TEST NUMBA 2

Question 1

Hugo Chavez

Answer 1

the President of Venezuela 1999-2013. He was formerly the leader of the Fifth Republic Movement political party from its foundation in 1997 until 2007, when it merged with several other parties to form the United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV), which he led. Chavism, his own political ideology of Socialism of the 21st Century, he focused on socialist reforms in the country as a part of a social project known as the Bolivarian Revolution, which has seen the new constitution, participatory democratic councils, the nationalization of several key industries, increased government funding of health care and education, and significant reductions in poverty, according to government figures.[1] Under Chavez, Venezuelans’ quality of life improved

Question 2

Osama Bin Laden

Answer 2

was the founder of al-Qaeda, the militant Islamist organization that claimed responsibility for the September 11 attacks on the United States, along with numerous other mass-casualty attacks against civilian and military targets.He was a member of the wealthy Saudi bin Laden family, and an ethnic Yemeni Kindle

Question 3

Nelson Mandela

Answer 3

a South African anti-apartheid activist, revolutionary and politician who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999, the first to be elected in a fully representative, multiracial election. His administration focused on dismantling apartheid’s legacy, and cutting racism, poverty and inequality. Politically a democratic socialist, he served as president of the African National Congress (ANC) political party from 1991 to 1997. Internationally, Mandela was the Secretary-General of the Non-Aligned Movement from 1998 to 1999.

Question 4

Indira Gandhi

Answer 4

was the third Prime Minister of India and a central figure of the Indian National Congress party. Gandhi, who served from 1966 to 1977 and then again from 1980 until her assassination in 1984, is the second-longest-serving Prime Minister of India and the only woman to hold the office. As Prime Minister, Gandhi became known for her political ruthlessness and unprecedented centralisation of power. She presided over a period where India emerged with greater power than before to become the regional hegemon of South Asia with considerable political, economic, and military developments.

Question 5

Deng Xiaoping

Answer 5

was a politician and reformist leader of the Communist Party of China who led China towards a market economy. While Deng never held office as the head of state, head of government or General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (the highest position in Communist China), he nonetheless served as the “paramount leader” of the People’s Republic of China from 1978 to 1992. As the core of the second generation leaders Deng shared his power with several powerful older politicians commonly known as the Eight Elders.

Question 6

Saddam Hussein

Answer 6

Fifth President of Iraq, serving in this capacity from 1979-2003. A leading member of the revolutionary Arab Socialist Ba’ath Party, and later, the Baghdad-based Ba’ath Party and its regional organisation Ba’ath Party – Iraq Region—which espoused ba’athism, a mix of Arab nationalism and Arab socialism—Saddam played a key role in the 1968 coup (later referred to as the 17 July Revolution) that brought the party to power in Iraq. He created security forces through which he tightly controlled conflict between the government and the armed forces. In the early 1970s, Saddam nationalized oil and other industries. was convicted of charges related to the 1982 killing of 148 Iraqi Shi’ites and was sentenced to death by hanging.

Question 7

Thomas Malthus

Answer 7

a British scholar, influential in political economy and demography.[3][4] Malthus popularised the economic theory of rent.Malthus has become widely known for his theories about population and its increase or decrease in response to various factors. The six editions of his An Essay on the Principle of Population,

Question 8

Apartheid

Answer 8

was a system of racial segregation enforced through legislation by the National Party (NP) governments, who were the ruling party from 1948 to 1994, of South Africa, the rights of the majority black inhabitants of South Africa were curtailed and white supremacy and Afrikaner minority rule was maintained.

Question 9

Caudillos

Answer 9

a political-military leader at the head of an authoritarian power. The term translates into English as leader or chief, or more pejoratively as warlord, dictator or strongman. Caudillo was the term used to refer to the charismatic populist leaders among the people. Caudillos have influenced a sizable portion of the history of Latin America.

Question 10

Tienanmen Square

Answer 10

student-led popular demonstrations in Beijing in the spring of 1989 that received broad support from city residents and exposed deep splits within China’s political leadership but were forcibly suppressed by hardline leaders who ordered the military to enforce martial law in the country’s capital.[2][3] The crackdown initiated on June 3–4 became known as the Tiananmen Square Massacre or the June 4 Massacre as troops with assault rifles and tanks inflicted thousands of casualties on unarmed civilians trying to block the military’s advance on Tiananmen Square in the heart of Beijing, which student demonstrators had occupied for seven weeks.

Question 11

Bay of Pigs

Answer 11

On April 17, the Cuban-exile invasion force, known as Brigade 2506, landed at beaches along the Bay of Pigs and immediately came under heavy fire. Cuban planes strafed the invaders, sank two escort ships, and destroyed half of the exile’s air support. Bad weather hampered the ground force, which had to work with soggy equipment and insufficient ammunition.

Question 12

“pottery barn rule”

Answer 12

you break it you buy it. We can’t destroy another country without being able to build it back up.

Question 13

globalization`

Answer 13

the process of extending social relations across world-space. Such extensions arise from the movements of people, things and ideas. It cannot be defined in terms of internationalization or integration as some theorists have suggested, though these developments might be an outcome of globalization [2][3] Globalization describes the interplay across cultures of macro-social forces.

Question 14

FARC

Answer 14

Revolutionary Armed forces of Columbia. a Colombian Marxist–Leninist revolutionary guerrilla organization involved in the continuing Colombian armed conflict since 1964.[5][6][7][8]. The FARC is considered a terrorist organization by the Government of Colombia. The FARC–EP claim to be a peasant army with a political platform of agrarianism and anti-imperialism inspired by Bolivarianism.

Question 15

OAU

Answer 15

Organization of African Unity. To promote the unity and solidarity of the African states and act as a collective voice for the African continent. This was important to secure Africa’s long-term economic and political future.[2]
To co-ordinate and intensify the co-operation of African states in order to achieve a better life for the people of Africa.[1]
To defend the sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of African states.

Question 16

Roosevelt Corollary v. Good neighbor policy

Answer 16

The corollary states that the United States will intervene in conflicts between European Nations and Latin American countries to enforce legitimate claims of the European powers, rather than having the Europeans press their claims directly.

Good neighbor policy The corollary states that the United States will intervene in conflicts between European Nations and Latin American countries to enforce legitimate claims of the European powers, rather than having the Europeans press their claims directly.Hoover also coined the term Good Neighbor. Its main principle was that of non-intervention and non-interference in the domestic affairs of Latin America.

Question 17

Perestroika v. Glasnost

Answer 17

a political movement for reformation within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during the 1980s (1986), widely associated with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and his glasnost (meaning “openness”) policy reform. The literal meaning of perestroika is “restructuring”, referring to the restructuring of the Soviet political and economic system.
a policy that called for increased openness and transparency in government institutions and activities in the Soviet Union. Introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev in the second half of the 1980s,[1

Question 18

SALT vs. START

Answer 18

two rounds of bilateral talks and corresponding international treaties involving the United States and the Soviet Union—the Cold War superpowers—on the issue of armament control. The two rounds of talks and agreements were SALT I and SALT II.

was a bilateral treaty between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) on the Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms.

SALT Treaties limited the increase of strategic offensive weapons at a time when both US and USSR were rapidly inclreasing their inventory.

START Treaties are agreements to actually reduce the number of nuclear weapons held by each country

Question 19

Free trade vs. Fair trade

Answer 19

free trade producer (farmers, small business owners, manufacturers, etc.) who harvested the coffee beans sold them without the interference of the government’s tax or monetary gifts - tariffs, subsidies, price controls or pork-barrel politics.

fair trade there are some rules in trade that must be placed in order to provide for producers who have disadvantages in a free market. If you buy a fair trade cup of coffee, it means that the farmer who harvested the beans in a developing nation had some help getting his specific product to you. Fair trade aims to help producers in developing countries obtain better trading conditions and gives an extra boost to those producers who promote sustainability (that is, eco-friendly agriculture). Rather than leaving environmental standards and wages up to the market, fair trade actively pushes for higher price for producers as well as social and environmental standards.

Question 20

globalization vs. nationalism

Answer 20

globalization Process by which the experience of everyday life, marked by the diffusion of commodities and ideas, is becoming standardized around the world.

Nationalism Devotion to the interests or culture of one’s nation.
2. The belief that nations will benefit from acting independently rather than collectively, emphasizing national rather than international goals.

Question 21

sunni vs shiite

Answer 21

The historic background of the Sunni–Shia split lies in the schism that occurred when the Islamic prophet Muhammad died in the year 632, leading to a dispute over succession to Muhammad as a caliph of the Islamic community spread across various parts of the world which led to the Battle of Siffin. Sectarian violence persists to this day from Pakistan to Yemen and is a major element of friction throughout the Middle East.

Question 22

Hutis vs tutis

Answer 22

is a big issue in the history of Burundi and Rwanda, as well as the Great Lakes region of Africa. While the Hutu are generally recognized as the ethnic majority of Rwanda, in racialist ideology the Tutsi were identified as a foreign race, as opposed to an indigenous minority. The relationship between the two is thus, in many ways, derived from the perceived origins and claim to “Rwandan-ness”. The largest conflicts related to this question was the 1994 Rwandan Genocide and the 1972 Burundi genocide.

Question 23

three major changes in the world since 1945

Answer 23

Internet
cell phones
space exploration

Question 24

List three of the Pacific Rims “four tigers”

Answer 24

South Korea, Tiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong

Question 25

List three contemporary nation-states that have developed nuclear weapons capabilities since the enactment of the Nuclear Non-Proliferatoin Treaty

Answer 25

India, Pakistan, North Korea

Question 26

list three foundations on which Japan’s post-war economic resurgence was grounded.

Answer 26

American Contribution, Ministry of International Trade and Industry MITI, stimulating private sector growth

Question 27

MITI

Answer 27

Ministry of International Trade and Industry. one of the most powerful agencies of the Government of Japan. At the height of its influence, it effectively ran much of Japanese industrial policy, funding research and directing investment.

Question 28

List methods by which the super powers prepared to deliver nuclear weapons on each other

Answer 28

bombers, submarines, rocket

Question 29

List three locations in Latin America where leftist governments have been established in the post world war II era.

Answer 29

Peru, Chile, Brazil

Question 30

List three locations in Latin America where leftist governments have been established in the post world war II era.

Answer 30

Cuba, Chile, Brazil

Question 31

List three foundations on which designation of a post world war II state as “third world” might be based

Answer 31

Political Rights and Civil Liberties, the Gross National Income (GNI) and Poverty of countries, the Human Development of countries (HDI), and the Freedom of Information within a country.