test 9

Question 1

1. What is the definition of evolution?

Answer 1

Change in genetic frequencies

Question 2

2. What is the definition of natural selection? (our class definition)

Answer 2

Mechanism of evolution and how it occurs

Question 3

3. Which statement does not describe the natural selection example discussed in class (the one about the black and brown mice)?

Answer 3

Population of mice (tan and black) on a black rock. The black mice are more likely to survive while the tan are eaten by the predator. The black mice won’t be eaten. If you survive but don’t breed, you are a genetic dead end (doesn’t matter if you live or breed). Over the generations, the tan might be still seen, but black mice will be more popular because they will have a phenotypic change.

Question 4

4. According to the video Natural Selection, if there are organisms which are considered the same species, which statement describes one of the things they can do?

Question 5

5. According to the video Natural Selection, what does fitness mean in the biological sense?

Question 6

6. What is artificial selection?

Answer 6

When HUMANS pick genes they want expressed

Question 7

7. Fossils provide direct evidence of evolution. How does one make a fossil?

Answer 7

• Organism first has to be very sediment
• Calcium in the bone or other hard tissues must mineralize
• Surrounding sediment must eventually harden to form a rock (apply a lot of pressure)

Question 8

8. What is a difference between relative and absolute dating of fossils?

Answer 8

Relative: rocks were dated by their position with respect to one another (Darwin’s day)

Absolute: radioactive decay by looking at half lives (amount of time for one half of the original amount to be transformed from something to decay, half way through its decaying period)

Question 9

9. What is the definition of a homologous structure?

Answer 9

Structures with different appearances and functions that all derive from the same body part in a common ancestor

Question 10

10. Anatomical evidence for evolution is extensive and persuasive. How do the presence of homologous structures on certain species support this statement?

Answer 10

Suggest that everything has a common ancestor

Question 11

11. What is the definition of a vestigial structure?

Answer 11

Body part or structure that is no longer used by an organism but it can explain as holdovers from the past

Question 12

12. Which statement describes an examples of a vestigial structure?

Answer 12

Our appendix is useless but that part of your digestive tract (if you are a rat) is used to hold extra things in body when doing digestion

Question 13

13. According to the video Molecular Evolution: Genes and Proteins, when scientists compare the entire genome of backer’s yeast and a worm, what did they find?

Question 14

14. According to the video Molecular Evolution: Genes and Proteins, how can the genome of cytochrome C tell us how organisms are related?

Question 15

15. What is a difference between convergent and divergent evolution?

Answer 15

Convergent: occurs when species have different ancestor origins but have developed similar features because they’re living in a similar location

Divergent: occurs when 2 separate species evolved differently from a common ancestor

Question 16

16. Which statement describes an example of convergent evolution?

Answer 16

Sharks, tunas, corpuses, dolphins all of them have a similar structure (fins, general asymmetrical look to them, streamlined to move to water)

Hummingbird moth and hummingbird (one is a moth and the other is a bird but they have very similar features)

Question 17

17. Which statement describes an example of divergent evolution?

Answer 17

Darwin’s finches: believed that 1 finch species eventually came to the galapagos from Ecuador and overtime and by random mutation chance you ended up with 20 something species of finch and were able to eat, breathe, replicate and pass on genetics and then have different species overtime

Question 18

18. Which statement accurately describes the current theories for where life originated on earth four billion years ago?

Answer 18

-Life arose in bubbles which are constantly forming at the oceans edge
-Under frozen oceans but it was extremely warm
-Within Earth’s crust and some form of volcanic activity to make beginning stages of proteins
-Within clay which has a positive charge and the bond of a negative charge can make a legged structure
-Deep sea vents because they have necessary probiotic molecules

Question 19

19. Which theory is regarded as the most viable (currently) for where and how life originated on Earth? Why?

Answer 19

Deep sea vents because they have necessary probiotic molecules and hypothesize the genomics tie in with archaebacteria

Question 20

20. What is the definition of a mass extinction?

Answer 20

Extremely sharp decline in species diversity

Question 21

21. Which of these is not a mass extinction which occurred in the past?

Answer 21

-Ordovician
-Devonian
-Permian
-Triassic
-Cretaceous

Question 22

22. The most severe extinction occurred at the end of the __________ period approximately 250 million years ago (96-98% of all plant and animals went extinct). Fill in the blank.

Answer 22

permian

Question 23

23. We are currently in the sixth mass extinction called the ____________. Fill in the blank.

Answer 23

anthropocene

Question 24

24. Mutations can change allele frequencies. A typical gene mutates once every _________ (number) cell divisions. Fill in the blank.

Answer 24

100,000

Question 25

25. How are mutations and evolution related?

Answer 25

Mutations are the genetic mechanism that allow evolution to occur

Question 26

26. What is the definition of gene flow?

Answer 26

Movement of alleles from one population to another

Question 27

27. Why is gene flow important?

Answer 27

Tend to bring the rarer alleles into the population and having a change take place

Question 28

28. What is the definition of assortative mating?

Answer 28

Phenotypic similar individuals mate

Question 29

29. What does assortative mating result in phenotypically?

Answer 29

Homozygous population

Question 30

30. What is the definition of disassortative mating?

Answer 30

Phenotypically different individuals mate more often

Question 31

31. What does disassortative mating result in phenotypically?

Answer 31

Heterozygotes

Question 32

32. What is the definition of genetic drift?

Question 33

33. How can genetic drift change the genetic frequencies of a small or large population?

Answer 33

Small: frequencies of a particular allele may change drastically by chance alone Large: not going to affect it much

Question 34

34. According to the video Genetic Drift, what is the difference between genetic drift and natural selection?

Question 35

35. Which statement describes a bottleneck effect?

Answer 35

Can cause a complete change in genetic frequencies of a population

Question 36

36. How can a bottleneck effect change the alleles of a population?

Question 37

37. According to the video Speciation, how can natural selection bring about speciation?

Question 38

38. According to the video Speciation, which statement accurately describes (a) allopatric speciation or (b) sympatric speciation?

Question 39

39. Three conditions exist for natural selection to occur. Which statement does not describe one of these conditions?

Question 40

40. Which is not one of the five agents responsible for evolutionary change?

Question 41

41. What is the definition of classification?

Question 42

42. What is the definition of taxonomy?

Question 43

43. According to the video Classification, which person gets credit for first creating this taxonomy (classification) system?

Question 44

44. Which statement does not describe the rules to naming an organism scientifically?

Question 45

45. What is the proper order of a taxonomic hierarchy?

Question 46

46. What is the definition of systematics?

Question 47

47. What is the definition of phylogeny?

Question 48

48. Which of these organisms are (a) most closely related and (b) least closely related? (I will give a picture of a phylogenetic tree if chosen)

Question 49

49. Regarding cladistics, one must distinguish a similarity that is inherited from a common ancestor of an entire group, and is called __________ similarities, from similarities that arose within the group and this is termed __________. Fill in the blanks.

Question 50

50. Which statement describes cladistics?

Question 51

51. In order to create a cladogram, one must analyze different _____________ which can be varying phenotypes, morphology, physiology, behavior, and DNA. Fill in the blank.

Question 52

52. What is a cladogram?

Question 53

53. A derived character shared by clade members is called a _____________. Fill in the blank.

Question 54

54. Which of these organisms are (a) most closely related and (b) least closely related? (I will give a picture of a cladogram if chosen)

Question 55

55. Which statement describes the principle of parsimony or how we use it to create cladograms and phylogenetic trees?