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Kinesiology > Test One > Flashcards

Test One Flashcards

0
Q

Two most important principles in kinesiology

A

Mobility

Stability

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1
Q

4 aspects of movement

A

Mechanical (biomechanics)
Neural (motor control)
Cardiovascular
Psychological

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2
Q

Biomechanics

A

Study of mechanics applied to posture and movement

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3
Q

Statics

A

Study of forces acting on a body at rest or at equilibrium

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4
Q

Dynamics

A

Study of forces acting on moving bodies

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5
Q

Biomechanics is necessary to understand

A

Posture
Movement
Mechanical basis of dysfunction
Mechanical rationale for interventions

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6
Q

Kinematics

A

Study of motion without regard to the forces that causes it

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7
Q

Kinetics

A

Study of motion under the influence of forces

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8
Q

Displacement

A

Motion- change in position over time

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9
Q

5 kinematic variables to describe displacement/ motion

A 
Type of displacement
Location in space of displacement
Direction of displacement of segment
Magnitude of displacement
Velocity or acceperatoon
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10
Q

Acceleration

A

Rate in change of velocity

Can indicate increasing velocity (acceleration)or decreasing velocity (deceleration)

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11
Q

Types of displacement

A

Translatory motion(linear)
Rotary (angular)
General (curvilinear)

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12
Q

General (curvilinear) motion

A

Combination of linear and rotary motion: object is rotating around an axis while also being translated
Most human motion is this type

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13
Q

Axis of rotation

A

A line perpendicular to the plane of motion
X axis is coronal
Y axis is vertical
Z axis is anteroposterior

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14
Q

Degree of freedom

A

Options of movement of a segment

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15
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Moves around the x axis

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16
Q

Transverse plane

A

Moves around y axis

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17
Q

Frontal plane

A

Moves around z axis

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18
Q

How to describe direction of displacement

A 
Using positive or negative values, clockwise or counterclockwise
Human motion: 
Flexion extension
Abduction adduction
Medial and lateral rotation
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19
Q

Magnitude of angular motion

A

Range of motion

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20
Q

Magnitude of translatory motion

A

Distance

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21
Q

Speed

A

Displacement per unit of time regardless of direction

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22
Q

Velocity

A

Distance travelled in unit time in given direction
M/sec
Ft/sec

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23
Q

Force vectors have 4 components

A

Magnitude
Direction
Line of action
Point of application

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24
Q

Moment

A

The force acting to rotate a body around an axis

Tends to cause or change rotary motion

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25
Q

Effector a rotary force is dependent on

A

Magnitude of the force

It’s moment arm; the perpendicular distance from the line of action to the axis of rotation

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26
Q

Moment arm

A

Perpendicular distance from the line of action to the axis of rotation

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27
Q

Moment

A

Also known as torque
Torque=force x moment arm
When force changes direction it’s moment arm changes in length which affects the torque

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28
Q

Force of gravity

A

Gravity has all of the characteristics of a force
Magnitude- depends on mass of object
Direction- always acts downward
Line of action- always vertical; line of gravity
Point of application- center of gravity

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29
Q

Center of gravity

A

Point at which the total mass of a body is considered concentrated
The body is balanced in all planes
In a symmetrical object the COG is geometric center
In an asymmetrical object the COG is toward the heavy end

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30
Q

Stability

A

The ability of an object to prevent being unbalanced

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31
Q

What affects stability

A

The base of support- the area between feet or assisting device. The larger the better
Placement of the line of gravity relative to the base of support. The more central the better
Height of the center of gravity- lower cog the more stable. Takes more to displace a lower COG
Mass of the object- heavier the object the more stable

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32
Q

Newtons law of mechanics

A

Basis for the study of kinetics
Laws that govern the behaviors of forces and the bodies they act on
3 laws are not isolated from each other they are integrated

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33
Q

Newtons law of inertia

A

A body stays at rest or in uniform motion unless acted on by an unbalanced or outside set of forces
Can change or create motion if inertia is overcome

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34
Q

Inertia

A

The resistance of an object to motion or change in motion

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35
Q

What kind of motion does inertia apply to?

A

Linear and rotary

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36
Q

With linear motion inertia is dependent on:

A

Mass of the object

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37
Q

Inertia and rotary motion is dependent on

A

Mass of the object
Distance of the mass from the axis of motion; the closer the mass, the less the inertia
Mass is constant inertia is not

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38
Q

Newtons law of acceleration

A

When a force acts on an object the object accelerates in direct proportion to the magnitude of the force applied and in inverse proportion to the mass
Acceleration=force/mass

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39
Q

Newtons law of reaction

A

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

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40
Q

Composition of forces

A

This determines if unbalanced forces on a segment exist
This will determine if the segment is in motion or rest
This will determine type and direction of motion

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41
Q

Linear force system

A

2 or more forces act on the same segment in the same plane and in the same line
Forces can be added together and result in a single resultant vector

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42
Q

Concurrent force system

A

2 or more forces meet at a common intersection but their action lines differ
Creates resultant force

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43
Q

Force components

A

A torque around a joint does not only cause rotation around the axis unless applied at 90 degrees

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44
Q

A torque can be resolved into what 2 components

A

Perpendicular (rotary) Fy

Parallel (translatory) Fx

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45
Q

Parallel force systems

A

Two parallel forces acting in the same object at different locations

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46
Q

General force system

A

A force system that does not fit into one of the other categories

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47
Q

First class lever

A

Axis is between the force line and resistance line

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48
Q

Second class lever

A

Resistance line is between force line and axis

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49
Q

Third class lever

A

Force line is between resistance line and axis

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50
Q

Mechanical advantage

A

Ratio of the muscle moment arm and the resistive moment arm
Force arm/ resistance arm
If >1 considered to be an efficient mechanical system
If <1 inefficient

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51
Q

Mechanical advantage in lever systems

A

1st- depends
2nd- good
3rd- poor

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52
Q

Friction

A

Force created between 2 contacting surfaces that tend to rub or slide past one another

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53
Q

Magnitude of friction depends on

A

Texture of both surfaces
How much force is pressing the 2 surfaces together
Friction prevents or resists motion
It is the greatest just immediately before the object moves

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54
Q

Force couple

A

Two or more forces that create a single motion

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55
Q

Work

A

Transfer if energy resulting in motion or displacement
Force x distance
Measured as joules

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56
Q

Positive work

A

Force and movement in same direction

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57
Q

Negative work

A

Force and movement in opposite direction

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58
Q

Energy

A

Capacity of a body to perform work

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59
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy of motion

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60
Q

Potential energy

A

Stored energy

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61
Q

Power

A

Rate of work production
Expressed in watts
Work/time

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62
Q

Open chain

A

One end of segment is free to move in space

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63
Q

Closed chain

A

Both ends of segment or set of segments are constrained

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64
Q

Joint design

A

Form follows function
Balance between stability and mobility
Analysis of the anatomy of the joint/structure
In the body, function influences form
The body responds to loading by adapting appearance and composition

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65
Q

Mechanotherapy

A

Clinical application of mechanotransduction
Therapeutic exercise is prescribed to promote repair or remodeling of injured tissue
Tendon can achieve normalized structure after injury when treated with exercise
Continued research needed for determining the ideal loading conditions

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66
Q

Connective tissue components

A

Cells

Extracellular matrix

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67
Q

Extracellular matrix

A 
Part outside cells
Almost entire volume of the tissue
Determines the function
Contains mainly proteins and water
Fibrillar component
And interfibrillar component
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68
Q

Fibrillar component of extra cellular matrix

A

Collagen (strength) and elastin-structural protein

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69
Q

Interfibrillar component of extra cellular matrix

A

Water

Glycoproteins and proteoglycans (pg)

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70
Q

When a force acts on an object what does it produce?

A

Deformation
Tensile load: elongation
Compression load: compression

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71
Q

Stress

A

Force per unit area

Dealing with tensile load

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72
Q

Strain

A

Elongation per unit length in response to tensile load
Change in length/original length
Expressed as a %

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73
Q

Young’s modulus

A

Modulus of elasticity
Represented by linear portion of curve between point A and B
A measure of the material’s stiffness
Inverse is compliance

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74
Q

Viscoelasticity

A

Combination of elasticity and viscosity
Makes behavior time dependent, rate dependent, and history dependent
Tissues are affected by the fluid in the structures

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75
Q

Viscosity

A

Resistance to flow

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76
Q

Creep

A

Force applied is the same over time and the deformation increases

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77
Q

Stress- relaxation

A

If tissue is stretched to a fixed length over time, the force required to keep that length would decrease

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78
Q

Hysteresis

A

The loading and unloading does not follow the same path due to energy lost

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79
Q

Strain- rate sensitivity

A

When load is applied rapidly the tissue is stiffer

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80
Q

Tendons attach

A

Muscle to bone

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81
Q

Ligaments attach

A

Bone to bone

May blend with joint capsule

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82
Q

Dense regular CT

A

Densely packed
Fiber bundles parallel
Withstand tensile forces

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83
Q

What determines tendon/ligament properties?

A

Combination and proportion of collagen and elastin fibers

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84
Q

Entheses

A

Tendon and ligament attachment to the bone

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85
Q

Tendon and ligament attach directly to bone via

A

Fibrocartilage

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86
Q

Tendon and ligament attach indirectly to bone via

A

Fibrous attachment

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87
Q

Effect of rate of force of application on mechanical properties of tendons and ligaments

A

Become stiffer with increased rate of application

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88
Q

Tendon load can be increased in 2 ways

A

Increase the external load

Increase the speed of movement

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89
Q

Progressive load of the Achilles’ tendon- 4 ways

A

Sitting heel raise
Two legged heel raise
One legged heel raise
Eccentric overload

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90
Q

Effect of temperature on mechanical properties of tendons and ligaments

A

Increased tissue temperature=
Decreased stiffness
Increased creep and relaxation
Decreased tissue failure limit

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91
Q

Effect of aging on mechanical property of tendons and ligaments

A

Tensile strength increases during childhood
Maximal tensile strength at skeletal maturity
Declines gradually during adulthood- can be minimized through exercise

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92
Q

Ligaments are what kind of organs

A

Sensory
Proprioception
Kinesthesia

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93
Q

What can ligaments cause?

A

Recruitment or inhibition of muscles

Eg activate cocontraction to increase joint stability

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94
Q

SAID principle

A

Specific adaptation to imposed demand

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95
Q

Immobilization

A

Decreases tensile strength and stiffness

Causes contractures

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96
Q

How can the effects of immobilization be minimized?

A

If tendon or ligament is elongated when immobilized

97
Q

General effect of exercise on tendon and ligament strength

A

Increases circulation

Can minimize loss of strength associated with aging or injury

98
Q

Bone

A

Hardest form of CT

99
Q

Bone function

A

Serves as framework for body
Serves as levers for muscle action
Protect viscera

100
Q

Main misconception about bone

A

That it’s a static tissue

101
Q

Cancellous bone

A

Soft bone- highly vascularized
Inner layer
Forms thin plates (trabeculae) in lines of stress

102
Q

Cortical bone

A

Hard bone
Very dense
Outer layer
Covered by periosteum

103
Q

Growth plates

A

Epiphysis

104
Q

Wolff’s law

A

Structure follows functionn

105
Q

% turnover in cancellous bone per year

A

25%

106
Q

%turnover in cortical bone per year

A

3%

107
Q

What part of the body weight of compression does the femur sustain when standing on one leg?

A

1.8-2.7 times the body weight

108
Q

Why is the compression On the femur higher than the body weight when standing on one leg?

A

Body weight and muscle force

109
Q

Bending forces on the femur when loaded in standing

A

Offset loading
Compression medially
Tension laterally

110
Q

Anisotropy

A

Bone has different mechanical properties in different directions

111
Q

Changes in mechanical properties of bones with aging

A

> 35 years old: gradual decrease in resistance to fracture

112
Q

Changes in mechanical properties of bone with activity

A

Increase activity: increased density

136
Q

Force

A 
A push or pull
Normally from physical contact
Exception is gravity
Mass x acceleration 
Tends to cause change or change motion
Cause/effect relationship: every motion is caused by a force. A force does not always cause motion
137
Q

Main function of cartilage

A

Distribute joint loads over as large an area as possible.

Allow contact and movement between 2 bony surfaces with minimal friction and wear

138
Q

Primary components of cartilage

A

70-85% water

Also proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, collagen, lipids, chondrocytes

139
Q

The importance of glycosaminoglycans (gag) in cartilage function

A

Molecules that imbibe water
Allow for nutrient delivery in ct
Water imbibing swells tissues and gives them stiffness like a water balloon.
Helps disperse repetitive forces
With aging decrease gag replacement: increase tissue breakdown

140
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Found in synovial joints

Extremely low friction- 6x less than skating on wet ice

141
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Repair material

Higher friction than hyaline cartilage

142
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Maintains shape of structures (ear)

143
Q

Cartilaginous nutrition

A

Joint cartilage is mostly avascular
Only the deepest portions are fed by capillaries from subchondral bone
Rest of cartilage is fed via diffusion and other means of transport from synovial fluid
Requires compression/release of cartilage (pump mechanism)
Weight bearing, joint motion, muscle contraction

144
Q

How is cartilaginous compressibility affected by rate of loading

A

Rapid loading- cartilage becomes stiffer

145
Q

Biphasic model of cartilage loading

A

Fluid pressure sustains a lot of the loading initially

If loading continues, the solid matrix sustains more of the load

146
Q

What happens to the fluid content of cartilage when subjected to a constant load?

A

Undergoes creep

147
Q

How are compression of cartilage and shear force related in creating cartilage failure

A

Compression causes shear forces at cartilage bone interface

148
Q

Mechanical factors that can cause osteoarthritis

A

Obesity
Repetitive loading
Joint instability
Rapid loading (impulse loading)

149
Q

High loading sports and cartilage

A

Increased chance of osteoarthritis but mostly related to injury

150
Q

ROM exercise and cartilage

A

Increased fluid flow in and out of cartilage

151
Q

Moderate exercise and cartilage

A

Increased gag count therefore increase tensile strength

152
Q

Joints serve two basic functions

A

Provide mobility and stability

153
Q

Basic rule of joints

A

The more mobile a joint is, the less stable a joint is

154
Q

Diarthroses

A

Synovial joints

Allows free movements

155
Q

Synarthroses

A

Non synovial joints

156
Q

Fibrous joints

A

Sutures- when fused, synostosis
Gomphoses
Syndesmoses

157
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

Symphyses- directly joined by fibrocartilage

Synchrondrosis- connected by hyaline cartilage

158
Q

2 layers of joint capsule

A

Stratum fibrosum

Stratum synovium

159
Q

Stratum fibrosum

A

Poor vascularization
Rich innervation
Function- position and movement sense

160
Q

Stratum synovium

A

Rich vascularization
Poor innervation
Produce synovial fluid

161
Q

Diarthrodial classification

A

Uniaxial
Biaxial
Triaxial

162
Q

Uniaxial

A

Hinge joints

Pivot joints

163
Q

Biaxial

A

Condyloid

Saddle

164
Q

Triaxial

A

Plane joints

Ball and socket joints

165
Q

Hyper mobile

A

Rom exceeds normal

166
Q

Hypomobile

A

Rom less than normal

167
Q

Contracture

A

No mobility

168
Q

Osteokinematics

A

Rotary movement of the bones in space during physiological joint motion
Flex ext
In the sagittal plane
Around the x axis

169
Q

Accessory motion

A

Motion of the joint surfaces in relation to another
Accompany voluntary osteokinematics motion but cannot be voluntary isolated
Terms used are roll, slide, spin

170
Q

Convex-concave rule

A

Convex surface move on fixed concave surface then roll and glide occur in opposite directions
Concave surface move n fixed convex surface then roll and glide occur in same direction

172
Q

Main function of cartilage

A

Distribute joint loads over as large an area as possible.

Allow contact and movement between 2 bony surfaces with minimal friction and wear

173
Q

Primary components of cartilage

A

70-85% water

Also proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, collagen, lipids, chondrocytes

174
Q

The importance of glycosaminoglycans (gag) in cartilage function

A

Molecules that imbibe water
Allow for nutrient delivery in ct
Water imbibing swells tissues and gives them stiffness like a water balloon.
Helps disperse repetitive forces
With aging decrease gag replacement: increase tissue breakdown

175
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Found in synovial joints

Extremely low friction- 6x less than skating on wet ice

176
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Repair material

Higher friction than hyaline cartilage

177
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Maintains shape of structures (ear)

178
Q

Cartilaginous nutrition

A

Joint cartilage is mostly avascular
Only the deepest portions are fed by capillaries from subchondral bone
Rest of cartilage is fed via diffusion and other means of transport from synovial fluid
Requires compression/release of cartilage (pump mechanism)
Weight bearing, joint motion, muscle contraction

179
Q

How is cartilaginous compressibility affected by rate of loading

A

Rapid loading- cartilage becomes stiffer

180
Q

Biphasic model of cartilage loading

A

Fluid pressure sustains a lot of the loading initially

If loading continues, the solid matrix sustains more of the load

181
Q

What happens to the fluid content of cartilage when subjected to a constant load?

A

Undergoes creep

182
Q

How are compression of cartilage and shear force related in creating cartilage failure

A

Compression causes shear forces at cartilage bone interface

183
Q

Mechanical factors that can cause osteoarthritis

A

Obesity
Repetitive loading
Joint instability
Rapid loading (impulse loading)

184
Q

High loading sports and cartilage

A

Increased chance of osteoarthritis but mostly related to injury

185
Q

ROM exercise and cartilage

A

Increased fluid flow in and out of cartilage

186
Q

Moderate exercise and cartilage

A

Increased gag count therefore increase tensile strength

187
Q

Joints serve two basic functions

A

Provide mobility and stability

188
Q

Basic rule of joints

A

The more mobile a joint is, the less stable a joint is

189
Q

Diarthroses

A

Synovial joints

Allows free movements

190
Q

Synarthroses

A

Non synovial joints

191
Q

Fibrous joints

A

Sutures- when fused, synostosis
Gomphoses
Syndesmoses

192
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

Symphyses- directly joined by fibrocartilage

Synchrondrosis- connected by hyaline cartilage

193
Q

2 layers of joint capsule

A

Stratum fibrosum

Stratum synovium

194
Q

Stratum fibrosum

A

Poor vascularization
Rich innervation
Function- position and movement sense

195
Q

Stratum synovium

A

Rich vascularization
Poor innervation
Produce synovial fluid

196
Q

Diarthrodial classification

A

Uniaxial
Biaxial
Triaxial

197
Q

Uniaxial

A

Hinge joints

Pivot joints

198
Q

Biaxial

A

Condyloid

Saddle

199
Q

Triaxial

A

Plane joints

Ball and socket joints

200
Q

Hyper mobile

A

Rom exceeds normal

201
Q

Hypomobile

A

Rom less than normal

202
Q

Contracture

A

No mobility

203
Q

Osteokinematics

A

Rotary movement of the ones in space during physiological joint motion
Flex ext
In the sagittal plane
Around the x axis

204
Q

Accessory motion

A

Motion of the joint surfaces in relation to another
Accompany voluntary osteokinematics motion but cannot be voluntary isolated
Terms used are roll, slide, spin

205
Q

Convex-concave rule

A

Convex surface move on fixed concave surface then roll and glide occur in opposite directions
Concave surface move n fixed convex surface then roll and glide occur in same direction

206
Q

Joint structure

A

To achieve normal motion the accessory motion has to be able to occur
Requires a certain amount of joint play
Loose packed position
Closed packed position (joint surfaces maximal congruent and the ligaments and capsule are taut)

207
Q

Muscle tissue-contractile

A

Ability to develop tension in response to chemical, electrical or mechanical stimuli

208
Q

Connective tissue-non contractile

A

Develops tension in response to passive loading

209
Q

Muscle fiber

A

Single muscle cell enclosed in a cell membrane-the sarcolemma
Arrangement, size, type of muscle fibers in a muscle may vary from muscle to muscle

210
Q

What are muscle fibers composed on

A

Sarcoplasm (cytoplasm)
Contains myofibrils, ribosomes, glycogen and mitochondria
Myofibrils are the contractile structure

211
Q

Cross bridge interaction

A

Nerve impulse arrive at motor end plate
Evokes an electrical impulse-action potential
Release of calcium ions
Calcium ions cause troponin to reposition the tropomyosin molecules
Actin receptor site becomes free and the head of myosin can bind

212
Q

Isometric contraction

A

No movement within fibers

213
Q

Concentric contraction

A

Muscle fibers pull together

214
Q

Eccentric contraction

A

Muscle fibers pull apart

215
Q

DOMS

A

Injury due to eccentric exercise
Together with loss of coordination, swelling and muscle stiffness
Mechanical strain in the muscle fiber and associated CT

216
Q

Normal action

A

Distal segment moves

217
Q

Reverse action

A

Proximal segment moves and distal segment stationary

218
Q

Motor unit

A

Alpha motor neuron
Muscle fibers it innervates
Muscle contraction is all of none principle at the motor unit level

219
Q

Recruitment of motor units

A

Size principle of motor unit recruitment- initially small motor units, few muscle fibers
As force increases the larger motor units are recruited
Recruitment varies dependent of task and muscle

220
Q

Factors affecting active muscle tension (5)

A 
Number of muscle fibers
Diameter of axon(conduction velocity)
Number of motor units firing
Frequency of motor unit firing
Type of muscle fiber
221
Q

What kind of fibers are dominant in stability or postural muscles

A

Type 1

222
Q

What type of fibers are dominant in mobility or non postural muscles

A

Type 2

223
Q

True or false- most muscle fibers have equal proportion of slow and fast fibers

A

True

224
Q

Muscle fiber length

A

Number of sarcomeres along the fiber

Longer fibers can shorten by longer distances

225
Q

Physiological cross sectional area

A

Amount of force is proportional to the number of sarcomeres aligned side by side (parallel)

226
Q

Pennation angle

A

Arrangement of fascicles in relation to the long axis of the muscle
Length of muscle fiber and the distance to the muscle can move not directly related in a pennate muscle

227
Q

Fusiform muscle

A

SCM

A lot of movement not alot of strength

228
Q

Unipennate muscle

A

Flexor pollicis longus

More strength

229
Q

Bipennate muscles

A

Biceps femoris
More strength
Tolerates hip flexion knee ext

230
Q

Multipennate muscles

A

Soleus
1 joint, less mobility
All strength

231
Q

Does all force production go towards producing motion at the lever??

A

No-some go on an angle

Helps with stability and venous return

232
Q

Pennation angle and contraction

A

Changes with contraction

233
Q

Pennate muscles have ________number of muscle fibers

A

Larger

234
Q

Passive elastic component

A

The interconnected CT in a muscle

Parallel elastic component of a muscle

235
Q

Tendon function in series with what?

A

Muscle

236
Q

Muscle tension exerts force on:

A

Bony lever

237
Q

Amount of force/ensign is combination of both:

A

Passive anD active tension

238
Q

Passive tension

A

Tension developed in passive elastic component

239
Q

Active tension

A

Tension developed by the contractile components

240
Q

Active insufficiency

A

A muscle that cross more than one joint will have a decrease in the torque produced when all the joints are placed at end ROM so the muscle is in the shortened position
Triceps weaker extension
When muscle is shortest, you cannot get that much force

241
Q

Passive insufficiency

A

When a multi joint muscle has been passively elongated to the point where it doesn’t allow full ROM at one or more of the joints it crosses

242
Q

Isokinetic testing

A

Strength testing at a constant speed
Can produce maximal force throughout the whole ROM
Greater torque at slower speeds
Athletic activities are performed at higher speeds

243
Q

Isotonic testing

A

Strength testing/ training at constant force

244
Q

Muscles serve 2 basic functions

A

Provide mobility- produce or control joint motions

Provide stability- maintain joint integrity and postural alignment

245
Q

Prime mover

A

Agonist

Muscle primarily responsible for causing the movement

246
Q

Secondary movement

A

Synergist
Assists the prime mover
Important if prime mover is injured

247
Q

Antagonist

A

Performs the opposite movement of the agonist

Contracts with the prime mover to cause co-contraction, a joint stabilization mechanism

248
Q

Synergist

A

Helps agonist perform desired action
Produces force to prevent unwanted movement
Sometimes 2 prime movers can be synergist to one another

249
Q

Golgi tendon organ

A

Located at the myotendinous junction
Sensitive to tension
Activated by active muscle contraction or passive tension
Adjust muscle tension

250
Q

Muscle spindle

A

Specialized muscle fiber
Enclosed in connective sheath placed throughout muscle
Sensitive to the length and velocity of lengthening
When muscle contracts the spindle stops sending messages

251
Q

Prolonged shortening

A

Decrease in number of sarcomeres
Increase in perimysium, thicker endomysium
Increase ratio of CT
Loss of weight and muscle atrophy

252
Q

Prolonged lengthening

A

Increase sarcomeres
Increased muscle length
Fewer structural changes compared to shortened position

253
Q

Immobilization 2 techniques

A

Prolonged shortening

Prolonged lengthening

254
Q

Changes in muscle function

A

Increased activity level-hypertrophy, neural adaptation/ changes in early training
Decreased activity-atrophy
Aging- sarcopenia (loss of muscle mass), loss of muscle fibers and decrease in size of existing fibers

255
Q

Stretch/shortening cycle/plyometric exercise

A

Muscle and tendon is stretched before a forceful concentric contraction
Helps produce a greater torque during the concentric contraction

256
Q

Muscle power equation

A

Muscle work= force x distance

Muscle power= work/time

257
Q

Muscle power

A

Power is the most accurate way to characterize muscle function

258
Q

3 important components of muscle power

A

Magnitude of force
Distance of movement the muscle produces
How quickly the muscle produces movement

259
Q

Muscle power predicts what

A

Mobility performance better than muscle strength

260
Q

Leg movement velocity is as important to balance as what

A

Leg strength

261
Q

Power can be increased in 3 ways

A

Increase the work done per unit of time
Decrease the time to perform a unit or work
Both of above simultaneously

262
Q

Effect of stretching on performance

A

Stretch induced strength loss (neural effect)

263
Q

Joint structure

A

To achieve normal motion the accessory motion has to be able to occur
Requires a certain amount of joint play
Loose packed position
Closed packed position (joint surfaces maximal congruent and the ligaments and capsule are taut)

Kinesiology (3 decks)

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