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anat upper limb > test > Flashcards

test Flashcards

1
Q

With regards to the brachial plexus:

a. List the roots of the brachial plexus (½ mark)

A

anterior rami oF c5-c8 and most of T1

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2
Q

With regards to the brachial plexus:
b. Name the branches that originate from the roots and also state which muscles
they innervate (2½ marks)

A

DORSAL scapular nerve - rhomboid major and minor from their deep sufaces
long thoracic nerve- serratus anterior muscle

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3
Q

With regards to the brachial plexus:
c. The improper use of a crutch could cause axillary nerve injury. State
the muscles that are paralysed in this injury and the muscle function(s) that
will be mainly hindered. (2½ marks)

A 
motor: deltoid ( Abductor of arm • Flexing the arm clavicular fibres  • Extending the arm (post fibres)
teres minor ( rotator cuff muscle lateral rotation of arm at glenohumeral joint )
sensory: skin over upper lateral part of arm
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4
Q

Tabulate the muscles that make up the posterior border of the axilla. Provide the
insertion, innervation as well as one action of each muscle. (8 marks)

A

• Posterior wall =Subscapularis- lesser tubercle of humerus -upper and lower subscapula nerves -rotator cuff muscle medial rotation of arm at glenohumeral joint
Teres major- medial lip of the interbercular sulcus on the anterior surface of humerus- low scapular nerve- , medial rotation and extention of the arm at the glenohumeral joint
Latissimus dorsi- floor of intertubercular sulcus- thoracodorsal nerve- adducion medial rotation and extention of the arm at the glenohumeral joint
Long head of triceps brachii- common tendon of insertion with medial and lateral heads of the olecranon process of ulna- radial nerve

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5
Q

a. List the branches of the medial cord of the brachial plexus. (2½ marks)

A

medial pectoral nerve
medial cutaneuos nerve of the arm (medial brachial cutaneous nerve)
medial cutaneuos nerve of the forearm (medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve)
the medial root of median nerve
ulnar nerve

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6
Q

b. “Winging” of the scapula is due to damage of the long thoracic nerve and is
characterized by elevation of the medial border and inferior angle of the scapula
away from the thoracic wall when pushing forward with the arm. Name the
muscle affected and give the root values of the long thoracic nerve. (1 mark)

A

serratus anterior muscle

c5-c7

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7
Q

QUESTION 1a
The axillary artery is subdivided into 3 parts by a muscle.
i. Name this muscle. (½ mark)
ii. Name the nerve that supplies this muscle. (½ mark)

A

pectoralis minor muscle

medial pectoral nerve

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8
Q

QUESTION 1a
The axillary artery is subdivided into 3 parts by a muscle.
iii. Name the branches of the axillary artery arising from each of the three parts.
(3 marks)

A

1st branch superior thoracic artery
2nd branch thoraco-acromial artery and lateral thoracic artery
3rd subscapular artery, posterior and anterior circumflex humeral artery

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9
Q

QUESTION 1b
i. Give the origin (be specific) and insertion site(s) of the biceps brachii muscle.
(1½ marks)
ii. Give the action/functions of biceps brachii. (1½ marks)

A

origin: long head- supraglenoid tubercle of scapula
short- apex of the coracoid process
insertion- tuberosity of the radius
action- powerful flexor of the forearm at the elbow joint and supinator of the forearm; accessory flexor of the arm at the glenohumeral joint

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10
Q

Describe the boundaries of the axilla. (5 marks)

A
  • Apex of the Axilla / Axillary inlet (± ▲):
  • Medial margin = Lateral border of rib 1
  • Anterior margin = Posterior surface of clavicle
  • Posterior margin = Superior border of the scapula up to the coracoid process

Anterior wall = Pectoralis major, Pectoralis minor, Subclavius ,Clavipectoral fascia
• Lateral wall= Intertubercular sulcus
• Medial wall = Upper thoracic wall, Serratus anterior muscle
• Posterior wall =Subscapularis, Teres major, Latissimus dorsi, Long head of triceps brachii
• Floor =Skin of armpit

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11
Q

The radial nerve could be damaged from a fracture to the shaft of the humerus or from
improper use of crutches. Give the motor and sensory distributions of the radial nerve.
(3 marks)

A 
radial nerve:
function motor : all muscles in the posterior compartments of the arm and forearm 
sensory: skin on the posterior aspects of the arm and forearm, the lower lateral surface of the arm, and the dorsal lateral surface of the arm
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12
Q

How does an injury to the axillary nerve differ from Erb’s palsy?

A

need to look up

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13
Q
  1. 1.
    a. Name the borders of the quadrangular space and the structures that form each of the borders
    b. Also list the structures that pass through this space (5 marks)
A

superior border: inferior margin of teres minor
inferior border: superior margin of teres major
lateral border: surgical neck of the humerus
medial border: lateral margin of long head of triceps

passes through axillary nerve, posterior circumflex humeral artery and vein

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14
Q 
2.2. Describe the axillary artery with regards to the position of each part and the
branches thereof (4.5 marks)
A

1st branch- proximal to pec minor superior thoracic artery
2nd branch - post to pec minor thoraco-acromial artery and lateral thoracic artery
3rd - distal to pec minor subscapular artery, posterior and anterior circumflex humeral artery

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15
Q

2.3. List the branches of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus (2.5 marks)

A 
axillary nerve
radial nerve 
superior subscapular nerve 
inferior subscapular nerve 
thoracodorsal nerve
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16
Q

select which are true
. Regarding the clavicle:
a. It is an irregular bone
b. The medial 2/3rd of the shaft is concave anteriorly
c. The acromial end is located medially
d. The sternal end is flattened supero-inferiorly
e. The superior surface is smooth

A

e. The superior surface is smooth

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17
Q

With regards to the coracobrachialis muscle:
a. It is in the posterior compartment of the arm
b. It originates (proximal attachment) from a linear roughening on the mid-shaft of the
humerus
c. It is a flexor of the forearm
d. It is innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve
e. It is mainly supplied by the profunda brachii artery

A

d. It is innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve

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18
Q
  1. With regards to the triangular space (posterior view):
    a. It is an area of transition between the axilla and the posterior scapular region
    b. It is bordered superiorly by the teres major
    c. The lateral margin is formed by the shaft of the humerus
    d. The circumflex scapular artery passes through this space
    e. The axillary nerve passes through this space
A

a. It is an area of transition between the axilla and the posterior scapular region
d. The circumflex scapular artery passes through this space

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19
Q
  1. Regarding the axilla:
    a. The lateral wall is formed by the coracoid process of the scapula
    b. The medial wall includes pectoralis minor
    c. The axillary inlet is bordered by bones
    d. The contents include the subclavian artery
    e. The roots of the brachial plexus are found within the axilla
A

c. The axillary inlet is bordered by bones

20
Q
  1. Regarding the radius:
    a) It is an irregular bone
    b) The proximal radio-ulnar joint allows supination and pronation
    c) The interosseous border is located medially
    d) It has a radial styloid process located proximally
    e) The radial head articulates with the capitulum of the humerus
A

b) The proximal radio-ulnar joint allows supination and pronation
c) The interosseous border is located medially
e) The radial head articulates with the capitulum of the humerus

21
Q
  1. Regarding the quadrangular space:
    a. The inferior border is formed by the inferior margin of teres major
    b. The surgical neck of the humerus forms the lateral border
    c. The radial nerve passes through this space
    d. The lateral margin of the long head of biceps brachii forms the medial border
    e. The posterior circumflex humeral artery passes through this space
A

b. The surgical neck of the humerus forms the lateral border
d. The lateral margin of the long head of biceps brachii forms the medial border
e. The posterior circumflex humeral artery passes through this space

22
Q

Cubital fossa

1. Discuss the borders

A

borders:
medial border: pronator teres
lateral border: brachioradialis
base: horsontal line between medial and lateral epicondyles
apex: prontator teres and brachioradialis
floor: brachialis
roof: skin, medial and lateral cutaneous nerves, , superficial facia, median cubital vein and bicepts brachi aponeurosis

23
Q

Cubital fossa
2. What is the clinical significance of the median cubital vein and brachial artery housed
within the cubital fossa?

A

brachial artery blood pressure

medial cubital vein - venipuncture

24
Q

contents of the cubital fossa

A

tendon of bicepts brachii muscle
brachial artery
median nerve

25
Q
  1. Regarding the cubital fossa:
    a. Brachioradialis muscle forms the medial border
    b. Pronator teres forms the lateral border
    c. The axillary artery is part of the contents
    d. Brachialis muscle forms the floor
    e. Median nerve is part of the contents
A

d. Brachialis muscle forms the floor

e. Median nerve is part of the contents

26
Q
  1. Brachialis:
    a. is innervated by the ulnar nerve
    b. inserts on the tuberosity of the ulna
    c. is a flexor of the forearm at the elbow joint
    d. forms the lateral border of the cubital fossa
    e. is an extensor of the forearm at the elbow joint
A

b. inserts on the tuberosity of the ulna

c. is a flexor of the forearm at the elbow joint

27
Q
  1. Concerning the cubital fossa:
    a. It is a triangular shaped transitional area between the arm and the forearm
    b. The lateral border is formed by the pronator teres muscle
    c. The medial border is formed by coracobrachialis muscle
    d. The content includes the ulnar nerve
    e. The median cubital vein forms part of the roof of the fossa
A

a. It is a triangular shaped transitional area between the arm and the forearm
e. The median cubital vein forms part of the roof of the fossa

28
Q
  1. Concerning the Cubital fossa:
    a) The content includes the ulna nerve
    b) The lateral border is formed by the pronator teres
    c) The median cubital vein is a content of the roof of the fossa
    d) The content includes the median nerve
    e) Brachialis forms the floor of the fossa
A

c) The median cubital vein is a content of the roof of the fossa

d) The content includes the median nerve
e) Brachialis forms the floor of the fossa

29
Q
  1. The cubital fossa is an important area of transition between the arm and forearm:
    a. the lateral margin of the cubital fossa is formed by the brachioradialis muscle
    b. the medial margin of the cubital fossa is formed by the pronator quadratus muscle
    c. the brachial artery lies medial to the tendon of biceps brachii in the cubital fossa
    d. the radial nerve lies just under the brachioradialis muscle, adjacent to the cubital fossa
    e. the brachial artery divides into deep and superficial branches in the apex of the fossa
A

b. the medial margin of the cubital fossa is formed by the pronator quadratus muscle
a. the lateral margin of the cubital fossa is formed by the brachioradialis muscle
c. the brachial artery lies medial to the tendon of biceps brachii in the cubital fossa
d. the radial nerve lies just under the brachioradialis muscle, adjacent to the cubital fossa

30
Q
  1. With regards to bone classifications:
    a. Long bones consist of two epiphyses and a diaphysis
    b. Pneumatic bones are air-filled bones located in the skull
    c. Flat bones usually serve a protective function
    d. The clavicle is an example of an irregular bone
    e. Wrist (carpal) bones are examples of short bones
A

b. Pneumatic bones are air-filled bones located in the skull
c. Flat bones usually serve a protective function
e. Wrist (carpal) bones are examples of short bones

31
Q
  1. With regard to bone classifications:
    a. flat bones usually serve a protective function
    b. phalanges are sesamoid bones
    c. wrist (carpal) bones are short bones
    d. pneumatic bones are air-filled bones
    e. the clavicle is a long bone
A

a. flat bones usually serve a protective function
c. wrist (carpal) bones are short bones
d. pneumatic bones are air-filled bones
e. the clavicle is a long bone

32
Q
  1. With regard to bone classifications:
    a. long bones are found mainly in the appendicular skeleton
    b. phalanges are sesamoid bones
    c the scapula is part of the appendicular skeleton.
    d. pneumatic bones are grouped with irregular bones
    e. the vertebrae are short bones
A

a. long bones are found mainly in the appendicular skeleton
c the scapula is part of the appendicular skeleton.
d. pneumatic bones are grouped with irregular bones

33
Q
  1. The following bone classifications are associated with the axial skeleton:
    a. Flat
    b. Long
    c. Short
    d. Sesamoid
    e. Irregular
A

a. Flat

e. Irregular

34
Q
  1. Regarding anatomical terminology:
    a. The upper limb forms part of the appendicular skeleton
    b. The breast is anterior to the pectoralis major muscle
    c. Palmaris longus muscle is deep to the skin
    d. The radius is medial to the ulna in the anatomical position
    e. The elbow joint is proximal to the gleno-humeral joint
A

a. The upper limb forms part of the appendicular skeleton

b. The breast is anterior to the pectoralis major muscle

35
Q
  1. Regarding joint classification:
    a. Diathroses are freely movable joints
    b. The articular surfaces of fibrous joints are linked by cartilage
    c. A syndesmosis joint is an example of a cartilaginous joint
    d. Synovial joints are characterized by a joint capsule
    e. A saddle joint is a type of synovial joint
A

a. Diathroses are freely movable joints
b. The articular surfaces of fibrous joints are linked by cartilage
d. Synovial joints are characterized by a joint capsule
e. A saddle joint is a type of synovial joint

36
Q
  1. Regarding the anterior pectoral region:
    a. It includes the pectoralis major, pectoralis minor and subclavius muscles
    b. The clavipectoral fascia encloses the pectoralis major muscle
    c. Pectoralis major muscle is innervated by the medial and lateral pectoral nerves
    d. Pectoralis minor muscle is innervated by lateral pectoral nerve
    e. Subclavius muscle is innervated by the long thoracic nerve
A

a. It includes the pectoralis major, pectoralis minor and subclavius muscles
c. Pectoralis major muscle is innervated by the medial and lateral pectoral nerves

37
Q
  1. With regards to the muscles of the posterior scapular and shoulder regions:
    a. Levator scapulae originates from the spinous processes of cervical vertebrae
    b. The trapezius rotates the scapula
    c. The supraspinatus abducts the arm beyond 15o at the gleno-humeral joint
    d. The teres major muscle is innervated by the axillary nerve
    e. The clavicular fibers of deltoid assist in flexing the arm
A

b. The trapezius rotates the scapula

e. The clavicular fibers of deltoid assist in flexing the arm

38
Q
  1. Concerning the humerus:
    a. It is a long bone
    b. The trochlea is on the proximal epiphysis
    c. The capitulum is medial to the trochlea
    d. The olecranon fossa is located distally and posteriorly
    e. The surgical neck is directly related to the head of
A

a. It is a long bone

d. The olecranon fossa is located distally and posteriorly

39
Q
  1. Concerning the hand:
    a. The thumb consists of proximal, middle and distal phalanges
    b. Abductor digiti minimi forms part of the thenar muscles
    c. The hypothenar muscles are innervated by the ulnar nerve
    d. The ulnar nerve supplies sensation to the central part of the palm
    e. The deep palmar arch is formed predominantly by the radial artery
A

c. The hypothenar muscles are innervated by the ulnar nerve

e. The deep palmar arch is formed predominantly by the radial artery

40
Q
  1. Concerning the rotator cuff muscles:
    a. Supraspinatus inserts into the inferior facet of the greater tubercle of the
    humerus
    b. Infraspinatus inserts into the lesser tubercle of the humerus
    c. Subscapularis originates from the supraspinous fossa of the scapula
    d. Subscapularis is innervated by the upper and lower subscapular nerves
    e. Teres minor is a lateral rotator of the arm at the gleno-humeral joint
A

d. Subscapularis is innervated by the upper and lower subscapular nerves
e. Teres minor is a lateral rotator of the arm at the gleno-humeral joint

41
Q
  1. Regarding the carpal tunnel:
    a. The radial artery runs through the tunnel
    b. The median nerve runs through the tunnel
    c. The metacarpal bones form the floor of the tunnel
    d. The roof is formed by the flexor retinaculum
    e. The tendon of palmaris longus forms part of the content
A

b. The median nerve runs through the tunnel

d. The roof is formed by the flexor retinaculum

42
Q
  1. With regards to the ulna:
    a. The coranoid process is proximal
    b. The head of the ulna is distal
    c. The interosseous border is medial
    d. The head of the radius articulates with the ulnar notch
    e. The capitulum articulates with the trochlea notch
A

a. The coranoid process is proximal

b. The head of the ulna is distal

43
Q
  1. The gleno-humeral joint:
    a. Is an example of a hinge joint
    b. Is an example of a diathrotic joint
    c. Is formed between the glenoid fossa of the scapula and the head of the humerus
    d. The rotator cuff muscles contribute to the stability of the joint
    e. The subclavian artery contributes to the blood supply of the joint
A

b. Is an example of a diathrotic joint
c. Is formed between the glenoid fossa of the scapula and the head of the humerus
d. The rotator cuff muscles contribute to the stability of the joint

44
Q
  1. Regarding the axilla:
    a. The axillary inlet is bordered by bones
    b. The lateral wall is formed by the coracoid process of the scapula
    c. The medial wall includes pectoralis minor muscle
    d. The contents include the subclavian artery
    e. The roots of the brachial plexus are found within the axilla
A

a. The axillary inlet is bordered by bones

45
Q
  1. Concerning the cubital fossa:
    a. It is a triangular shaped transitional area between the arm and the forearm
    b. The lateral border is formed by the pronator teres muscle
    c. The medial border is formed by coracobrachialis muscle
    d. The content includes the ulnar nerve
    e. The median cubital vein forms part of the roof of the fossa
A

a. It is a triangular shaped transitional area between the arm and the forearm
e. The median cubital vein forms part of the roof of the fossa

46
Q
  1. Regarding the muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm/antebrachium:
    a. Pronator quadratus is a superficial muscle
    b. Flexor carpi ulnaris is innervated by the median nerve
    c. Flexor carpi radialis abducts the hand at the wrist joint
    d. Flexor digitorum superficialis inserts into the distal phalanges
    e. Flexor pollicis longus flexes the little finger
A

c. Flexor carpi radialis abducts the hand at the wrist joint

anat upper limb (1 decks)

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