test 9 Flashcards
- What is the definition of evolution?
Change in genetic frequencies
- What is the definition of natural selection? (our class definition)
Mechanism of evolution and how it occurs
- Which statement does not describe the natural selection example discussed in class (the one about the black and brown mice)?
Population of mice (tan and black) on a black rock. The black mice are more likely to survive while the tan are eaten by the predator. The black mice won’t be eaten. If you survive but don’t breed, you are a genetic dead end (doesn’t matter if you live or breed). Over the generations, the tan might be still seen, but black mice will be more popular because they will have a phenotypic change.
- According to the video Natural Selection, if there are organisms which are considered the same species, which statement describes one of the things they can do?
- According to the video Natural Selection, what does fitness mean in the biological sense?
- What is artificial selection?
When HUMANS pick genes they want expressed
- Fossils provide direct evidence of evolution. How does one make a fossil?
- Organism first has to be very sediment
- Calcium in the bone or other hard tissues must mineralize
- Surrounding sediment must eventually harden to form a rock (apply a lot of pressure)
- What is a difference between relative and absolute dating of fossils?
Relative: rocks were dated by their position with respect to one another (Darwin’s day)
Absolute: radioactive decay by looking at half lives (amount of time for one half of the original amount to be transformed from something to decay, half way through its decaying period)
- What is the definition of a homologous structure?
Structures with different appearances and functions that all derive from the same body part in a common ancestor
- Anatomical evidence for evolution is extensive and persuasive. How do the presence of homologous structures on certain species support this statement?
Suggest that everything has a common ancestor
- What is the definition of a vestigial structure?
Body part or structure that is no longer used by an organism but it can explain as holdovers from the past
- Which statement describes an examples of a vestigial structure?
Our appendix is useless but that part of your digestive tract (if you are a rat) is used to hold extra things in body when doing digestion
- According to the video Molecular Evolution: Genes and Proteins, when scientists compare the entire genome of backer’s yeast and a worm, what did they find?
- According to the video Molecular Evolution: Genes and Proteins, how can the genome of cytochrome C tell us how organisms are related?
- What is a difference between convergent and divergent evolution?
Convergent: occurs when species have different ancestor origins but have developed similar features because they’re living in a similar location
Divergent: occurs when 2 separate species evolved differently from a common ancestor
- Which statement describes an example of convergent evolution?
Sharks, tunas, corpuses, dolphins all of them have a similar structure (fins, general asymmetrical look to them, streamlined to move to water)
Hummingbird moth and hummingbird (one is a moth and the other is a bird but they have very similar features)
- Which statement describes an example of divergent evolution?
Darwin’s finches: believed that 1 finch species eventually came to the galapagos from Ecuador and overtime and by random mutation chance you ended up with 20 something species of finch and were able to eat, breathe, replicate and pass on genetics and then have different species overtime
- Which statement accurately describes the current theories for where life originated on earth four billion years ago?
-Life arose in bubbles which are constantly forming at the oceans edge
-Under frozen oceans but it was extremely warm
-Within Earth’s crust and some form of volcanic activity to make beginning stages of proteins
-Within clay which has a positive charge and the bond of a negative charge can make a legged structure
-Deep sea vents because they have necessary probiotic molecules
- Which theory is regarded as the most viable (currently) for where and how life originated on Earth? Why?
Deep sea vents because they have necessary probiotic molecules and hypothesize the genomics tie in with archaebacteria
- What is the definition of a mass extinction?
Extremely sharp decline in species diversity
- Which of these is not a mass extinction which occurred in the past?
-Ordovician
-Devonian
-Permian
-Triassic
-Cretaceous
- The most severe extinction occurred at the end of the __________ period approximately 250 million years ago (96-98% of all plant and animals went extinct). Fill in the blank.
permian
- We are currently in the sixth mass extinction called the ____________. Fill in the blank.
anthropocene
- Mutations can change allele frequencies. A typical gene mutates once every _________ (number) cell divisions. Fill in the blank.
100,000
- How are mutations and evolution related?
Mutations are the genetic mechanism that allow evolution to occur
- What is the definition of gene flow?
Movement of alleles from one population to another
- Why is gene flow important?
Tend to bring the rarer alleles into the population and having a change take place
- What is the definition of assortative mating?
Phenotypic similar individuals mate
- What does assortative mating result in phenotypically?
Homozygous population
- What is the definition of disassortative mating?
Phenotypically different individuals mate more often
- What does disassortative mating result in phenotypically?
Heterozygotes
- What is the definition of genetic drift?
- How can genetic drift change the genetic frequencies of a small or large population?
Small: frequencies of a particular allele may change drastically by chance alone
Large: not going to affect it much
- According to the video Genetic Drift, what is the difference between genetic drift and natural selection?
- Which statement describes a bottleneck effect?
Can cause a complete change in genetic frequencies of a population
- How can a bottleneck effect change the alleles of a population?
- According to the video Speciation, how can natural selection bring about speciation?
- According to the video Speciation, which statement accurately describes (a) allopatric speciation or (b) sympatric speciation?
- Three conditions exist for natural selection to occur. Which statement does not describe one of these conditions?
- Which is not one of the five agents responsible for evolutionary change?
- What is the definition of classification?
- What is the definition of taxonomy?
- According to the video Classification, which person gets credit for first creating this taxonomy (classification) system?
- Which statement does not describe the rules to naming an organism scientifically?
- What is the proper order of a taxonomic hierarchy?
- What is the definition of systematics?
- What is the definition of phylogeny?
- Which of these organisms are (a) most closely related and (b) least closely related? (I will give a picture of a phylogenetic tree if chosen)
- Regarding cladistics, one must distinguish a similarity that is inherited from a common ancestor of an entire group, and is called __________ similarities, from similarities that arose within the group and this is termed __________. Fill in the blanks.
- Which statement describes cladistics?
- In order to create a cladogram, one must analyze different _____________ which can be varying phenotypes, morphology, physiology, behavior, and DNA. Fill in the blank.
- What is a cladogram?
- A derived character shared by clade members is called a _____________. Fill in the blank.
- Which of these organisms are (a) most closely related and (b) least closely related? (I will give a picture of a cladogram if chosen)
- Which statement describes the principle of parsimony or how we use it to create cladograms and phylogenetic trees?
