Test 7 Corrections Flashcards
Equation: Potential energy of Oscillatory motion
P.E. = 1/2 * k * x^2
Note: x = displacement
Potential energy (in oscillatory motion) increases exponentially with _____
displacement
P.E. is at its max at the greatest displacement, i.e. furthest point in oscillatory motion
What changes in Energy occurs as particles move from furthest point in oscillatory motion to the midpoint?
Potential energy is transformed into kinetic energy (as particles swing through from one end of motion to the other)
What predominant forces act between SiCl3H molecules? (Boiling point = 33ºC)
Van der Waals forces; Weak intermolecular attractive forces; Relatively low boiling point indicates that intermolecular forces are weak (so not Covalent, Ionic, or H-bonding)
A gas that occupies 10 liters at 1 atm at 25ºC will occupy what volume at 500 atm at the same temp?
> 0.02 L because of the space occupied by the gas molecules (volume of gas molecules no longer negligible at 500 atm)
When a light wave and a sound wave pass from air to glass, what changes occur in their speeds?
Light slows down; Sound speeds up
Light slows down because the index of refraction of the glass is greater than through the air.
Sound travels faster through a solid than through air.
The index of refraction in glass is _________ than that in the air. This causes light waves to ______.
greater
slow down
ratio of the velocity of a wave in air to the velocity of a wave through a medium
index of refraction
The speed of sound through a solid is _______ than through air due to the rigid bonds in a solid versus gaseous bonds in air.
greater
Molarity of pure acetone if MM = 58 g/mol and density = 0.791 g/mL?
13.6 M
395 nm light is in the visible spectrum but is very near the ______ region.
ultraviolet
Visible light ranges from ~400 nm to 700 nm. The region below 400 nm is the ultraviolet region
Region of electromagnetic spectrum that is below 400 nm wavelength
ultraviolet region
Region of electromagnetic spectrum that is above 700 nm wavelength
infrared region
Equation: Power in an electrical circuit
P = I * V
If a cell phone is powered by a 12-V battery and is transmitting at its max power (3 Watts), what current is being used?
I = P / V I = 3 Watts / 12 Volts I = 1/3 Amps
Electromagnetic waves are _______ waves, while sound waves are ______.
electromagnetic: transverse waves
sound waves: longitudinal
If the rate law for a reaction that is second order w/ respect to a hydrogen ion and is 1*10^-1 at pH of 1, what is the hydrogen ion concentration at pH = 2? If all other conditions remained the same, what happens to the overall reaction rate?
1 * 10^-2 = hydrogen ion concentration
it decreases 1 * 10^-2 times
Cant the relative rates of reactions be given by equilibrium constants?
No. Kinetic information must be given in order to determine the RATE of reaction
Rate of reaction and reaction equilibrium are independent
Equation: Density
Density (rho) = mass / volume
Equation: Dividing by a decimal
Multiply the numerator by the inverse fraction of the decimal in the denomenator
Ex: 1.5 / 0.5 = 1.5 / (1/2) = 1.5 * (2/1) = 3.0
Equation: Index of Refraction
Snell’s law: n1 * sin(ø1) = n2 * sin(ø2)
Note: “n1” and “n2” = indices of refraction
What is the index of refraction in air?`
~ 1
Equation: Velocity of a wave
v = wavelength / period (T)
Note: SI unit for Period = seconds
If an earthquake moved from South to North as it progressed toward its full 74-km length, how would the Doppler effect influence this?
By decreasing apparent wavelength of seismic waves moving North and increasing the apparent wavelength of seismic waves moving southward
To find the relative refractive index to air, you need both the _________ and the _________.
angle of incidence
angle of refraction
the angle of incidence is equal to the __________.
Angle of reflection
Equation: Index of Refraction
n = c / v
Note: c = speed of light in a vacuum = 3*10^8
A Faraday (F) is _______ of electric charge
one mole
When a weak acid (HA) is titrated with NaOH in the presence of an indicator (HIn), the pH at which a color change is observed depends on the….
pKa of the indicator
Indicators change color over a specific pH range. The range at which the color changes depends on the point where the indicator (HIn) is converted into (In-), which is determined by the pKa.
reactions between an aldehyde or ketone w/ a triphenyl phosphonium ylide to form an alkene and triphenylphosphine oxide
Wittig reaction
Note: triphenyl phosphonium ylide = Wittig reagent
type of chemical reagent that forms C–C bonds
Mixture of ionic and covalent lewis structures
first source of carbanions (Ex: CH3-)
sources of a carbanion that can attack the positive end (C) in a carbonyl to form C–C bonds in aldehydes and ketones
Can react w/ CO2 to form carboxylic acid
Ex: CH3MgBr
Grignard reagents
Equation: number of stereoisomers for an organic compound
2 ^ n
Note: n = number of stereocenters
Hydrogens on ______ carbons are most acidic and most likely to get abstracted
alpha carbons
Assume that a Hydrogen will be abstracted from the carbon at which ______ occurs
alkylation
a hydrogen bonded to a carbon that is bonded to the highest priority functional group
most reactive hydrogen in the molecule (most likely to be abstracted)
alpha carbon
transfer of an alkyl group from one molecule to another via alkyl carbocation, free radical, or carbanion
alkylation
a saturated hydrocarbon
Ex: CH4
alkane
an alkane missing one hydrogen
one of the most common functional groups in orgo
Ex: R–CH3
alkyl
value that measures the separation of components in thin-layer chromatography
= distance traveled by the sample / distance traveled by the solvent
Rf value
a less polar molecule will have a _______ Rf value because it will travel further during TLC (using a polar stationary phase i.e. silica)
greater
a more polar molecule will have a _______ Rf value because it will travel a shorter distance during TLC (using a polar stationary phase)
smaller
is a hydroxyl group more or less polar than a ketone on a cyclohexane?
more polar
More _______ molecules will interact more with the polar silica gel during thin layer chromatography and, therefore, travel shorter distances
polar
What is the product of a reaction b/w an alcohol and concentrated HCl?
alkyl halide
______ alcohols react more readily with concentrated HCl.
tertiary alcohols react more readily
Note: Form tert-Butyl chloride
Methyl chloride is (more / less) reactive than ter-butyl chloride?
less reactive
Note: primary alcohols are less reactive than tertiary alcohols
Preparation of a Grignard reagent involves stirring what reagent into diethyl ether?
CH3Br and Mg
Grignard reagent
CH3MgBr
Note: formed by stirring CH3Br and Mg into diethyl ether
reaction in which starting materials form the same product every time
a reaction in which there is something inherent in the mechanism that allows only one product
means “all”
Ex: SN2 reactions will produce the enantiomer to the starting material every time (stereochemistry will be inverted at the chiral center where SN2 occurs)
regiospecific
reaction where starting materials form two (or more) structural isomers and one predominates
a reaction which implies that there are factors that favor one product over the others
means “mostly” or “almost all”
regioselective
why does the human immune system avoids attacking the tissues of its own body?
it suppresses cells specific to the body’s own antigens
surface molecules on cells in the body that would generate an immune response
antigens
disease-causing molecules in the body
pathogens
the products of fatty acid oxidation ______ skin blood flow
reduce
veins and the pulmonary artery carry ________ blood to the heart
deoxygenated blood
Is blood pressure lower in the veins or in the arteries?
veins; they carry deoxygenated blood from the rest of the body back to the heart.
Lipases catalyze the hydrolysis of fats and other carboxylic acid esters. This illustrates the fact that some enzymes work with several different substrate molecules with _____________.
Similar chemical linkages
T/F: One enzyme can interact with more than one type of substrate.
True, if they have similar chemical linkages
If two genes are codominant, and the mother has only the recessive genes, then the father must have ___________ to produce offspring that show a mixture of both traits.
either both of the other dominant trait or be heterozygous with a copy of both genes
An infection that causes increased proliferation of mucosa cells in the stomach may lead to gastric cancer if genetic mutations occur in _________.
Proliferating somatic cells (that line the stomach)
T/F: A mutation must occur in a proliferating germ cell to cause cancer.
False. Cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth in somatic cells.
Why might host antibodies be ineffective against a bacterial antigen in the stomach?
Antibody proteins may be degraded by the harsh environment of the stomach
Proteins denature at low pH
Expression of a gene that triggers inflammation would cause what immune response in the body?
Leukocytes would move into the tissue in response to the inflammatory response
A gene therapy for cancer in the stomach should be directed against what type of cells?
Epithelial cells that cause the infection that may lead to cancer before they begin uncontrolled cell growth and give rise to tumors
In humans, cholesterol is a precursor to _______ and are both steroid-based molecules.
testosterone
roughly how long is the S-phase in mitotically active cell?
3 to 13 hours
