Test I Flashcards
What is ataxia?
Lack of motor coordinated movement that is due to damage to the nervous system (cerebellar dysfunction).
Vestibulocerebellum Lesion what are the results?
In inability to coordinate eye and head movement, postural sway, delayed equilibrium response and postural tremors.
Spinocerebellum Lesion what are the results?
hypotonia
disruption of rhythmic walking
the precision of voluntary movement
Anterior Lobe of the Cerebellum Lesion what are the results?
disorder of gait
loss of balance
Cerebellum or posterior lobes lesion what are the results?
loss of motor control, perceptual and cognitive tasks, trouble with movement and timing.
What is Asthenia?
General weakness
What is dysdiadochokinesia?
inability to perform rapid alternating movement. Become a slow without rhythm or consistency.
Gait Distubrance what is it?
Wide/staggering without typical arm swing, uneven step length, feet lifted higher than usual, loss of adaptation in change in terrain.
Crystalized Intelligence
knowledge and skills accumulated over a lifetime
Fluid Intelligence
ability to reason and make sense of abstract information (make new assumptions)
Frontal Lobe
higher level of cognitive processing, control of emotions, and behaviors. Personality damage can change temperament, and character of a person. Slow processing of information, lack of judgement, withdrawal, irritability, lack of inhibition and apathy.
Right Hemisphere Syndrome
inability to orient the body with external space and generate an appropriate motor response. Hemineglect: does to respond to stimuli or the environment on the left side of the body Loss of the inability to draw 2 and 3 dimensional objects Spatial disorientation (lost in familiar areas).
Language deficits are often associated with ___hemisphere
left
Dysarthria
disturbance in articulation, disorder of speech (Mechanical act of uttering words)
Anarthria
the lack of the ability to produce speech (speech disorder)
Expressive Aphasia
disorder of language, a deficit in speech production or language output accompanied by a deficit in communication (ex; words are not appropriate to what they attended)
Alexia
inability to read. (L occipital lobe and the corpus callosum)
Agraphia
inability to write
Apraxia
an acquired disorder of skilled purposeful movement that is no a result of paresis, akinesia, ataxia, sensory loss, or comprehension.
Ideomotor Apraxia
inability to carry motor act verbal command
Ideational Apraxia
failure to perform a sequential act even each of the act can be performed individually.
Agnosia
inability to recognize objects, lesion of the sensory cortices.
Hyperarousal
restlessness, agitation, or delirium
Hypoarousal
drowsiness to stupor/coma
Coma
unarousable/unresponsive
Stupor
takes vigorous stimulation to arouse
Persistent Vegetative State (PVS
– damage to the cerebral cortex where link to the brainstem is destroyed. Mentation is absent even with random movements.
Locked in Syndrome
– damage to the pons with no mental deficits by an inability to move anything but the eyes.
Brain Death
destruction of both upper and lower parts of the reticular information in the brain stem.
Consciousness: Attention
Attention is the primary step in the memory process, integral in learning.
Focused Attention
– respond to different stimuli, physical and mental components, good posture or body orientation.
Sustained Attention
vigilance, attend for a long time (associated with R hemisphere). (cutting vegetables for long time)
Selective Attention
activating and inhibiting responses selectively (hearing your name in the busy mall)
Alternating Attention
alternating between mental tasks (Cooking dinner)
Divided Attention
do several things at once (taking on the phone and washing the dishes).
Memory Problems
Memory is how an individual encodes, stores, and retrieves information that require input from the environment, change in CNS, maintenance of that change and an output (behavior).
Working Memory
Holding a though while performing a different cognitive task
Declarative Memory
the ability to retain information, facts, past experiences.
Procedural Memory
learning skills and habits of something that is done (riding a bike).
Double Vision
occurs when eyes are not in alignment and the image falls on the fovea in one eye (caused by oculomotor dysfunction) and on an extrafoveal location on the other eye, perceived two images. Can be resolved with monocular vision (cover one eye) if neurological. Individual might adapt a abnormal head posture to compensate.
Saccades
jumping from item to another item
Diplopia Assessing
convergence and ocular motor range of motion/ocular mobility (TEST – Cover-Uncover Test) used to evoke a fixation eye movement
Intervention for Diplopia
- Fully occlusion over one eye (wear a path)
- Partial Occlusion – tape placed on individual’s glasses, blurs central vision of the partially occluded eye stopping double vision or opaque tape to the nasal field of one eye (non-dominant eye)
- Optical aides – prisms
- Eye exercises – convergence (crossing the eyes).
What is the normal vision field?
Normal visual field 65 degrees upward, 75 degrees downward, 60 degrees inward, and 95 degrees outward when the eye is in forward gaze position
Hemianopsia, Hemianopia, Hemiopia
half blind, loss of half the vision in both eyes
Homonymus
visual field impairment is common after ABI (acquired brain injury), 40% with spontaneous 3 months recovery- if not possible they will likely have to live with the deficit
Screen for Hemianopsia ?
– Confrontation Test (important to differentiate between hemianopsia and neglect, they can occur together and separate).
Interventions for Hemianopsia?
- Saccadic training – training people to make broader searches, large scale eye movements towards the blind hemifield, small scale eye movements with the goal of improving reading.
- Reading – use a ruler to keep track of line
- Strengthening the person’s attention to the blind hemifield, improving the ability to direct gaze movement towards the involved side
- Exploring the involved side more efficiently
- Improving saccadic exploration towards blind hemifield
- Prisms
Visuospatial Impairments
Visuospatial Impairments are the most common impairments observed after stroke, high as 38%.
This could cause; difficulty reaching for objects, feelings that one’s arms were too short, not being able to figure out how to get one’s body into a car, feeling unsafe, familiar objects not being unfamiliar, difficulty finding everyday objects, and difficulties with w/c maneuvering.
Assessment for Visuospatial impairment consist of?
The Motor Free Visual Perception Test (MVPT) – Scores 0-36 with scores less than or equal to 30 indicate poor vision and more then 30 indicate good visual perception.
The Arnadottir OT – ADL (A-ONE) – Effects of spatial impairments on daily living tasks such as mobility, feeding, grooming, and dressing.
Spatial Relations
The ability to process and interpret visual information about where objects are in space, relating objects to each other and self.
Spatial Relations: Assessment?
Cross test
copy 2 dimensional design, place item in certain orientation.
Spatial Relations: Intervention Restorative?
- Retrieve objects by verbally request ‘get the brush on top of the dresser behind the picture frame’
- Have client place items around room, then back to starting spot verbalize where all the times are located, then gather items.
- Use tactile-kinesthetic guiding
- Use landmarks for location to orient self
Spatial Relations: Intervention Adaptive?
Necessary items are in a consistent space
Mark drawers, cabinets.. where key items are.
Depth Perception
The process of the visual system that interpret depth information from a viewed scene and build 3-dimensional understanding of the scene.
Depth Perception: Assessment
Functional tasks
Ask client to grab pen off table or out of your hand, pour a glass of water.
Need to rule out apraxia, hand eye coordination, ataxia, and visual acuity.
Stand 20 feet away from 3 signs, which is closest/furthest
Depth Perception: Interventions?
Intervention: Restorative – provide tactile-kinesthetic guiding during task – feel the depth, distance, and size during functional tasks
Adaptive: adapt environment – bright tape at edges, use intact sensory system, verbal cueing specially if safety concern, educate client and family.
