Triceps weaker extension
When muscle is shortest, you cannot get that much force
241
Passive insufficiency
When a multi joint muscle has been passively elongated to the point where it doesn't allow full ROM at one or more of the joints it crosses
242
Isokinetic testing
Strength testing at a constant speed
Can produce maximal force throughout the whole ROM
Greater torque at slower speeds
Athletic activities are performed at higher speeds
243
Isotonic testing
Strength testing/ training at constant force
244
Muscles serve 2 basic functions
Provide mobility- produce or control joint motions
| Provide stability- maintain joint integrity and postural alignment
245
Prime mover
Agonist
| Muscle primarily responsible for causing the movement
246
Secondary movement
Synergist
Assists the prime mover
Important if prime mover is injured
247
Antagonist
Performs the opposite movement of the agonist
| Contracts with the prime mover to cause co-contraction, a joint stabilization mechanism
248
Synergist
Helps agonist perform desired action
Produces force to prevent unwanted movement
Sometimes 2 prime movers can be synergist to one another
249
Golgi tendon organ
Located at the myotendinous junction
Sensitive to tension
Activated by active muscle contraction or passive tension
Adjust muscle tension
250
Muscle spindle
Specialized muscle fiber
Enclosed in connective sheath placed throughout muscle
Sensitive to the length and velocity of lengthening
When muscle contracts the spindle stops sending messages
251
Prolonged shortening
Decrease in number of sarcomeres
Increase in perimysium, thicker endomysium
Increase ratio of CT
Loss of weight and muscle atrophy
252
Prolonged lengthening
Increase sarcomeres
Increased muscle length
Fewer structural changes compared to shortened position
253
Immobilization 2 techniques
Prolonged shortening
| Prolonged lengthening
254
Changes in muscle function
Increased activity level-hypertrophy, neural adaptation/ changes in early training
Decreased activity-atrophy
Aging- sarcopenia (loss of muscle mass), loss of muscle fibers and decrease in size of existing fibers
255
Stretch/shortening cycle/plyometric exercise
Muscle and tendon is stretched before a forceful concentric contraction
Helps produce a greater torque during the concentric contraction
256
Muscle power equation
Muscle work= force x distance
| Muscle power= work/time
257
Muscle power
Power is the most accurate way to characterize muscle function
258
3 important components of muscle power
Magnitude of force
Distance of movement the muscle produces
How quickly the muscle produces movement
259
Muscle power predicts what
Mobility performance better than muscle strength
260
Leg movement velocity is as important to balance as what
Leg strength
261
Power can be increased in 3 ways
Increase the work done per unit of time
Decrease the time to perform a unit or work
Both of above simultaneously
262
Effect of stretching on performance
Stretch induced strength loss (neural effect)
263
Joint structure
To achieve normal motion the accessory motion has to be able to occur
Requires a certain amount of joint play
Loose packed position
Closed packed position (joint surfaces maximal congruent and the ligaments and capsule are taut)
