Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

OSU CVM Physiology Winter 2017 > Test 8 > Flashcards

Test 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What does MAP(BP)=?

A

CO x SVR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Watson’s water hammer pulse

A

Bounding and forceful pulse that suddenly collapses; associated with PDAs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

In relation to pressure drops in the systemic circulation, what location has the highest resistance? Why?

A

Arterioles- largest resistance to blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Mean circulatory filling pressure

A

Pressure that would exist in the all vessels if the heart stopped beating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which vessels are the most compliant and comprise the body’s major blood volume reservoirs? What is the equation?

A

Veins

Compliance=change in volume/change in pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What happens to the pressure in the arteries versus veins when the heart stops?

A

Pressure in the arteries go down and pressure in veins goes up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What happens to the pressure and volume in veins versus arteries when the heart start beating after stopping?

A

Arterial pressure increases greatly as volume increases while pressure on increases a little bit as volume increases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Arteries are ________ reservoirs. Veins are _________ reservoirs.

A

Pressure

Volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is stressed blood volume and how can it be increased?

A

Blood that must be removed from vasculature to decrease transmural pressure to 0.
Venoconstriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is unstressed blood volume?

A

Blood that is takes to fill the vasculature at a transmural pressure of 0.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is vascular resistance?

A

R=perfusion pressure/blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Critical velocity

A

Velocity at which laminar flow becomes turbulent..linear to exponential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the velocity of blood flow at the vessel wall? The middle of the vessel?

A

Zero at the wall, highest in the center of vessel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What must occur in order for turbulent blood flow to be pushed through the vasculature? What is turbulence associated with?

A

Exponential increase in pressure.

High velocity which happens with abrupt narrowing of vessels or reduced blood viscosity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Reynolds equation

A

Re=(diameter of tubexvelocityxdensity)/viscosity where values above 2,000 is associated with turbulence which increases resistance and a higher pressure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the most important factor affecting resistance?

A

The radius/diameter of tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

In regard to blood viscosity and turbulence of blood flow, what is the ideal situation in order for the most effective transport of blood through vessels?

A

Blood viscosity that is too high will cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What prevents the pressure from blood from ripping open a tube?

A

Tension in the wall: small vessels has less tension than large vessels for same pressure. Must exert a lot of tension in arterioles to keep blood contained, so the wall thickness must increase to counteract that tension.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Laplace Law

A

Tension=(transmural pressure x radius)/vessel wall thickness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How does an aneurysm occur from a Laplace’s law perspective?

A

Transmural pressure and radius becomes larger and larger, but the vessel wall keeps getting thinner so a sudden increase in pressure could overcome tension in wall to split vessel.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Equation for TPR

A

Total peripheral resistance=Mean arterial blood pressure/cardiac output
TPR=MAP/CO or Blood pressure=COx TPR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the two physiological factors that determine arterial blood pressure?

A

Cardiac output

Total peripheral resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the two physical factors that determine arterial blood pressure?

A

Arterial blood volume

Arterial compliance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the three equations used to explains causes for many cardiovascular problems?

A

CO=SV x HR
SV=EDV-ESV
BP=CO x TPR (or systemic vascular resistance)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

During exercise, why does the TPR decrease and the cardiac output increase. How does this affect the arterial blood pressure?

A

The vessels vasodilate to muscles which decreases the TPR allowing more blood to flow to the high use areas. The blood pressure would decrease, but the heart rate increases to increase cardiac output to compensate preventing the blood pressure from changing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

During hemorrhage or dehydration, what happens the arterial blood pressure and why?

A

It decreases because the blood volume decreases which decreases stroke volume and end diastolic volume which decreases cardiac output. The body begins to compensate by vasoconstriction vessels to non essential organs which increases TPR which slightly raises blood pressure, but overall the BP decreases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

During hypertension what happens to arterial blood pressure and why?

A

It increases because the the arterioles are excessively constricted which increases the TPR. The cardiac output remains the same, but the TPR change increases the blood pressure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How is the rate of blood flow to each organ determined?

A

It is determined by the perfusion pressure and the organ’s vascular resistance. If the resistance increases,. the rate of blood flow decreases. All organs in systemic circulation exposed to the same perfusion pressure, so that does not change.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Explain exercise intolerance from a dog’s perspective?

A

Results from blood pressure falling too much during exercise. Since BP=COx TPR, as the dog is exercising, the TPR goes down because vessels are vasodilating, but the cardiac output cannot increase because of heart failure and keep the BP normalized.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Pulmonary vascular resistance equation

A

PVR=(Pulmonary artery pressure-pulmonary venous pressure/Cardiac Output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

When would having distensible vessels be a disadvantage?

A

Gravity can

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is VQ mismatch?

A

An imbalance between air delivery and blood flow. Need more air delivered to bottom of lungs because gravity forces more blood down into the vessels at the bottom of the lungs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is a consequence of VQ mismatch?

A

Hypoxic vasoconstriction in order to move blood up to the more cranial lung fields. This can cause pulmonary hypertension if there is too much construction making the heart pump harder in right ventricle and cause RV failure.

34
Q

Why does a giraffe have a higher systemic arterial mean blood pressure at heart level than cows or man?

A

The difference between the brain level and heart level is much higher in a giraffe because of their long neck. They have to pump blood much farther against gravity from heart to brain so need a higher mean blood pressure.

35
Q

Why does a dog with heart failure have a more difficult time breathing at night?

A

As dog lays down, the blood that was going to pool in legs is now at the heart level causing more than normal blood at heart because heart is not a good pump and blood backs up on the left side causing pulmonary edema.

36
Q

Why can we see the jugular pulse in a normal animals when they are laying down but not standing up?

A

During atrial systole, blood goes backwards because there are no valves into vena cava and creates a wave up the jugular vein. When standing, more blood is pooled in lower extremities than at the heart so this does not happen.

37
Q

Systolic pressure

A

Highest pressure reached each time heart ejects blood into systemic circulation

38
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

Minimum pressure systemic circulation falls to before the next contraction

39
Q

Pulse pressure

A

The amplitude of the pressure pulsations in an artery.

The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures.

40
Q

Mean arterial pressure equation

A

MAP= diastolic pressure+1/3(pulse pressure)

41
Q

T/F:Pulse pressure and systolic pressures increase as the distance from heart increases.

A

T

42
Q

How do we measure blood pressure in veterinary medicine?

A

Indirect doppler method

Indirect blood pressure cuff and stethoscope

43
Q

Explain how the blood pressure cuff and stethoscope method of recording blood pressure works.

A

Initially, the pressure in the cuff exceeds the systolic arterial pressure and stops blood flow. No sounds are heard. When the cuff pressure is between 120 and 80 mm Hg, arterial blood flows by in spurts with each heartbeat and can be heard with stethoscope. Once, the pressure drops below the diastolic pressure, no more sounds are heard as the blood flow becomes continuous.

44
Q

Korotkoff sounds

A

Sounds heard with stethoscope when a blood pressure cuff pressure is within 120-80 mm Hg and arterial blood passes by in spurts.

45
Q

What type of pressure does the doppler method record?

A

Systolic

46
Q

If the stroke volume decreases, and the heart rate increases, what will happen to the pulse pressure?

A

Decrease

47
Q

If the total peripheral resistance increases and the aortic compliance decreases, what will the pulse pressure do?

A

Increase

48
Q

Why would an increase in stroke volume increase the pulse pressure? Would the mean blood pressure increase?

A

The systolic pressure will greatly increase causing the distance between the systolic pressure and diastolic pressure to increase i.e. pulse pressure.
Yes, because cardiac output increases due to the increase in stroke volume which increases blood pressure. CO=SVxHR and BP=CO x TPR.

49
Q

In what type of situation would you see an increase in pulse pressure but a decrease in mean arterial pressure? Why?

A

When the heart rate decreases there is more time for the blood to run out of vessels which lowers the diastolic pressure. If the diastolic pressure decreases and the systolic pressure stays the same, the difference (pulse pressure) increases. The mean arterial pressure decreases because the cardiac output decreased.

50
Q

If the stroke volume increased and the heart rate decreased, how would this affect pulse pressure?
What type of animal would have this going on?

A

An increase in stroke volume would increase the systolic pressure. A decrease in heart rate would decrease the diastolic pressure. This would cause the pulse pressure to increase, but the cardiac output would not change; therefore, the blood pressure would remain constant.
A well trained athlete.

51
Q

What can lead to a large Re number in the reynold’s equation?

A

High velocity-leaky valve, ventricular septal defect

Low viscosity

52
Q

Why would a decreased arterial compliance cause an increase in pulse pressure?

A

With each ejection of the heart, blood goes out into a stiffer vessel essentially forcing them open which increases systolic pressure.

53
Q

If there is low arterial compliance, what happens to blood flow during systole and diastole?

A

The must overcome a lot of pressure in the stiff aorta to pump blood into it during systole and then blood won’t flow during diastole.

54
Q

T/F: There is an effect on blood pressure when compliance increases or decreases.

A

False: NOT related

55
Q

If there is an increase in total peripheral resistance, what happens to pulse pressure?

A

The pulse pressure increases because the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures increase. The systolic and diastolic pressure individually increase, but the difference still increases and doesn’t stay the same because the systolic increases more.

56
Q

Why would an increase in TPR cause the systolic and diastolic pressure to increase?

A

This causes hypertension where the arterioles are vasoconstricting so vessels behind them fill with more blood stretching them out to their limit causing the pressures to increase. The blood run off in veins also decreases because of the vasoconstriction of the veins increasing the pressure.

57
Q

Explain how a decrease in TPR would decrease blood pressure?

A

Vasodilation, not as much build up of blood in other vessels so less mean arterial blood pressure.

58
Q

What kind of situation would result in the biggest pulse pressure and blood pressure?

A

When the body has decreased arterial compliance and increased total peripheral resistance…when you get OLD AS FUCK!!

59
Q

How would having patent ductus arteriosus effect pulse pressures and blood pressure?

A

Increased stroke volume from the fact that the left ventricle has to pump enough blood for the systemic circulation to make up for the blood lost in the pulmonary artery. The increased stroke volume increases the systolic blood pressure. The diastolic pressures decreases because runoff is too fast back into left ventricle. The difference between the two pressures increases, which increases the pulse pressure. The mean arterial pressure would decrease slightly.

60
Q

You hear a systolic murmur on the left side of a dog between the 3rd and 4th intercostal spaces, what are some possible problems associated with this?

A

Aortic or pulmonary stenosis

Ventricular septal defect

61
Q

T/F: Capillaries contain smooth muscle.

A

False, NOPE

62
Q

How would the amount of oxygen delivered to the capillaries be increased? What law is this part of?

A

Increase the surface area by increasing the number of perfused capillaries, decreasing the distance, and increasing the concentration difference by increasing blood flow which increases O2 in the capillaries.
FIck’s Law of diffusion

63
Q

How does water move across capillary walls?

A

Diffusion

Bulk Flow

64
Q

Osmosis

A

Water moves across a concentration gradient in order to dilute solutes on the more concentrated side.

65
Q

What are the prerequisites for osmosis?

A
  1. The presence of a semipermeable membrane.

2. A difference in the total concentration of impermeable solutes on the two sides of the membrane

66
Q

Reabsorption involves water moving from the _________ into the _________. The net __________ pressure acting on water favors ___________.

A

Interstitial fluid
Capillaries
Oncotic
Reabsorbtion

67
Q

What is inside capillaries that make water want to stay in the capillaries or move from the interstitial fluid into the capillaries?

A

Proteins, an impermeable solute, that also exerts oncotic pressure in vessel keeping substances being acted on by hydrostatic pressure, from trying to leave the vessels

68
Q

What does a normal hydrostatic pressure difference favor?

A

Filtration of water out of the capillaries

69
Q

How can filtration be enhanced?

A
  1. Increasing hydrostatic difference between capillary blood and interstitial fluid
  2. Decreasing the osmotic tendency for water to be reabsorbed
  3. Increasing permeability of the capillary to water
    ( increasing filtration coefficient)
70
Q

How can the hydrostatic pressure within capillaries be increased?

A
  1. An increase in arterial blood pressure due to the increase in capillary valves opening and capillary bed getting larger
  2. Decrease in arteriolar resistance by opening up for capillary valves
  3. Backing up of venous blood
71
Q

How can the hydrostatic pressure within the interstitial space be increased?

A
  1. Increase in volume of fluid present possibly by filtering more earlier in the vasculature
72
Q

How can the oncotic pressure within capillaries be increased? Decreased?

A
  1. Increase in concentration of proteins in capillary plasma (increased)
  2. Diseases: kidney problems via losing proteins in urine; Liver disease: albumin not being produced; Malnutrition: not enough protein in diet; Malabsorption: can’t absorb enough protein or losing proteins via diarrhea (decreased)
  3. Burns (decreased)
73
Q

How can the oncotic pressure within the interstitial space be increased?

A
  1. Increase in pinocytotic activity that delivers plasma proteins into space
  2. Tissue inflammation causing capillary pores to widen and allow plasma proteins to move into space (vasculitis)
  3. Carry more proteins away in the lymphatic vessels into the thoracic duct and subclavian veins
74
Q

Explain how there is more filtration occurring in the capillaries of the pulmonary system.

A

The hydrostatic pressure in the pulmonary capillaries in the lungs is much lower in comparison to the hydrostatic pressure in the systemic capillaries. The oncotic pressure in the interstitial fluid is higher in the pulmonary circulation than the systemic capillaries. According to the starling equation, this favors a higher filtration than in the systemic system.

75
Q

Why is it essential for there to be an extensive lymph vessel system in lungs?

A

Since there is such high filtration from the capillaries into the interstitial fluid, there is more a change for pulmonary edema to occur; Therefore, the lymphatic vessels must carry away this excess fluid from the interstitial fluid to prevent pulmonary edema.

76
Q

A cat comes in with weight loss and hyperactive behavior. The mean arterial pressure is increased, the left ventricular end systolic volume is increased, the end diastolic volume is decreased, the stroke volume is decreased and the cardiac output is increased. What is a possible cause?

A

The heart rate increased which caused the cardiac output to increase which caused the blood pressure to increase. The increased heart rate decreased the diastolic filling time which decreased the end diastolic volume. The decreased stroke volume occurred because the end diastolic volume decreased. The end systolic increases because the mean arterial blood pressure increased which increased the afterload.

77
Q

A dog was given an alpha adrenergic blocker to decrease urethral tone so it could urinate after a car accident. The dog is weak and disoriented. The MAP is decreased, the ESV is decreased, the EDV is normal, the stroke volume is increased, and the cardiac output is increased. What is a possible cause?

A

The drugs caused vasodilation of the capillaries which decreased TPR. Since TPR decreased, the blood pressure decreased which caused the end systolic volume to decrease because there is less afterload and the left ventricle is pumping a higher amount of blood through the vasculature as a compensatory mechanism. The contractility of the heart has increased, decreasing the amount of blood left in the ventricle after systole. This increases stroke volume causing the cardiac output to increase, but not enough to increase the blood pressure.

78
Q

A dog is lethargic and has cold extremities after heart surgery for a placement of a pacemaker. The MAP is decreased, the ESV is decreased, the EDV is increased, the SV is increased, and the CO is decreased. What is the likely cause?

A

The heart rate has decreased because that is the only way the cardiac output could have decreased when the stroke volume is increased. The end systolic volume is decreased because the decreased blood pressure lowered the afterload. The end diastolic volume is increased because the slower heart rate allows for an increase in diastolic filling time. This causes the increased stroke volume. The dog has cold extremities because the TPR has increased do the vasoconstriction compensatory mechanism to raise the blood pressure of the vessels leading to the unessential body parts.

79
Q

A dog was accidently given amrinone, now you detect a pounding heart. The MAP is increased, the ESV is decreased, the EDV is normal, the SV is increased, and the CO is increased. What is the likely cause?

A

Amrinone is a positive inotropic drug used to treat congestive heart failure which increases contractility of the heart. An increase in contractility will decrease the end systolic volume which would increase stroke volume. An increase in stroke volume would increase cardiac output. An increase in cardiac output would increase the blood pressure.

80
Q

A cat has small irregular kidney and suspect chronic renal disease. MAP is severely increased, ESV is increased, EDV is normal SV is decreased, CO is decreased. What is the likely cause?

A

During kidney failure, renin is released which leads to the release of angiotensin and aldosterone which leads to vasoconstriction which increases the TPR. When TPR increases, the blood pressure increases and this effect is greater than the decreased cardiac output. The high blood pressure causes an increase in afterload which increases the end systolic volume. The stroke volume decreases because of the increase in ESV. This decrease in stroke volume paired with a decrease in heart rate would explain the decreased cardiac output and is a compensatory mechanism to try to lower blood pressure.

81
Q

A small dog with history of mitral insufficiency and congestive heart failure was not given medication for three days. She is having trouble breathing at rest with rapid breathing and shortness of breath. The has biventricular enlargement, severe left atrial enlargement and pulmonary edema. The MAP is increased, the end systolic pressure is increased, the ESV is increased, the EDV is decreased, the end diastolic pressure is increased, the SV decreased, and the CO is decreased. What is the likely cause?

A

The end diastolic pressure increased so much because of the mitral regurgitation. There is an excess volume of blood coming into the left atrium which raises the left atrial pressure. A higher left atrial pressure decreases EDV and preload. The high blood pressure is not caused by increased cardiac output, but by the TPR from vasoconstriction. This causes an increase in afterload which is increases the EDV. Since the EDV is decreased and the ESV is increased, this decreases the stroke volume. A decreased stroke volume decreased the cardiac output.

OSU CVM Physiology Winter 2017 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions