TEST Flashcards
Fertilized egg, the result of a sperm and egg cell nucleus combining
Zygote
The many celled ball that results after an ovum is fertilized
Blastula
of cell divisions in Mitosis
1
of cell divisions in Meiosis
2
of daughter cells in Mitosis
2
of daughter cells in Meiosis
4
Chromosome # in Mitosis
2n
Chromosome # in Meiosis
1n
Sperm cell and egg cell nucleus fuse forming a zygote
Fertilization
the zygote begins to divide forming a many-celled ball called a blastula. Each cell in the blastrula is identical at this point, and is called a blastomere
Cleavage
Each blastomere transforms into one of three germ layers, ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm.
Gastriculation
The neural folds forms, closes, and becomes the neural tube, a precursor of the brain and spinal cord. If the tube does not close completely, a condition called spinal bifida results.
Neurlation
formation and function of the organs
Organogenesis
all organs become larger
Growth
the reproductive organs produce functional gametes - egg and sperm.
Gametogenesis
A segment on a chromosome, which codes for 1 trait.
Gene
The passing of genetic information from parent to offspring.
Heredity
requires only 1 allele for the trait to be expressed.
Dominant Trait
Requires 2 alleles for the trait to be expressed.
Recessive Trait
the actual alleles present in an individual
Genotype
What you see in the individual EXAMPLE: Brown hair
Phenotype
a version of a gene
Allele
Generally 3 phenotypes are seen for the trait
Incomplete Dominance
the allele or trait is carried on the X chromsome, and is seem more frequently in males than females
Sex linked
chromosomes exchange portions of themselves, and increase genetic variability
Crossing Over
Inactive X chromosomes found only in females
Barr Bodies
Produces a nutrient fluid rich in frutose. Acts as a pH buffer, and contains prostaglandin to increase vaginal and uterine muscle contractions to help move the sperm up the female reproductive tract.
Seminal Vesicle
Produces a mucus like lubricating substance. Located at base of penis
Cowper’s Gland
Secretes a milky alkaline (basic) fluid and adjusts pH of semen to pH7.5
Prostate Gland
Contains spermatogenic cells in tubule wall- produce sperm.
Supporting, Sertoli, or Nurse cells- nourish and support developing sperm
Interstitial cells- in connective tissue around tubule, produce testosterone
Seminiferous tubules
collecting duct for maturing sperm
Epididymis
Muscular tube which moves sperm from the epididymis to the base of the penis. It ends at the seminal vesicle
Vas Deferens
the fluid from all of the glands, plus sperm
Semen
composed of follicular cells plus an ovum. Follicular cells turn into corpus leutem after the 14th day of the cycle and produce estrogen.
Follicle
In the female. Produces a mucus like lubricating substance.
Bartholin’s Gland
A cell that will develope into a mature egg or ovum
Oocyte
composed of follicles. Produces one ovum per month, and estrogen.
Ovary
the lining of the uterus
Endometrium
A hallow muscular tube that acts as the birth canal, and used for copulation
Vagina
a hollow muscular tube that nourished an embryo in pregnancy
Uterus
Muscular ring at the bottom of the vagina. Produces thick muces near the time of ovulation. Produces very thick mucus in pregnacy to help prevent sperm from entering the reproductive tract.
Cervix
caused by Herpes Simplex type 2. causes painful blisters and sores on the genital region. Can cause cervical cancer in women. Treatments such as Valtrex may reduce severity and frequency of outbreaks, but there is no cure. Once you have it, you have it forever.
Genital Herpes
caused by bacteria, treatable with antibiotice. causes painful urination in males, proctitis is homosexual males, and PID or pelvic inflamatory disease in females, which can cause sterility
Gonorrhea
caused by a tiny parasitic bacterium. Can cause sexual, eye, joint, and lung infections in new borns.
Chlamydia
caused by a bacterium. Occurs in 3 distinct stages. 1. Chancre, 2. Body rash, 3. Nervous system, brain, and artery damage.
Syphilis
caused by the papiloma virus. Cause wart like growth on the genital area. Treated by removal, but they grow back.
Genital Warts
consists of G1,S, G2
Interphase
normal growth of the cell
Gap phase 1
DNA is replicated or copied if the cell is large enough and has enough cell organelles
S- Synthesis
A protein necessary for cell division is made
Gap phase 2
movement of chromosomes
Mitosis
the chromatin condenses into highly coiled, turned off chromosomes
Prophase
Chromosomes at the equator or metaphase plate
Metaphase
Centromere splits and each sister chromatid moves to opposite ends or poles of the cell
Anaphase
chromatids are at the poles of the cells. the nuclear envelope reforms around them, and cytokinesis or division of the cytoplasm begins.
Telophase
XXY- sterile male with some breast deveolopment
Kleinfelter’s Syndrome
3 copies of chromosomes # 21 Mental retardation
Down syndrome
faulty chloride ion channel. Mucus builds up in lungs, pancreas, and intestines. DNAse is a treatment, no cure.
Cystic Fibrosis
these individuals can not eat phenylalanine, one of the amino acids, and must not eat foods with NutraSweet.
PKU
Xo
Turner’s Syndrome
A female hormone, which causes the uterine lining to thicken in anticipation of pregnancy
Estrogen
maintains the uterine lining if pregnancy occurs
Progesterone
causes the follicle to develop and mature.
follicle- stimulating hormone FSH
causes the ocyte to complete it’s 1st meiotic divsion in preparation of ovulation
leuteninizing hormone LH
After ovulation, the follicle cells are converted into corpus luteum, which produces estrogen on about the 21st. day of the menses cycle.
Corpus Luteum
