Test Construction Flashcards
What is the main purpose of random assignment in experimental research?
Helps ensure that any observed differences between groups on the dependent variable are actually due to the effects of the independent variable
What distinguishes true experimental research from quasi-experimental research?
True experimental research provides the necessary control over the experimental conditions to conclude about the dependent variable.
What is a key characteristic of experimental research?
The ability to control variables.
Fill in the blank: Experimental research is classified as _______ or quasi-experimental.
true experimental
True or False: In true experimental research, the investigator is not able to control the experimental conditions.
False
What does variability in an independent variable affect?
The observed variability in the dependent variable.
What is the term used for the process of assigning subjects to groups in research?
Randomization
What is the role of control in experimental research?
To conclude that the observed variability in the dependent variable is due to the experimental conditions.
What are the two types of experimental research mentioned?
- True experimental
- Quasi-experimental
What is the primary focus of quasi-experimental research?
Investigating the effects of an independent variable on a dependent variable without random assignment of subjects.
In quasi-experimental research, how are subjects assigned to treatment groups?
Subjects are not randomly assigned; instead, they are assigned based on existing groups or characteristics.
What is a key limitation of quasi-experimental research?
It cannot definitively establish causation due to potential confounding factors.
Fill in the blank: Quasi-experimental research lacks _______ of subjects to treatment groups.
[random assignment]
True or False: Quasi-experimental research can provide strong evidence for causal relationships.
False
What must a researcher do to maximize the results of a study?
Ensure the sample is representative of the population in terms of relevant characteristics.
What is the role of confounding factors in quasi-experimental research?
They can obscure the true relationship between the independent and dependent variables.
In a study where one school is used as an experimental group, what type of research is being conducted?
Quasi-experimental research.
What is the main difference between experimental and quasi-experimental research?
Experimental research uses random assignment, while quasi-experimental does not.
Fill in the blank: A representative sample must reflect the population of _______ relevant to the research study.
[interest]
What is meant by ‘non-experimental research’?
Research that observes the effects of an independent variable without manipulation.
What does the term ‘independent variable’ refer to in research?
The variable that is manipulated or varied by the researcher.
What is a dependent variable?
The variable that is measured to assess the effect of the independent variable.
What is the first step in planning a research study?
Specify the population of interest
This is crucial for generalizability of study results.
Why must the sample be representative of the population?
To generalize the study’s results to the population
If the sample differs significantly, results may not apply.
What is probability sampling?
A method used in quantitative research to select a sample
It ensures that every member of the population has a chance to be included.
What is Simple Random Sampling?
A method where every member has an equal chance of being selected
Selection of one member does not affect another.
What is the advantage of random sampling?
Reduces the probability of sample bias
This is especially true with larger sample sizes.
What is Stratified Random Sampling?
A method that ensures each stratum is represented in the sample
It divides the population into strata based on characteristics relevant to the research.
What are typical strata used in Stratified Random Sampling?
- Gender
- Age
- Education level
- Socioeconomic status (SES)
- Racial, ethnic, or cultural background
These strata help ensure diversity in the sample.
Cluster Sampling:
Cluster Sampling
-Uses simple or stratified random sampling to select units (clusters) of individuals rather than individuals and either including all individuals in the selected units in the research study or randomly selecting individuals
from each unit (the latter technique is called multistage cluster sampling).
