Test Deck Flashcards

1
Q

“In 1492 around __________ Indians lived in North America.”

A

“In 1492 around eight million Indians lived in North America.”

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2
Q

Which gigantic mammals in North America do archaeologists believe were killed off by the earliest humans?

A
  • Wooly mammoths and mastodons
  • Eight-foot lions
  • Giant sloths taller than giraffes
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3
Q

Which reasons did natives use fire in North America?

A
  • To stampede buffalo
  • To flush lizards from the ground in the grasslands
  • To encourage wild blueberries and sunflowers to grow
  • To drive off hordes of mosquitos
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4
Q

In fact, we might say that the motto of North America in 1492 was the opposite of E pluribus unum: __________.

A

In fact, we might say that the motto of North America in 1492 was the opposite of E pluribus unum. Out of many people, one.

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5
Q

“A flock of geese setting out from the western Arctic will spy Inuit bands chasing whales in __________—open boats made from walrus skins stretched over driftwood.”

A

“A flock of geese setting out from the western Arctic will spy Inuit bands chasing whales in umiaks—open boats made from walrus skins stretched over driftwood.”

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6
Q

What skill did the Inuit women develop?

A

“Inuit women have developed the skill of sewing seal gut and fish skin to make clothing that fits the body more closely and is thus warmer for those living in such wintry lands.”

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7
Q

Natives in the Willamette River Valley made sticks into a line to trap which creatures?

A

“Indians mend a fish trap—a line of sticks pounded into the river bottom along a rapids. Salmon swimming upstream can make their way though only a few openings, and there they are caught in woven baskets.”

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8
Q

What did the Hohokam people create 600 miles of which construction?

A

“In the centuries after AD 300, the Hohokam people dug six hundred miles of canals, some over city feet wide, to bring water to the beans, squash, and corn they grew.”

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9
Q

Name the division of social ranks among the Natchez.

A
  • King (known as the Great Sun)
  • His relatives (Little Suns)
  • Nobles (Honored People)
  • Lowest of all (Stinkards)
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10
Q

“This people called themselves the Mexica, though in later years the Spanish referred to them as __________.”

A

“This people called themselves the Mexica, though in later years the Spanish referred to them as Aztecs.”

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11
Q

List the features of Tenochtitlán.

A
  • Marketplaces with goods from thousands of miles away
  • Museum gardens filled with exotic plants
  • Aqueducts bringing drinking water to the city from the mountains miles away
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12
Q

“Archaeologists have made it their business to __________. Their detective work has been truly astonishing, with new knowledge gained every year.”

A

“Archaeologists have made it their business to discover what happened before there was any written history. Their detective work has been truly astonishing, with new knowledge gained every year.”

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13
Q

“Still, later European settlers reported immense numbers of wild animals in America. Virginia rivers were so full of fish that __________ as English colonists trotted in the shallows.”

A

“Still, later European settlers reported immense numbers of wild animals in America. Virginia rivers were so full of fish that the hooves of horses killed them as English colonists trotted in the shallows.”

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14
Q

Which two Americans invented the idea for blue jeans?

A

“In modern America, for example, many people wear blue jeans, pants held together by rivets. That’s a custom; and it has a history. Actually, two Americans, Levi Strauss and David Jacobs, thought of the idea in 1873.”

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15
Q

What could birds see if they flew over the Sonoran desert in present-day Arizona?

A

“The birds in 1492 can still see the remains of the canals…”

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16
Q

“__________ peoples from the north of Asia were attacking China, drawing the emperors’ attention elsewhere”

A

“Mongol peoples from the north of Asia were attacking China, drawing the emperors’ attention elsewhere”

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17
Q

“Even as traders made their way along the Silk Road, China launched a great fleet of trading ships that took seven voyages across the Indian Ocean, as far as __________ and the coast of __________.”

A

“Even as traders made their way along the Silk Road, China launched a great fleet of trading ships that took seven voyages across the Indian Ocean, as far as Madagascar and the coast of East Africa.”

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18
Q

“Cortés heard rumors of rich empires yet undiscovered. In 1519 he and about six hundred followers marched toward the seven-thousand-foot-high plateau and the Valley of Mexico. The empire he was seeking, of course, was that of the Mexica, or Aztetcs, whose capital lay on the glittering island-city of __________.”

A

Tenochtitlán

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19
Q

“The Mexica worshiped a god named __________, whose job, according to sacred teachings, was nothing less than to sustain the life of the sun.”

A

Huitzilopochtli

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20
Q

“Thousands upon thousands of Indians lived along the route and one of the nations, __________, fought Cortés bitterly. But then __________’s rulers decided to help rather than to oppose the Spanish.”

A

“Thousands upon thousands of Indians lived along the route and one of the nations, Tlaxcala, fought Cortés bitterly. But then Tlaxcala’s rulers decided to help rather than to oppose the Spanish.”

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21
Q

Which of the following did the Mexica do to their other peoples for their god?

A
  • They forced the peoples they conquered to send three or four thousand people a year.
  • They sacrificed them atop sacred pyramids.
  • Priests cut open prisoners’ chests in order to offer beating hearts and save the sun.
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22
Q

“__________ dropped anchor along the California coast in 1429.”

A

“Admiral Zheng He dropped anchor along the California coast in 1429”

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23
Q

“Admiral Zheng He dropped anchor along the __________ coast in 1429”

A

“Admiral Zheng He dropped anchor along the California coast in 1429”

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24
Q

“Admiral Zheng He dropped anchor along the California coast in __________”

A

“Admiral Zheng He dropped anchor along the California coast in 1429”

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25
Q

Who was the minor officer who arrested Balboa before going on to conquer another civilization in South America, the Inca empire?

A

“And the minor officer who arrested Balboa—Francisco Pizarro—went on to conquer another civilization in South America, the Inca empire.”

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26
Q

Who was the emperor of the Mexica during the visit of the conquistadors?

A

“The emperor of the Mexica then was Moctezuma.”

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27
Q

Which conquistador marched with about six hundred followers toward the seven-thousand-foot-high plateau and the Valley of Mexico?

A

“In 1519, Hernán Cortés and about six hundred followers marched toward the seven-thousand-foot-high plateau and the Valley of Mexico.”

28
Q

Which conquistador got himself loaded onto a ship in a barrel with his stout dog named Leoncico?

A

“Vasco Núñez de Balboa got himself loaded onto a ship in a barrel, he also smuggled aboard his most valuable possession, a stout dog with reddish fur and a black nose named Leoncico.”

29
Q

Which of the following did King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella have arrested and sent home in chains?

A

“King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella had Columbus arrested and sent home in chains.”

30
Q

Which of the following people told the explorers about a kingdom along the coast of “the other sea” where people drank from goblets of solid gold?

A

“Panquiaco angrily knocked over the scales and said, “If you are so hungry for gold that you leave your lands to cause strife in those of others, I will show you a province where you can quell this hunger.” There was a kingdom along the coast of “the other sea,” he reported, where people drank from goblets of solid gold.”

31
Q

Who first sailed across the Pacific and circle the globe by way of India and Africa?

A

“Several years later, Ferdinand Magellan crossed the Pacific’s wide waters. His ships became the first to circle the globe, sailing home by way of India and Africa.”

32
Q

What was Cortes’s plan to conquer the capital city?

A

“But Cortés doubled the stakes by making Moctezuma a hostage in his own city.”

33
Q

What title did Christopher Columbus call himself?

A

“‘Admiral of the Ocean Sea,’ he called himself, but they didn’t completely trust him.”

34
Q

What were the names of the ships that sailed west in the late summer and autumn of 1492?

A

“For five weeks in the late summer and autumn of 1492 the Niña, Pinta, and Santa Maria had sailed west across the Atlantic.”

35
Q

“The son of a __________, Columbus had chosen the life of the sea instead of following his father’s trade.”

A

“The son of a weaver, Columbus had chosen the life of the sea instead of following his father’s trade.”

36
Q

“Admiral Cristoforo Colombo came from the __________ port of Genoa.”

A

“Admiral Cristoforo Colombo came from the Italian port of Genoa.”

37
Q

“Columbus eagerly devoured tales of fan Italian trader named __________.”

A

“Columbus eagerly devoured tales of fan Italian trader named Marco Polo.”

38
Q

Columbus took his sailing route ideas to Spain, ruled by King __________ and Queen __________.

A

“Columbus next took his ideas to Spain, ruled by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella.”

39
Q

In August 1492, Columbus sailed south first, to __________ off the coast of Africa.

A

The Canary Islands

40
Q

Marco Polo had spoken of a prosperous island named Cipangu, which we call __________.

A

“Marco Polo had spoken of a prosperous island named Cipangu (we call it Japan).”

41
Q

“In 1488 __________ had sailed around Africa’s southern tip into the Indian Ocean.”

A

“In 1488 Bartolomeu Dias had sailed around Africa’s southern tip into the Indian Ocean.”

42
Q

Columbus traveled south along the coast of Africa where the Portuguese were finding what?

A
  • Gold
  • Ivory
  • Slaves
43
Q

Around how many natives lived in North America in 1492?

A

“In 1492 around eight million Indians lived in North America.”

44
Q

Which gigantic mammals in North America do archaeologists believe were killed off by the earliest humans?

A
  • Wooly mammoths and mastodons
  • Eight-foot lions
  • Giant sloths taller than giraffes
45
Q

Columbus commented that the __________ “were as different from ours as day from night.”

A

“The trees in America ‘were as different from outs as day from night,’ commented Columbus.”

46
Q

American Indians were astonished by the strange __________ and __________ Europeans brought with them.”

A

“American Indians were astonished by the strange horses and dogs Europeans brought with them.”

47
Q

Which foods did colonists not bring with them from Europe to the Americas?

A

“Colonists brought with them lemons, oranges, bananas, and figs from Africa; melons, radishes, and onions from Europe.”

48
Q

Which of the following did the Spaniards bring home to the other half of the world, influencing modern Italian cooking?

A

“Modern Italian cooking could hardly exist without the tomato, an American fruit.”

49
Q

Spaniards brought home __________ that Indians grew in the highlands of the Andes Mountains.

A

“Spaniards brought home white potatoes that Indians grew in the highlands of the Andes Mountains. By the 1800s the Irish depended so much on the crop…”

50
Q

The Indians who first raised __________ five thousand years ago called it teosinte, and at that time an ear grew only as big as a man’s finger.

A

“The Indians who first raised corn five thousand years ago called it teosinte, and at that time an ear grew only as big as a man’s finger.”

51
Q

Which black conquistador was with Cortés at Tenochtitlán and became the first “to plant and harvest wheat” there?

A

Juan Garrido

52
Q

Who “marched into the southwest, where he and his men became the first Europeans to see the Grand Canyon,” venturing “across the Plains … with nearly 3000 soldiers, women, slaves, and Indian allies, making war as he went” yet returned to Mexico “badly injured and bankrupt”?

A

Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

53
Q

Who fell ill, wracked by a cough and burning fever, soon after arriving in Central America, with sores appearing all over his body?

A

Francisco de Eguia

54
Q

Who “led several expeditions to Florida” but “was driven away by a hail of arrows,” eventually dying from a wound inflicted by a poisoned arrow?

A

Juan Ponce de León

55
Q

Who was one of the four men who survived the expedition to Florida and the expedition’s treasurer?

A

Cabeza de Vaca

56
Q

To whom did Emperor Charles promise territory, another adventurer who set out on a treasure hunt filled with hardships and battles?

A

Hernando de Soto

57
Q

Who canoed down much of the Mississippi River in 1682, all the way to the Gulf of Mexico?

A

La Salle

58
Q

Why were regions of the ocean known as the “horse latitudes”?

A
  • The fierce heat could kill the poor animals in their dark, stuffy quarters
  • The frightened stallions might rear
  • The horses could raise havoc belowdecks if not hoisted off the ground
59
Q

What were also transported as the conquistadors’ “insurance policy against starvation”?

A

“European pigs were also transported as the conquistadors’ insurance policy against starvation.”

60
Q

By 1520, which disease affected the American Indians but had Europeans developed immunity after it had tormented them for centuries?

A

“They were caused by smallpox, a disease that had tormented Europeans for centuries. By 1520 most Europeans were able to resist it to some degree because their bodies had been exposed to the germs for so many years. They had developed an immunity.”

61
Q

By 1600, __________ epidemics had spread through Central America; at least __________ swept South America.

A

“By 1600, fourteen epidemics had spread through Central America; at least seventeen swept South America.”

62
Q

Which of the following diseases do historians and archaeologists not believe contributed to the death toll of the American Indians of the colonial ages?

A

“But European diseases such as measles, typhoid fever, influenza, diphtheria, and mumps, together with the wars of the conquistadors, seem to have killed anywhere from 50 to 90 million people in Central and South America.”

63
Q

For nearly six years, Narváez’s men were slaves to the local Indians, forced to do the following …

A
  • Dig up roots
  • Haul water
  • Tend the smoke fires to keep off mosquitoes
64
Q

Which would accurately describe Cabeza de Vaca and his friends?

A
  • They escaped Indian enslavement and began hiking across Texas
  • They occasionally tended sick Indians
  • They were called holy medicine men and “children of the sun” by the Indians
  • Hundreds, even thousands, of Indians sometimes escorted them on their journey
  • They hiked for three years across Texas, over the mountains, eventually nearing the Pacific Ocean
  • They had a vision—to bring together Spaniards and Indians to farm and live peacefully
65
Q

After “North America had defeated Europeans” in 1542, between which two explorers had there been a 140 year silence in North American exploration?

A

“In that year the French explorer La Salle canoed down much of the Mississippi River, all the way to the Gulf of Mexico. 1542 to 1682—think about those 140 years between de Soto and La Salle.”

66
Q

Historians believe that the Americas had become a new world, transformed by all of the following …

A

“The Americas had become a new world, transformed by wars of conquest, germs of smallpox, and the seeds of dandelions, melons, onions, and oranges.”