test Flashcards
What are the organic compounds of bone?
Collegen –> provides flexibility and resilience
What are the inorganic compounds of bone?
Hydroxyapatite mineral matrix –> gives structure and hardness
Give examples of flat bones
Scapula, ribs, cranial unit bones
Give examples of irregular bones
Vertebrae, sacrum
Name the vertebrae
Cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5)
Name the ribs
True (7), false (3), floating (2)
What do true, false and floating ribs mean?
True –> direct cartilaginous connection (rib to sternum)
False –> Not directly connected to own piece of cartilage w/ sternum
Floating ribs –> do not articulate with the sternum
What are the bones of the hip bone?
Ilium (blade), Ischium (sitting bones, pubis
What does the scapula articulate with?
Humerus and clavicle
What does the clavicle articulate with?
Strut between scapula and sternum
What does the humerus articulate with?
scapula, radius, ulna
What does the radius articulate with?
humerus, ulna, 2 carpals (scaphoid, lunate)
What does the ulna articulate with?
humerus and radius
Name the hand bones
Carpals (8), metacarpals (5), phalanges (proximal –> 5, intermediate –> 4, –> distal 5)
What does the femur articulate with?
os coxae (hip), tibia, patella
what is the patella and what does it articulate with?
A sesamoid bone, sits in tendon of quadriceps femoris, articulates with femur
What does the tibia articulate with?
femur, fibula, talus
What does the fibula articulate with?
tibia, talus
What is the calcareous?
Heal of foot, supports talus
What does the talus articulate with?
tibia, fibula, calcaneus, navicular
Name the amounts of foot bones
metatarsals (5)
Phalanges –> proximal (5), intermediate (4), distal (5)
What is bony congruence?
The sum of the bone surfaces forming an articulation
Reduced bony congruence = more soft tissue support needed.
What are fibrous joints?
- -> Made of DFCT
- -> Ligaments
- -> Provides stability, resists tension
e. g. cranium, tooth sockets, distal tibiofibular joint
What are cartilaginous joints?
- -> Fibrocartilage
- -> Hyaline cartilage
- -> limited movement, resists compression
e. g. intervertebral discs, ribs, pelvis
What are synovial joints?
- -> contain synovial membrane, fibrocartilage, DFCT, hyaline
- -> Have a joint capsule (synovial membrane and fibrous capsule)
- -> Have menisci, ligaments and articular cartilage
- -> are very mobile, free movement
What is hyaline cartilage?
- -> Articular cartilgae
- -> aids smooth movement of joint, protects bone
What is fibrocartilage?
- -> resists compression
- -> shock absorber
What is DFCT?
- -> dense fibrous connective tissue
- -> ligaments, tendons
- -> joins bone to bone + muscle to bone
What is Osteoarthritis?
- -> degenerative joint disease
- -> increased prevalence among the elderly
- -> Pain, stiffness in certain joints
- -> Areas of smooth dense bone, pitting/porosity, ‘gouged’ apperance
- -> location: activity
What is rheumatoid arthritis?
- -> Autoimmune disease
- -> symmetrical, bilateral joint stiffness and pain in hands, feet, hands
- -> Can result in bone erosion, fusion and deformation
What are muscle tissue functions?
- Resirpation and blood circulation
- Control of body openings and passages
- Heat production
- Glycemic control
- Movement and stability
What are tendons?
- -> tough bands of DFCT
- -> connect muscle to bone
- -> withstand tension
- -> differing shapes and lengths
What is a entheses?
The connections between tendon/ligament and bone
What are tendinous, indirect attachments
- -> Can feel tendon
- -> Collagen fibers of muscle continue into tendon
- -> Very strong structural continuity
- -> Great range of motion, more efficient as less fore needed for movement
- -> less powerful
What are fleshy, direct attachments
- -> little seperation between muscle and bone
- -> connection formed at microscopic level
- -> often shorter, good for powerful or explosive movements
Where are the origins or the deltoid muscle?
- -> Anterolateral clavicle
- -> Acromial process
- -> Spine of scapula
Where are the insertions of the deltoid?
–> Short broad tendon inserting into deltoid tuberosity of humerus
What are the muscles in the rotator cuff group?
- Supraspinatus
- Infraspinatus
- Teres minor
- Subscapularis
SITS
What are the origins of the rotator cuff group?
Supraspinatus: supraspinous fossa
Infraspinatus: infraspinous fossa
Teres minor: posterolateral boarder
What are the insertions of the rotator cuff group?
–> Greater tubercle of humerus
What is the subscapularis and where does it originate and insert?
- -> Part of the rotator cuff group
- -> Origin: sub-scapular fossa of scapula
- -> Insert: lesser tubercle of humerus
Where does the biceps brachii originate?
- -> Coracoid process
- -> Supra-glenoid tubercle of scapula
Where does the biceps branchii insert?
- Bicipital tuberosity of radius
Where does triceps branchii originate?
- Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula
- Posterior surface of humerus
Where does the triceps brachii insert?
- Olecranon process of ulna
