Test Multiple Choice Review

Question 1

Dees explains that social entrepreneurship is suited to our times because:

• Government organizations have failed at solving social problems.
• Social sector institutions are inefficient and unresponsive.
• It combines business discipline with a passion for a social mission.
• All of the above

Answer 1

All of the above

Question 2

According to Dees, social entrepreneurs play the role of change agents in the social sector in a number of ways. Which is not one of those ways?

• Adopting a mission to create and sustain economic value.
• Engaging in a process of continuous innovation, adaptation, and learning.
• Acting boldly without being limited by resources currently in hand.
• Exhibiting heightened accountability to the constituencies served and for the outcomes created.

Answer 2

Adopting a mission to create and sustain economic value.

Question 3

Which of the following is not an example of social entrepreneurship:

• A homeless shelter that creates a business to employ residents.
• A corporation that holds an annual fundraiser for the Red Cross.
• A for-profit community development bank.
• A non-profit that generates revenue through goat yoga classes.

Answer 3

A corporation that holds an annual fundraiser for the Red Cross.

Question 4

In “The role of community leadership in the development of grassroots innovations,” Martiskainen defines grassroots innovations as:

Networks of activists and organizations generating novel top-down solutions for sustainable development.

Networks of entrepreneurs and volunteers generating novel bottom–up solutions for sustainable development.

Networks of entrepreneurs and volunteers generating novel top-down solutions for sustainable development.

Networks of activists and organizations generating novel bottom–up solutions for sustainable development

Answer 4

Networks of activists and organizations generating novel bottom–up solutions for sustainable development

Question 5

According to Martiskainen, community leadership:

Is less hierarchical and based on volunteer action.

Involves the creation of social capital and acts as a symbolism for change.

Offers solutions to social problems and operates outside community boundaries.

Both a and b

Answer 5

Both a and b

Question 6

In their proposed Social Business Model Canvas, Sparviero (2019) includes 14 building blocks, 10 of which are specific to social enterprises. Of these, which replaces the Customer Relationships block and is described as “a deeper analysis of the relationships established by the organizations with its targeted beneficiaries”?

Customers and Beneficiaries Engagement

Customers and Beneficiaries

Objectives

Output Measures

Answer 6

Customers and Beneficiaries Engagement

Question 7

Yunus (2010) explains that business model innovation is facilitated by 3 major strategic moves. He then suggests that building a social business model requires 2 additional activities, these activities are:

Challenging conventional wisdom and involving socially-oriented shareholders.

Stating financial profit explicitly and acting within the confines of the market.

Undertaking experimentation and setting up partnerships.

Involving socially-oriented shareholders and stating the intended social profit explicitly.

Answer 7

Involving socially-oriented shareholders and stating the intended social profit explicitly.

Question 8

Yunus (2010) states that traditional businesses take financial profit as an implicit objective, that is, making money is an assumed goal. However, it is important for a social business to define their social profits more explicitly. Which of the following is NOT an example of a social profit?

Nutritional profit

Shareholder profit

Employment profit

Environmental profit

Answer 8

Shareholder profit

Question 9

Sparviero (2019) outlines 3 challenges and 1 paradox that are faced by social enterprises. Which challenge can be defined as the need to be seen as trustworthy and accountable by stakeholders, especially to secure funding and partnerships?

Legitimacy challenge

Governance challenge

Strategy challenge

Mission challenge

Answer 9

Legitimacy challenge

Question 10

For what reason does Sparviero (2019) state that the traditional Business Model Canvas is not sufficient for social enterprises:

It treats environmental costs/benefits as externalities.

It treats social impact as a by-product of the pursuit of economic value.

It incorporates social and environmental costs/consequences as part of the goals of the value proposition.

Both a & b.

Answer 10

Both a & b.

Question 11

“Plagiarism is ‘presenting another person’s words or ideas as if they are your own’” (Payton, 2005, as cited in Reid et al., 2016). In a literature review much of the ideas you write will be from others, and you will need to include a citation to indicate this. In which instance do you NOT need to include a citation:

When ideas are paraphrased, copied or summarized from another author.

When you point out a contradiction you found between the arguments of two authors.

When you explain a fact that you knew before beginning your research.

When you include a sentence word-for-word from a piece of research.

Answer 11

When you point out a contradiction you found between the arguments of two authors.

Question 12

A litterature review:

Is used to justify future research on a specific topic.

All of the above.

Is a summary of published research relevant to a specific topic.

Is an objective and critical appraisal of information.

Answer 12

All of the above.

Question 13

Before you begin to write your literature review, the first step you should take when beginning your research is to:

Identify key concepts and terminology.

Create an outline.

Draft an introduction with the information you already know.

Look at quantitative sources like Statistics Canada to gain context.

Answer 13

Identify key concepts and terminology.

Question 14

The difference between peer-reviewed literature and grey literature is:

Peer-reviewed literature is found in government reports and newspapers.

Grey literature uses the most legitimate and reliable sources.

Only peer-reviewed literature should be used in a literature review.

Peer-reviewed literature means the research has been reviewed by other academics to confirm it is reliable and valid.

Answer 14

Peer-reviewed literature means the research has been reviewed by other academics to confirm it is reliable and valid.

Question 15

Reid et al. (2016) explains that “a literature review is a comprehensive account of what has been written or is known about your topic in the last 10-15 years.” They list a number of purposes of the literature review, including:

To identify every single piece of literature published on a topic.

To identify central arguments, concepts, patterns, and relationships between published material on a topic.

To locate useful definitions that will make conceptualizing your project easier.

Both b and c.

Answer 15

Both b and c.

Question 16

Innovative activities and services that are motivated by the goal of meeting a social need and that are predominantly diffused through organizations whose primary purposes are social, is the definition for what concept according to Mulgan?

Social movements

Social entrepreneurship

Social innovation

Business innovation

Answer 16

Social innovation

Question 17

The fourth phase of Mulgan’s process of innovation is learning and evolving. According to him, this stage includes:

Innovations changing but still resembling the expectations of the pioneers.
Incorrect Response
Taking a promising idea and testing it in practice.

The “eureka” moment of a lone genius.

Adapting ideas to unintended consequences or unexpected applications.

Answer 17

Adapting ideas to unintended consequences or unexpected applications.

Question 18

Mulgan (2006) states that the most important innovation of the next few decades will be social in nature. Why is this?

Voluntary and public organizations play a key role in delivering social services.

The economy is expected to grow in social sectors such as health and education.

There is more money going to non-profits and civil causes.

All of the above.

Answer 18

All of the above.

Question 19

The first phase in Mulgan’s process of innovation is:

Developing, Prototyping, and Piloting Ideas

Learning and Evolving

Generating Ideas by Understanding Needs and Identifying Potential Solutions

Assessing, Scaling Up, and Diffusing Good Ideas

Answer 19

Generating Ideas by Understanding Needs and Identifying Potential Solutions

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a method Mulgan suggests for identifying needs:

Personal problems and the suffering of family and friends.

Find people who are solving their own problems against the odds.

Observation of social movements and campaigns

Identifying needs currently being met by the market or state.

Answer 20

Identifying needs currently being met by the market or state.

Question 21

Some argue that in addition to stakeholders, we should also consider environmental and structural factors in what can be called a Systems Approach. When taking this approach, the organization would consider:

Historic and current patterns and structures such as systemic racism and inequality.

Multiple perspectives, competing values and interactions among individuals, organizations, communities, etc.

The internal system the organization uses to conduct its daily operations.

Both a and b.

Answer 21

Both a and b.

Question 22

In her article, for what reason does Castillo (2020) say that thinking about stakeholders is important?

Considering perspectives of different stakeholders helps to meet the organization’s mission.

It only makes sense that a community organization needs to engage with its community.

It is essential for an organization to be effective, accountable and ethical.

An organization needs the resources of stakeholders to operate.

Answer 22

It is essential for an organization to be effective, accountable and ethical.

Question 23

Castillo (2020) describes a 2x2 matrix that defines stakeholders by level of interest and level of power. She describes the strategy recommended for each quadrant, and then explains how this method is not always suitable for social organizations. For what reason does she say this?

Those with low power and low interest, whom the matrix tells us to overlook, are often the very reason the organization exists.

It is important to pay attention to those with high interest and high power because they are the people with money.

A social organization is only concerned with stakeholders that have low power and high interest because they want to give power to the powerless.

We should treat all stakeholders the same way and not divide them into quadrants.

Answer 23

Those with low power and low interest, whom the matrix tells us to overlook, are often the very reason the organization exists.

Question 24

Once stakeholders have been identified, an organization needs to decide how it will interact with them. When interacting with stakeholders, Castillo (2020) suggests that an organization should consider:

How integrated the stakeholders are in decision making.

The channels used to communicate with stakeholders and receive their input.

All of these.

The metrics used to track stakeholder wellbeing.

Answer 24

All of these.

Question 25

Which of these statements about stakeholders is NOT true:

A stakeholder can be a person or an entity.

Stakeholders can be internal or external to an organization.

Examples of stakeholders include volunteers, funders, communities and the media.

Stakeholders can be affected by the actions of your organization, but stakeholders cannot affect your organization with their actions.

Answer 25

Stakeholders can be affected by the actions of your organization, but stakeholders cannot affect your organization with their actions.

Question 26

McLaughlin & Jordan (1999) define a program logic model as:

A diagram that models the logic of a program.

A list of activities a program must complete to deliver its value proposition.

A plausible and sensible model of how the program will work under certain conditions to solve identified problems.

A tool for stakeholder management.

Answer 26

A plausible and sensible model of how the program will work under certain conditions to solve identified problems.

Question 27

What challenges do social entrepreneurs face when trying to measure social impact?

Stakeholders disagree with what social impact is and how it should be measured.

The rich and experiential information that communicates impact is difficult to translate into simple, transferable metrics for funders.

All of these are challenges faced when measuring social impact.

The process from activities to impact are not as easily mapped in a logic model or causally linked as they are in a traditional for-profit business.

Answer 27

All of these are challenges faced when measuring social impact.

Question 28

What is social impact, as referenced by Molecke & Pinkse (2017)?

The products or services a social intervention generates, and the immediate effect they have.

Lasting results achieved at a community or societal level.

Significant or lasting changes in people’s lives, brought about by a given action or series of actions.

None of the above.

Answer 28

Significant or lasting changes in people’s lives, brought about by a given action or series of actions.

Question 29

Molecke & Pinkse (2017) listed 4 ways existing impact measurement methodologies were delegitimized (not useful) in the social business context. They found that social entrepreneurs said that social impact measurement was:

Immeasurable, imprudent, incomplete and irrelevant

Easy, straight forward, uncomplicated and obvious

Difficult, confusing, unofficial and unnecessary

Impossible, impolite, interesting and irrational

Answer 29

Immeasurable, imprudent, incomplete and irrelevant

Question 30

According to McLaughlin & Jordan (1999), which is NOT a benefit to using logic models?

Describes a program independent from its position in an organization’s hierarchy.

Building a common understanding of the program and expectations.

A tool for program design and improvement.

Provides a set of key performance measures.

Answer 30

Describes a program independent from its position in an organization’s hierarchy.

Question 31

In “Leadership, Governance, and the Work of the Board,” Renz (2016) lists a number of functions of governance, including:

Setting direction and making decisions about policy and strategy.

All of the above.

Overseeing and monitoring organizational performance.

Ensuring overall accountability.

Answer 31

All of the above.

Question 32

How does a board ensure a high level of board performance and effectiveness?

Clarify board roles and responsibilities in helping the organization accomplish its mission, vision, and long-term goals.

All of the above.

Attract and retain well-qualified, committed members to serve on the board.

Establish and regularly refine a functional, effective board design.

Answer 32

All of the above.

Question 33

Renz (2016) outlines the fundamental duties of a non-profit board, which is NOT one of the three fundamental duties of a nonprofit board member?

Duty of prudence, including securing financing for the nonprofit

Duty of loyalty, including acting in good faith

Duty of care and exercise of reasonable judgement and participation in making informed decisions

Duty of obedience to the organization’s mission, by-laws, policies, rules, regulations, etc.

Answer 33

Duty of prudence, including securing financing for the nonprofit

Question 34

According to Low (2006), corporate governance can be defined as:

The relationship among various participants in determining the direction and performance of organizations.

The capacity and willingness of managers to balance different interests in the professional pursuit of company strategy.

The day-to-day decisions of managers and CEOs.

The responsibility to represent the interests of various constituencies and groups.

Answer 34

The relationship among various participants in determining the direction and performance of organizations.

Question 35

In their paper, Low (2006) compares the governance models of for profit and non-profit organizations. The model most dominant in non-profit organizations states that “the major role of governing boards is to represent the interests of various constituencies and groups.” This governance model is called:

The democratic model.

The shareholder model.

The stewardship model.

The stakeholder model.

Answer 35

The democratic model.

Question 36

Social enterprise marketing (SEM) refers to:

Businesses that donate to charities and use it as marketing material.

Designing products and services to sell for a profit.

Creating value for different stakeholders and society in a profitable way.

The various activities undertaken by social enterprises to market their organization to donors, employees and volunteers; and products and services to customers.

Answer 36

The various activities undertaken by social enterprises to market their organization to donors, employees and volunteers; and products and services to customers.

Question 37

Ali et al. (2023) found 4 major strategies to illustrate the uses of social media by social enterprises. Which strategy can be used as a fast, cheap and efficient way to attract donations from a diverse community of donors?

Crowdfunding

Social collaboration

Crowdsourcing

Social marketing

Answer 37

Crowdfunding

Question 38

Bandyopadhyay & Ray (2019) identify 3 distinctive issues of social enterprise marketing (SEM), they are:

Social objectives, economic objectives, and resource constraints.

Dual objectives (social and economic), wider stakeholder accountability, and marketing resource constraints.

Financial instability, stakeholder expectations, and sensitive social issues.

Fundraising, advertising, and low prices.

Answer 38

Dual objectives (social and economic), wider stakeholder accountability, and marketing resource constraints.

Question 39

When discussing implications for practice, Ali et al. (2023) highlighted a number of ways social enterprises can use social media to more affordably and conveniently meet their goals. These strategies include:

Share videos and images on Instagram to attract the attention of like-minded volunteers.

Using platforms such as Facebook to reach communities of vulnerable people and understand their needs at minimum cost.

All of the above.

Creating blogs and using platforms like Twitter to share educational material about social issues and the environment.

Answer 39

All of the above.

Question 40

One of the 7 themes in SEM literature that Bandyopadhyay & Ray (2019) found was that social enterprises take an “ad hoc, minimalist approach to marketing.” By this they meant that:

Social enterprises frequently overlook market research, brand building and identifying target markets.

All of the above.

Social enterprises skip the marketing process and focus solely on promotional activities.

Social enterprises often have poor pricing strategies and pay little attention to packaging.

Answer 40

All of the above.

Question 41

The donor pyramid illustrates the relationship between donors, fundraising strategies and donor gifts. Near the base of the pyramid are ______ donors, where solicitation strategies such as direct mail and door-to-door are effective.

Planned gift.

Renewed/upgraded.

Special/major.

First time.

Answer 41

First time.

Question 42

A total development fundraising program begins with:

A marketing campaign.

A fundraising plan.

The organization’s mission.

Collecting donations.

Answer 42

The organization’s mission.

Question 43

Frank Russo (1991) described fundraising as:

A long-term and difficult process that involves engaging potential donors with the mission of the organization.

All of the above.

The servant of philanthropy.

A transformational relationship rooted in an organization’s mission.

Answer 43

All of the above.

Question 44

Robert Payton (1998) defines philanthropy as:

The voluntary giving of time and resources by individuals, foundations and corporations, that supports efforts to benefit society.

A nonprofit organization that offers donors a tax deduction in exchange for a monetary donation.

Wealthy people like Bill Gates giving money to worthy causes.

An integrated management function that extends across a nonprofit organization.

Answer 44

The voluntary giving of time and resources by individuals, foundations and corporations, that supports efforts to benefit society.

Question 45

A multi-step guide consisting of planning, action and strategic checkpoints that supports an organization’s mission and provides a strategic direction, is a description of what?

The donor pyramid.

A case for support.

A fundraising plan.

The fundraising cycle.

Answer 45

The fundraising cycle.

Question 46

According to the Imagine Canada survey, what are the most frequently mentioned enablers of EDI practices?

Leadership support, staff buy-in and board engagement.

Hiring a Black, Indigenous or Person of Colour (BIPOC) in top leadership, because BIPOC-led organizations generally do more to advance EDI practices.

Putting EDI policies in place so the organization has no choice but to follow them.

Setting up equity working groups and hiring diverse staff.

Answer 46

Leadership support, staff buy-in and board engagement.

Question 47

An equity audit refers to the practice of reviewing organizational operations through an equity lens. An equity audit should ask which of the following questions?

Does the organization collect equity-related information?

Does the organization have policies and practices in place to embed EDI into its work?

How does the organization compare to its peers in terms of EDI practices?

All of the above.

Answer 47

All of the above.

Question 48

In the context of EDI, inclusion refers to:

Ensuring a broad spectrum of gender, age, ethnicity and ability is represented in the workplace.

None of the above.

The degree to which organizations embrace all employees and enable them to make meaningful contributions in the workplace.

Treating all employees equally.

Answer 48

The degree to which organizations embrace all employees and enable them to make meaningful contributions in the workplace.

Question 49

Which of the following is something organizations should NOT do to advance EDI?

Create recruitment and retention practices to hire only with the intention of advancing equity and diversity.

Hold discussions and education sessions.

Strengthen leadership accountability and capabilities.

Conduct an equity audit, develop a plan and a structure to implement it.

Answer 49

Create recruitment and retention practices to hire only with the intention of advancing equity and diversity.

Question 50

What is equity?

Equity refers to embracing all employees and enabling them to make meaningful contributions.

Equity assumes that all people should be treated the same way, regardless of background or abilities.

Equity means paying all employees in the same job the same amount, regardless of experience.

Equity refers to the fair treatment of all people, so that norms, practices and policies ensure identity is not predictive of opportunities or outcomes.

Answer 50

Equity refers to the fair treatment of all people, so that norms, practices and policies ensure identity is not predictive of opportunities or outcomes.