test

Question 1

What are the organic compounds of bone?

Answer 1

Collegen –> provides flexibility and resilience

Question 2

What are the inorganic compounds of bone?

Answer 2

Hydroxyapatite mineral matrix –> gives structure and hardness

Question 3

Give examples of flat bones

Answer 3

Scapula, ribs, cranial unit bones

Question 4

Give examples of irregular bones

Answer 4

Vertebrae, sacrum

Question 5

Name the vertebrae

Answer 5

Cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5)

Question 6

Name the ribs

Answer 6

True (7), false (3), floating (2)

Question 7

What do true, false and floating ribs mean?

Answer 7

True –> direct cartilaginous connection (rib to sternum)

False –> Not directly connected to own piece of cartilage w/ sternum

Floating ribs –> do not articulate with the sternum

Question 8

What are the bones of the hip bone?

Answer 8

Ilium (blade), Ischium (sitting bones, pubis

Question 9

What does the scapula articulate with?

Answer 9

Humerus and clavicle

Question 10

What does the clavicle articulate with?

Answer 10

Strut between scapula and sternum

Question 11

What does the humerus articulate with?

Answer 11

scapula, radius, ulna

Question 12

What does the radius articulate with?

Answer 12

humerus, ulna, 2 carpals (scaphoid, lunate)

Question 13

What does the ulna articulate with?

Answer 13

humerus and radius

Question 14

Name the hand bones

Answer 14

Carpals (8), metacarpals (5), phalanges (proximal –> 5, intermediate –> 4, –> distal 5)

Question 15

What does the femur articulate with?

Answer 15

os coxae (hip), tibia, patella

Question 16

what is the patella and what does it articulate with?

Answer 16

A sesamoid bone, sits in tendon of quadriceps femoris, articulates with femur

Question 17

What does the tibia articulate with?

Answer 17

femur, fibula, talus

Question 18

What does the fibula articulate with?

Answer 18

tibia, talus

Question 19

What is the calcareous?

Answer 19

Heal of foot, supports talus

Question 20

What does the talus articulate with?

Answer 20

tibia, fibula, calcaneus, navicular

Question 21

Name the amounts of foot bones

Answer 21

metatarsals (5)

Phalanges –> proximal (5), intermediate (4), distal (5)

Question 22

What is bony congruence?

Answer 22

The sum of the bone surfaces forming an articulation

Reduced bony congruence = more soft tissue support needed.

Question 23

What are fibrous joints?

Answer 23

• -> Made of DFCT
• -> Ligaments
• -> Provides stability, resists tension
  e. g. cranium, tooth sockets, distal tibiofibular joint

Question 24

What are cartilaginous joints?

Answer 24

• -> Fibrocartilage
• -> Hyaline cartilage
• -> limited movement, resists compression
  e. g. intervertebral discs, ribs, pelvis

Question 25

What are synovial joints?

Answer 25

- -> contain synovial membrane, fibrocartilage, DFCT, hyaline - -> Have a joint capsule (synovial membrane and fibrous capsule) - -> Have menisci, ligaments and articular cartilage - -> are very mobile, free movement

Question 26

What is hyaline cartilage?

Answer 26

- -> Articular cartilgae | - -> aids smooth movement of joint, protects bone

Question 27

What is fibrocartilage?

Answer 27

- -> resists compression | - -> shock absorber

Question 28

What is DFCT?

Answer 28

- -> dense fibrous connective tissue - -> ligaments, tendons - -> joins bone to bone + muscle to bone

Question 29

What is Osteoarthritis?

Answer 29

- -> degenerative joint disease - -> increased prevalence among the elderly - -> Pain, stiffness in certain joints - -> Areas of smooth dense bone, pitting/porosity, 'gouged' apperance - -> location: activity

Question 30

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 30

- -> Autoimmune disease - -> symmetrical, bilateral joint stiffness and pain in hands, feet, hands - -> Can result in bone erosion, fusion and deformation

Question 31

What are muscle tissue functions?

Answer 31

- Resirpation and blood circulation - Control of body openings and passages - Heat production - Glycemic control - Movement and stability

Question 32

What are tendons?

Answer 32

- -> tough bands of DFCT - -> connect muscle to bone - -> withstand tension - -> differing shapes and lengths

Question 33

What is a entheses?

Answer 33

The connections between tendon/ligament and bone

Question 34

What are tendinous, indirect attachments

Answer 34

- -> Can feel tendon - -> Collagen fibers of muscle continue into tendon - -> Very strong structural continuity - -> Great range of motion, more efficient as less fore needed for movement - -> less powerful

Question 35

What are fleshy, direct attachments

Answer 35

- -> little seperation between muscle and bone - -> connection formed at microscopic level - -> often shorter, good for powerful or explosive movements

Question 36

Where are the origins or the deltoid muscle?

Answer 36

- -> Anterolateral clavicle - -> Acromial process - -> Spine of scapula

Question 37

Where are the insertions of the deltoid?

Answer 37

--> Short broad tendon inserting into deltoid tuberosity of humerus

Question 38

What are the muscles in the rotator cuff group?

Answer 38

- Supraspinatus - Infraspinatus - Teres minor - Subscapularis SITS

Question 39

What are the origins of the rotator cuff group?

Answer 39

Supraspinatus: supraspinous fossa Infraspinatus: infraspinous fossa Teres minor: posterolateral boarder

Question 40

What are the insertions of the rotator cuff group?

Answer 40

--> Greater tubercle of humerus

Question 41

What is the subscapularis and where does it originate and insert?

Answer 41

- -> Part of the rotator cuff group - -> Origin: sub-scapular fossa of scapula - -> Insert: lesser tubercle of humerus

Question 42

Where does the biceps brachii originate?

Answer 42

- -> Coracoid process | - -> Supra-glenoid tubercle of scapula

Question 43

Where does the biceps branchii insert?

Answer 43

- Bicipital tuberosity of radius

Question 44

Where does triceps branchii originate?

Answer 44

- Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula | - Posterior surface of humerus

Question 45

Where does the triceps brachii insert?

Answer 45

- Olecranon process of ulna