Test

Question 1

Prospective cohort studies select subjects for inclusion on the basis of their current disease status

Answer 1

False

Question 2

A new test has been developed to screen for osteoporosis. The new test was compared with the existing gold standard diagnostic test in a population of women over the age of 65.
osteoporosis present osteoporosis absent
Screening test positive 60. 10
Screening test negative 40. 90

: the positive predictive value of the screening test is 60/70

Answer 2

True

Question 3

women who screen negative can be reassured that they do not have osteoporosis

Answer 3

False

Question 4

the specificity of the screening test is 90/100

Answer 4

True

Question 5

the sensitivity of the screening test is 40/100

Answer 5

False

Question 6

there is sufficient information that this is a useful screening test for the general population

Answer 6

False

Question 7

In health promotion Screening may be primary or secondary prevention

Answer 7

FAlse

Question 8

population approach to vaccination is the most cost effective way of protecting children from measles.

Answer 8

True

Question 9

Phase IV clinical trials are post-marketing studies that aim to provide additional information on the drug’s risks, benefits and optimal use

Answer 9

True

Question 10

Clinical trials are the only experimental design in epidemiology

Answer 10

True

Question 11

Trials assign participants randomly to intervention and control groups for ethical reasons

Answer 11

False

Question 12

Phase II clinical trials aim to determine the metabolic and pharmacologic actions of drugs in humans and the maximum tolerated dose

Answer 12

False

Question 13

Publication bias refers to the greater likelihood of research that has not found a significant result to be published in peer-reviewed literature compared to research that has found a significant result

Answer 13

False

Question 14

the random effects model should be used when it is reasonable to assume that the underlying treatment effect is the same in all studies that are part of the meta-analysis

Answer 14

False

Question 15

the main difference between a systematic review and a meta-analysis is that the meta-analysis involves a quantitative method to calculate an overall summary (average) effect of a treatment/exposure

Answer 15

True

Question 16

ASSERTION: Researchers following a group of 100 vegetarians and 200 non-vegetarians for heart disease incidence, report a relative risk of 0.8 and 95% confidence intervals of 0.6 to 0.9. Vegetarians were significantly less likely to develop heart disease than non-vegetarians.

REASON: Where confidence intervals do not include 1, chance can be excluded as a likely explanation of the findings.

Answer 16

T t Rcex

Question 17

ASSERTION: The attributable risk is especially useful in evaluating the impact of introduction or removal of risk factors.

REASON: The attributable risk will be the incidence of disease in the exposed divided by the incidence of disease in the unexposed.

Answer 17

T f

Question 18

ASSERTION: Findings from a case control study can contribute evidence of the temporal sequence of events between exposure and disease.

REASON: Bradford Hill criteria for causality include the temporal sequence of events between exposure and disease.

Answer 18

F t

Question 19

ASSERTION: A meta analysis is at the top of the hierarchy of evidence.

REASON: A meta analysis combines the results from individual studies to produce an overall effect estimate that is more reliable and precise.

Answer 19

T t rcex

Question 20

ASSERTION: Health promotion initiatives in the UK include a Sure Start programme that provides effective parenting sessions for teenage parents on a council estate.

REASON: Health promotion initiatives can include an educational component.

Answer 20

T t rcex

Question 21

Prospective cohort studies are necessary to estimate the prevalence of disease

Answer 21

False

Question 22

Prospective cohort studies can be subject to bias from the healthy worker effect

Answer 22

True