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Biology Evolution > Test concepts > Flashcards

Test concepts Flashcards

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0
Q

5 principles of natural selection

A

1] variation exists within population
2] some variations favor the survival of an organism
3] overpopulation leads to competition
4] survivors may pass down favorable traits
5] long period of time allow for small changes to accumulate & contribute to survival adaptation

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1
Q

Charles Darwin + his voyage

A

English naturalist that proposed the theory of natural selection

His voyage on the HMS Beagle to the Galápagos Islands suggested that species were related but varied differently after being isolated on different islands

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2
Q

Principle of use/disuse

A

States that the part that is used more is more accentuated and the part not used becomes less defined and may ultimately disappear

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3
Q

Catasrophism

A

Sudden death of certain species from a natural disaster and new species move in

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4
Q

Lamarck

A

Parts adapt to suit their circumstances and in then pass those certain adaptations down to their offspring
- wrong because there is not a 100% chance they will pass down the trait

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5
Q

Fossil record

A

Collective record of the earths organisms

- showed how certain organisms and structures changed over time

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6
Q

Major influences on Darwin

A
  • Lyell- principles of geology
  • Malthus- essay on human population
  • Voyage on HMS Beagle
  • Collected specimens/domestic breeding
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7
Q

Lamarck’s idea of inheritance of acquired traits

A

Species will adapt and then pass on those traits to their offspring

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8
Q

B/w theory and hypothesis

A

Theory- collection of proven hypothesis

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9
Q

Micro evolution

A

Changes/varieties within a given type

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10
Q

Macro evolution

A

Evolutionary change on a grand scale

- apes to humans

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11
Q

Biogeography

A

Distribution of modern organisms and fossils support descent with modification

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12
Q

Anatomy

A

Studies of structures after birth

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13
Q

Homologous structures

A

Different organisms share similar body parts/structures of a common ancestor

Results from DE

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14
Q

Divergent evolution

A

Individuals of a certain species may respond in different ways to selective environmental pressures causing then to vary in natural selection

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15
Q

Analogous structures

A

Similar structures in organisms that had a different ancestry
- result if CE

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16
Q

Convergent evolution

A

Unrelated ancestral lines exhibit similar evolutionary changes caused by environmental selective pressures
- results in similar body plans/structures

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17
Q

Vestigial structures

A

Organs that don’t have an fund took in an organism but did have function in that organism’s ancestors

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18
Q

Taxonomic levels

A 
KINGDOM
PHYLUM
CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES
19
Q

Artificial selection

A

Selective breeding

If done consistently the individual Witt the favored traits will eventually outnumber the others

20
Q

Prezygotic isolating mechanisms

A

Prevent formation of a zygote

21
Q

Temporal isolation

A

Species have different breeding seasons

22
Q

Geographic isolation

A

Species physically separated

- no opportunity to hybrid

23
Q

Ecological isolation

A

2 species in the same area but different portions of habitats
- do not encounter each other

24
Q

Behavioral isolation

A

Courtship and mating rituals differ and keep species distinct

25
Q

Mechanical isolation

A

Structural differences prevent mating

26
Q

Gamete incompatibility

A

Union of gametes may be prevented

- if gametes fail to attract one another or function properly

27
Q

Postzygotic isolating mechanisms

A

Prevent proper development of functioning of zygotes after they are formed

28
Q

Post IMechanisms

A
  • developmental problems
  • reduced fitness
  • reduced fertility
29
Q

5 assumptions for hardy Weinburg

A
  • no mutation
  • no input of new alleles
  • large population size [100]
  • random mating
  • no natural selection
30
Q

Hardy Weinberg

A

P+Q=1 then (p+q)^2 = p^2 +2pq + q^2

31
Q

Directional selection

A

Selection against one phenotypic extreme

32
Q

Stabilizing election

A

Selection against both phenotypic extremes

•most common type of selection b/c it is associated w/ the adaption to the environment

33
Q

Disruptive selection

A

Selection for both phenotypic extreme
•most responsible for divergent evolution
•process that leads to speciation

34
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

When an event or a catastrophe drastically reduces the # of organisms in a population
•variations and allele frequency may be reduced
•severe reduction in total genetic diversity of the original gene pool

35
Q

Founder effect

A

Combinations of alleles occur at a higher frequency in a population that has been isolated from a large population

36
Q

Gradualism

A 
Slow steady change over time 
      /
    /
  /
/
37
Q

Punctuated equilibrium

A

Steady periods w/ great changes
[natural catastrophe]

   \_\_\_
  |  \_\_\_ |
38
Q

Hominid characteristics

A 
•bipedal [foramen magnum]
•skull attaches inferiorly 
     -spinal cord is more curved and exits from the bottom of the skull
•broader bowl-shaped pelvis
•lower limbs are longer than the upper limbs
•spine S-shaped 
•femur angled in
•absent sagital crest
•high cranial capacity
•small canine teeth
•absent brow ridge
39
Q

Pongid characteristics

A 
•evolved walking knuckle-walking
•spinal cord exits posteriorly
  -skull attaches posteriorly 
•long narrow pelvis
•upper and lower limbs both bear the body's weight 
•walk on all fours 
•spine slightly surged 
•very prominent sagital crest
•lower cranial capacity
•large canine teeth
•prominent brow ridge
Tetrapods [foramen magnum]
40
Q

Mutualism

A

Both organisms benefit

41
Q

Commensalism

A

One organism benefits

One organism is unaffected

42
Q

Parasitism

A

One organism benefits

One organism is harmed

43
Q

Predation

A

One organism benefits

One organism is killed

44
Q

Timeline of human evolution

A
A
R
hE
H
nC
S
A 
A. Afarensis
A. Africanus
H. Rudolfensis  -  H. Habilis
H. Erectus
H. Heidelborgensis
H. Sapien cromagnum
       - H. Neanderthal
H. Sapien Sapien

Biology Evolution (1 decks)

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