Test 6 Study Guide

Question 1

Genitourinary Tract/ Urinary Tract

Answer 1

• Primary function= eliminate waste and excess fluid from the body

Question 2

1. Kidney

Answer 2

• 1st stop along the urinary tract
• Two bean shaped organs located below the ribcage, adjacent to the spine

Question 3

2. Ureter

Question 4

3. Bladder

Question 5

4. Urethra

Question 6

Urinary Incontinence

Answer 6

• Stress= coughing, sneezing, laughing, or physical activity that increases pressure on the bladder resulting in urine leakage
• Urge= the urge to go, but leak before making it to the toilet
• Overflow=
• Functional=

Question 7

Urinary Retention

Answer 7

• You feel like you need to pee, but cannot
• Incomplete emptying of the bladder
• Patient Centered Care:

Question 8

Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)

Answer 8

• Bacteria entering the urinary tract causing infection
• If left untreated, can lead to kidney infection called pyelonephritis -> fever, chills, N/V, tenderness over kidneys, lower back pain, blood in urine
• Risk Factors: females due to shorter urethra, hormone changes like menopause, pregnancy, diabetes, sexual activity, urinary retention, urinary obstruction, catheters,

-S&S: pain, cloudy, confusion, burning

Question 9

Urinary Catheterization

Question 10

Urostomy

Answer 10

• Ostomy for urine
• Bypass the bladder and urethra and sometimes ureters
• Collects urine right from the kidney
• Trauma to the bladder or lower
• For more permanent situations
• Located on the front

Question 11

Urine Culture

Answer 11

• They swab the urine and send it to the lab to determine growth
• About 2-3 days until it gets back
• Can determine the correct antibiotic to take

Question 12

Urinalysis

Answer 12

• ## Need 10-20 mL of urine

Question 13

24 Hour Urine

Answer 13

• 24 hour voiding
• at home or in patient
• Kept refrigerated or on ice for the 24 hours
• Can stay on meds and keep normal routine

Question 14

Clean Catch

Answer 14

• Wipe front to back then hold labia open while collecting sample
• Pull back foreskin and wipe
• Void a little bit, stop stream, then finish in collection cup.

Question 15

Gastrointestinal Tract

Answer 15

• Production of feces
• AGE RELATED CHANGES:

Question 16

GI Tract Anatomy

Answer 16

-Mouth
-Esophagus
-Stomach
-Small Intestine
-Large Intestine
-Anus

Question 17

Constipation

Answer 17

• Less than 3 BM a week and stools that are hard and difficult to pass
• Watch for fever, vomiting, abdominal pain
• Black tarry stools or bright red blood
• Blood in the stool is more of a concern than blood on the stool
• Treatment: Fluids, fiber, exercise,

Question 18

Diarrhea

Answer 18

• Associated with cramping, bloating,
• Dehydration is a concern ,
• Fever, two days or more, 6 or more a day, is a concern
• Triggering foods: alcohol, greasy foods, spicy foods, artificial sweeteners
• Treatment: Watch what you eat, stay hydrated, over the counter meds, antibiotic, probiotics

Question 19

Diverticulitis

Answer 19

• Inflammation of diverticula
• Prevent:
• Treatment: antibiotics, diet changes

Question 20

Ileostomy

Answer 20

-

Question 21

Colostomy

Question 22

Fecal Occult Test

Answer 22

• Find hidden blood
• Can be done at bed side
• Can be sent to lab
• False positive can be caused by red meat, turnips, beets, aspirin, ibuprofen, Vitamin C

Question 23

Osmosis

Answer 23

• The movement of water from high concentration to low concentration

Question 24

Diffusion

Question 25

Filtration

Question 26

Potassium
3.5- 5 mEq/L

Answer 26

Hyperkalemia
>5 mEq/L
- S&S: N/V, muscle aches & weakness, decrease in deep tendon reflexes, paralysis, dysrhythmias, palpations
>7 mEq/L
- S&S: Paralysis, heart failure, death

Hypokalemia
<3 mEq/L
- S&S: muscle weakness, cardiac arrhythmias,

Question 27

Sodium
136 - 145 mEq/L

Answer 27

Hypernatremia
>145 mEq/L
- S&S: confusion, lethargy, irritability, muscle twitching, LOC, seizures, coma, death

Hyponatremia
<136 mEq/L
- S&S: Nausea, cerebral edema, lethargy, confusion, headache, restlessness, irritability, muscle twitching, decrease LOC, seizure, coma, death

Question 28

Calcium
9-10.5

Answer 28

Hypercalcemia
>9
- S&S: constipation, abdominal pain, N/V, anorexia, confusion/ behavioral changes, thirst, polyuria, bone pain, muscle weakness, arrhythmias, delirium, renal failure, coma, death

Hypocalcemia
<10.5
- S&S: chest pain, dysrhythmias, heart failure, syncope, numbness/tingling, muscle cramping/spasms, confusion, lethargy, seizures, wheezing, airway spasms, hair loss, brittle nails, dry skin, vision difficulties, dental problems

Question 29

Magnesium (Mg2+)

Answer 29

Hypermagnesium
- S&S: confusion/sleepiness, blurred vision, headache, decreasing reflexes, flushing, constipation, muscle flaccid paralysis, decreased RR, hypotension, bradycardia, dysrhythmias, seizures, coma, cardiac arrest, death

Hypomagnesium
- S&S: N/V, decreased appetite, fatigue, weakness, muscle cramps, spasticity, numbness/tingling, seizures, tetany, personality changes, cardiac dysrhythmias