Test 8 Lecture 1

Question 1

1. What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression?

Answer 1

Prokaryotic: Less complex
Eukaryotic: Way more complex

Question 2

2. What is the key to the transcription process?

Answer 2

RNA polymerase

Question 3

3. What controls the RNA polymerase during the transcription process?

Answer 3

Regulatory Proteins

Question 4

4. Regarding prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, which gene expression process is faster? (and know why)

Answer 4

Prokaryotic —> Less complex, less everything involved

Question 5

5. What is the difference between a prokaryotes and eukaryotes method of gene control?

Answer 5

What is a prokaryote’s primary function of gene control?
They control by looking at the immediate environment
KEY WORD: IMMEDIATE ENVIRONMENT

What is the eukaryotic primary function of gene control?
Cannot have an immediate response
Serves the need of the whole organism
KEY WORD: WHOLE ORGANISM

Question 6

6. Negative control is mediated by proteins called __________ (which are proteins that bind to the regulatory site on DNA called operators to prevent or decrease the initiation of transcription). Fill in the blank.

Answer 6

repressors

Question 7

7. The repressors do not work alone. Each responds to specific __________ molecules which can alter the conformation of the repressor to either enhance or abolish its binding to DNA (just like an allosteric protein and cofactor). Fill in the blank.

Answer 7

effector

Question 8

8. Positive control is mediated by ___________, which is another class of regulatory proteins. They can bind to DNA and stimulate the initiation of transcription. Fill in the blank.

Answer 8

activators

Question 9

9. Know this diagram (i.e. the basic parts and what process it is representing).

Answer 9

Lactose absent lactose operon is repressed

Question 10

10. Know this diagram (i.e. the basic parts and what process it is representing).

Answer 10

Lactose present lac operon is induced

Question 11

11. Prokaryotic gene are often organized into __________ (multiple genes that are part of a single transcription unit having a single promoter). Fill in the blank

Answer 11

operons

Question 12

12. __________occurs when enzymes for a certain pathway are produced in response to a substrate. For example, if bacteria encounters lactose, it beings to make the enzyme necessary to utilize lactose (i.e. lactase). Fill in the blank.

Answer 12

Glucose presence ????

Question 13

13. ___________ occurs when bacteria are capable of making biosynthetic enzymes and they are not actively producing them (i.e. do not make it if you do not need it). Fill in the blank.

Answer 13

Glucose repression ??????

Question 14

14. Know what the difference between these two diagrams is (i.e. know which one is activated and which one is not activated).

Answer 14

Glucose low, inducer present, promotor activated
Glucose high, inducer absent, promotor not activated

Question 15

15. The presence and absence of lactose is not the only factor which can affect gene expression of lactase. What else discussed in class can affect the gene expression of lactase?

Question 16

16. Some small RNAs were discovered within eukaryotic cells (which are not located within prokaryotic organisms). One type of regulatory RNA is now called a micro-RNA or mi-RNA. Which statement describes any information discussed in class regarding mi-RNA?

Answer 16

decides what introns and introns are in your body
Reads off your genome to decide if it makes something or not
?????? ⅓ of the human genome can be found without this ???????

Question 17

17. Some small RNAs were discovered within eukaryotic cells (which are not located within prokaryotic organisms). One type of regulatory RNA is now called small interfering RNAs or siRNAs. Which statement describes any information discussed in class regarding si-RNA?

Answer 17

small interfering RNAs,
if you put them in, it will stop something from being read by your RNA polymerase. Will stop something from a genome being coded in

Question 18

18. The translation of processed mRNA transcript by ribosomes in the cytoplasm involves a complex of proteins called ___________ (gene expression is regulated by the modification of one or more of these factors). Fill in the blank.

Answer 18

translation factors

Question 19

19. __________ shut down translation by binding to the beginning of the transcript so that it cannot attach to the ribosome. Fill in the blank.

Answer 19

Translation repressor proteins

Question 20

20. How can the initiation of translation be controlled? (know the information discussed on slide 9 Ch 16 PowerPoint)

Answer 20

Translation and translation factors- allow translation to happen, allow gene expression to occur

Question 21

21. Know the different mechanisms for the control of gene expression. They are all located within this diagram