Test III Flashcards
Nero
54-68 Julio-Claudian Mother Agripina ruled for son Introduced Greek Style to Rome failed assassinations in 55 and 56 66 moved to east Revolts in frontiers Suicide in 68 after Galba claims emperor
Great Fire
64
Nero builds golden palace after
Blames Christians
Boudicca’s Revolt
61
Last king of Icani died
Widow organized revolt
Setonius organized Roman suppression
Judea Revolt
65
after procurate took money from temple
Vespasian sent to repress Revolt
Year 69
2 Coups (Galba and Aulus Vitellus) 4 Emperors (Galba, Vitellus, Otho, Vespasian) 2 Major Battles (Battle of Bedriacum I and II)
Videx the Gaul
68 attempted to oust Nero but defeated by Vergimus Rufus
Galba
68 claims emperor
March on Rome
Killed by Preatorian Guard before facing Vitelus
Aulus Vitelus
March on Rome 69 after army calls him emperor
Defeated Otho
Raped and pillaged his way to emperorship
Otho
Thought of himself as son of Galba
Called emperor by preatorians
Defeated in 69 at Battle of Bedriacum by Vitelus
Battle of Bedriacum
69
Vitelus vs Otho
Vitelus won
Vespasian
Equstrian, military man 69-79 army calls him emperor Supported by Antonius Primus Took Rome after Battle of Bedriacum II Restored order (Revolt in Judea and NE Gaul) Benefical ideaology Took new census 73&74 expelled old senators and increased their number Defined power of princeps Co-ruled with son Titus
Second Battle of Bedriacum
69
between Vespasian and Vitellus
Vespasian won
Beneficial Ideaology
emperor was open handed and looked out for the people (bread and circuses and public works)
Titus
79-81
Flavian
handed out aid
Domitian
81-96
Flavian
ruled like autocrat
Kept father's advisers Aricola and Trajan
Roman citizenship to towns in Iberia
Starts Defense in Depth
expands empire to Britain
83 Campaign against Chatti
85 War with Dacian King
89 Revolt of L Antonius Saturninus
Raised pay of legions
93 Reign of terror against aristocracyBarbarian Tribes
Dacians, Macromani, Sarmatinas
War on Danube
86-88
Against Decigalus, king of Dacians
Resolved by Negotiations >Rome recognizes kingship of Decigalus
Delatores
People who pursued charges against others during Domitian’s Reign of Terror
Nerva
96-98
Not Flavian
No Dynasty
Tried to erase Domitian from history
Alimente
adopted Trajan
solution to succession problemAlimente
Nerva’s social legislation
Poor could barrow money from emperor at reasonable intrest, which was payed back to the town to support poor children
beneficial ideology in action
Trajan
98-117
New preatorian gaurd
Stated campaign against Dacians
Defeated Decigalus (became client king)
improved roads and built bridge across Danube
Annexes Dacia
Trajan’s forum (bascilica, 2 libraries, Trajan’s column)
consciliated senate
expanded alimenta
appointed curatores (fiscal managers) in cities
Attempted to conquer Parthia, but failed
Defeat of Decigalus
101
Dacian Revolt
105
Results in annexation and enslavement of Dacia
Curatories
Trajan’s fiscal managers of cities
King Chosroes
King of Parthia who started aggression with Rome by placing relative as king in Armenia
Subjugation and annexation of Armenia
Trajan 114
Subjugation and annexation of Ninevah
Trajan 115
Failed conquest of Parthia
116
Jewish Revolt is Diaspora communities
116
Great division of the ancient world
City dwellers/civilized vs barbarians
la Tene cvilization
500 BC interior europe
tribe people with aristocracy, hill forts, metal working, money and wheel pottery.
Barbarian lifestyle
agricultural, no towns and lose government. Illiterate
De Balo Gallico
51 BC Caesar’s account of Germany through his campaign. Culture primitive to Celts, metal working, no money, no professional priesthood, human sacrifice. Farmers who lived in hamlets, mixed farmers (grains and animals). Bogs sacred spaces. Iron poor, main weapon was the spear, main tactic was the mass charge. Loose government. Did have war assembly. Good government meant they were good at war. War chiefs, but lead by committees. Basis of society was family which formed clans, dictating place in society.
Danube Frontier
Established by August to keep barbarians out of Balkans so they went to Germany and Holland
terra sigillata
luxury good found in Barbarian assemblages= barbarians like Roman consumerism
Tacitus’s “Germanic”
98 AD
Germans and Romans traded (Germans trade cows and slaves for Roman goods), stated electing one or two leaders in time of war (comitatus), war band consolidated, increased warfare between Germans.
Basic unit of Roman economy
A city and its hinterlands, agriculture. Food united the unit- land transport expensive. City center of government.
Ancient manufacture
Ephemeral (mud, wood, fibers)
Main source of power
man power, had oxen (slow) and horse
transportation
primarily foot. Ships too, but kept shore in signt and docked for the night
Ancient diet
wheat, barely, spealt and wine
Coastal planes
Ancient world limited to these spaces. Dotted with cities.
Rome
about 1 mil people, 10x bigger than competator, had to use entirely of Med world to feed its people
Trade
primarily local, increased under Romans once they eliminated piracy, had no limitations on trade and Augustus started trade with India. Mast trade limited to city and its hinterlands.
Merchants
supplied luxury goods
tried to shed trade as soon as possible to move up socially
Romanization
Spread of Roman culture to provinces, limited to west (divided into coast and interior). Occurred within elites. Disarmed new provinces, built roads, formed basis of new economies (province economy to support roman camps). two intersection streets with a form.
Gladiators
Not sure where it came from (funeral games or campiania). put on by aristocracy to curry favor with the populus. Slaves or free people who enroled in gladiator schools. Had to take special oath. First slaughter of exotic animals then gladiators in the afternoon.
Reigns of Hadrian and Pius
Peaceful on the frontier. beneficial ideology in action. Added equestrians to proconsul posts
Marcus Aurilius
161-180 Adopted by Pius sent adopted brother Lucius Varius to Parthains in East 166 Danube frontier collapsed dies on frontier
Audius Cecsius
invades Parthia in 164, annexes and defeats them in Northern Mesopotamia in 166
Soldiers brought back plague
Danubian Frontier collapse
166
Lack of soldiers? empty villages? people displaced by goths? Marcomanni Quadi and Sarmatians come over the Danube.
170 Germans penetrate Greece
Commodus
176-192 Aurelius's son trained as gladiator and animal killer not good government 192 Preatorian Perfect Laetus assassinates him
Pertinax
Emperor after Commodus
reformer
Killed by Praetorian Guard
Didius Jullius
Emperor after Perinax. Buys title
Civil War of 193
193-197
Septimus Severius marched on Rhine and claimed to be adopted by Auriuilus.
Fought Gauis Niger in East and killed him in 194 at Antioch.
Fought Albinus 197 at the battle of Lugdunum and won. Executed senators who supported his rivals
Septimus Severius
193-211
Civil War with Gauis Niger and Albinus.
197 war with Parthia and reannexes N Mesopotamia
Says emperor above he law because he makes the law
Popular politician (judges give equal treatment to poor and rich, increases army, promotions for legionaries, right to marry in service, raise pay and retirement). 211 died in Britain trying to put down revolt and conciliate his sons, Caracalla and Geta.
Rome in the 3rd Century
Decline Severius's army reforms made the army more attractive and a force unto itself, giving it more power Frontiers become more dangerous Plauges No emperor able to start dynasty after Severus 27 convincing emperors 16 died first After 268 emperors were Balkan generals Debased currency Inflation (worst in frontiers) Created bureaucracy Population falls Countryside abandoned
Caracalla
198-217
Killed brother Geta in 212
Granted everyone in empire citizenship
Assisinated in 217 by Preatorian Prefect Macrinus
Macrinus
217-218
Murdered Caracalla, became emperor, then murdered himself
Elagabalus
218-222 Bastard son of Caracalla From east hereditary preist of Baal Emesa 15 years old Preatorian Perfect killed him 222
Severus Alexander
222-35
Other bastard son
Julia Measa pretty much ran the empire
Maziminus Thrax
Emperor following Sverus Alexander
born peasant
Gordian I, II and III
I and II proclaimed emperor in North Africa
III named by senate, but died before successful march on Rome
2 unnamed emperors
During Gordian debacle
both acknowledged by senate
Philip the Arab
244-46
followed Gordian
Decius
249-51
Tribonian
followed Decius
Aemilius Aemilians
Ousted and killed Tribonian then killed by his own soldiers
Valerian
251-3
fought Persians
Galienus
251-20
Son of Valerian
fractured empire
Sassanids
New Persian dynasty in 226
Overthrew Parthians, revived Zoroastrianism
Claimed Asia Minor, Jerusalem and Egypt
Alamanni
Tribes of Sout hEast Germay
Barracks Room Emperors
286 From upper Balkans fruit of Septimus Severius's democratized army These emperors could not control army The government become the dominate Fought against Barbarians
Munera
Gifts to towns from upper class. Displaced decurions, forcing the office to become an inherited possition
Gladius Gothicus
Defeated the goths and drove them from the Balkans in the 260’s
Aurelian
25
withdrew from Dacia to better protect the Balkans
Ended independent state of the Gauls and Palmyra
Probus
277
Drove barbarians from Gual and Balkans
restored government unity
Diocleation
384-305 Couldn't trust army run away inflation barbarian threat reorganized Roman empire Ruled from Nicodemia Instituted Tetrachy makes military service hereditary and draft military state land asses in jugum (what it produced) Estimated a budget Failed 302 price controls Tied peasants to land Created state workshops for army and state goods
First Tetrarchy
Domitian (East) and Maximian (West)
Galerius (East) and Constantus (West)
bureaucratic state divided into 100 provinces and 12 dioceses
Battle of the Milvian Bridge
312 Constantine vs. Maxentius
Constantine becomes emperor of West
Licinius
Emperor of East
First War with Licinius
316
Ends in Peace agreement
Second War with Licinius
324
Constantine reunited the empire
rebuilds Byzantium as Constantinopal
Council of Nicea
325
Constantine army reforms
Divides troops into comentatus and liminiati
masters of foot and horse
Constantine moral legislation
326
no concubines for married men
women limited in divorce
Julian
Constantius' caesar Emperor 360 Stripped church of privilege reopened temples proposed pagan priesthood 363 campaign against Persia
Jovian
followed Julian
Valentinian
Co-emperor with Valens
previously peasants
tried to lighten their burden
Battle of Adrianople
378
Valens versus the Visigoths
