Test #6 Flashcards
How much of a horses body weight should be hay?
At least 1%
Hay and concentrates can be ground together, but why should horses be hand fed instead of self fed?
If self fed, they may overeat, which can cause colic.
How many times a day should a horse be hand fed?
2-3 time a day
What does pelleting food do?
Decreases bulk and dust while increasing palatability. However, it also destroys the value of roughage quality, predispositioning the horse to colic if another roughage source (hay) isn’t available
Why is course grinding a good alternative to pelleting?
Does not destroy roughage quality and reduces wear on the teeth, compared to pelleting.
How can dustiness be reduced?
By 3-5% molasses or dampening the food with water at time of feeding?
Why should halage and silage not replace hay?
They frequently mold and can cause colic.
No more than ___ of hay should be replaced by haylage or silage
1/3
How should changes in a horse’s diet be made?
Gradually
Why should grain be reduced to horses on non work days? And by how much?
To avoid Azoturina (Monday morning sickness), reduce grain by about 50%
Are protein supplements usually required?
No
What should be provided on a free-choice basis?
Mineral Mixture of 1 part traced mineralized salt and 2 parts deflourinated phosphate or dicalcium phosphate, or steamed bone meal.
A source of plain, loose salt (NaCl)
What should you do during the first 8 months of gestation?
Feed the same adequate diet as open mares
During the last 3 months of gestation?
A. Increase protein by 20-25%
B. Increase energy by 5-10%
C. Double vitamin A
D. Ca and P are doubled during the last 90 days of digestion, but these minerals should be provided free-choice in a complete mineral mix.
What type of hay should lactating mares have?
Around 50% legumes, and feed quality hay at about 1% body weight
Grain needs of a lactating mare?
Provided as energy needs demand, but around 1% body weight just like hay.
If protein is needed in a lactating mare:
substitute protein meal at a 1:1 ratio for the grain mix
Ca and P needs for a lactating mare?
should be added to grain mixture (Limestone, bone meal, dical, defluorinated phosphate, and oyster shells)
Depending upon the size of the lactating mare?
Some supplemental vitamin A may be required.
How much trace mineralized salt should be added to the daily grain mix of the lactating mare, and how accessible should white salt be?
0.1 lbs of trace mineralized salt and access to white salt should be ad libitum
Do nursing foals relish mineral blocks?
Yes they do
If mare is milking normally?
She provides adequate nutrients for first 3-4 months
When should the foal be acquainted to the feeds it will be consuming later?
First 3-4 months
How should weanlings, yearlings, and 2 year-olds be fed in a dry lot?
- feed using NRC tables
- Basically same as older animals (use better quality)
- Allow some access to pasture.
What is colic?
Any GI tract upset
What are symptoms of Colic?
- Acute abdominal pain
- Sweating
- Kicking and rolling
Etiology of Colic
- Excessive gas production
- Impaction
- Most associated with poor management
- Overfeeding, irregular feeding, water, etc.
Prevention of Colic
Proper management
Treatment of Colic
- Gastric tube to relieve stomach problem
- Mild impactions dispersed with mineral oil (2-4L by stomach tube)
- MgS04 (0.5g/kg by tube) acts as osmotic purative
- Surgery
What is Lamanitis (founder)?
inflammation of the lamina (between coffin bone and hoof wall)
Symptoms of Lamanitis?
- Lameness, especially in fore feet
- Inflammation of laminae
- increased swelling causes decreased blood flow
- laminae are leaf like structures that support the coffin bone - (acute) visibly sick, sweating, hoof is hot
- (chronic) deep vertical cracks in hoof and heavy, horizontal ridging; hoof is dry and brittle
Etiology of Lamanitis
- Ingestion of excessive CHO’s.
- lactic acid and bacterial toxins are produced in cecum - Excessive exercise in unfit horse
- Ischemia (low blood flow) in hoof.
Lactic acid and bacterial toxins role in lamanitis?
A. lactic acid is absorbed, causing a decrease in blood pH, electrolyte balance, hemoconcentration, and arterial hypertension.
B. bacterial toxins (liposaccharides- AA complexes) are in cell wall of several gram negative bacteria. The decrease in cecal pH causes these bacteria to die and lyse. These toxins are absorbed because of the decrease in blood and cecal pH. They may impair the circulatory function in the hoof.
C. Normally, lactic acid is poorly absorbed in the cecum; however, when excessive amounts of lactic acid are present, damage to the cecal lining allows lactic acid to be absorbed.
Prevention of Lamanitis?
adequate ration and good management
Treatment of Lamanitis?
- In grain overload, oral administration of 1 gallon mineral old to flush toxicants
- temperature (cold or hot packs) early, may be beneficial
What is Azoturia??
Tying-up (degradation to cell membrane); carding up; Monday morning sickness
Symptoms of Azoturia?
- Excessive sweating, rapid pulse
- Stiff gait
- Myglobinurea (dark urine- coffee color) (CPK Alk-P)
Etiology of Azoturia?
- Unknown
2 Related to total feed energy
Prevention of Azoturia?
- exercise routinely
2. reduce feed when idle
Treatment of Azoturia?
- Keep as quiet and calm as possible
- Se and Vit. E appear to give favorable results (both help protect cell membranes, so they aren’t as likely to release their contents
- (current research)
Symptoms of Heaves?
- coughing and difficulty breathing
2. rapid inspiration and forced expiration
Etiology of Heaves?
- Dusty, moldy hays
2. over-distended aveoli
Prevention of Heaves?
Good, clean feed
Treatment of Heaves?
Treatment is palliative (treat the symptoms)
Symptoms of Rickets
Enlargement of the ends of long bones
Etiology of Rickets
Ca, P, and/or vitamin D
Prevention and Treatment of Heaves
Proper amounts of Ca and P
Urinary Calculi is also known as?
Water Belly
Symptoms of Urinary Calculi?
- frequent attempts to urinate
2. urine may be bloody
Etiology of Urinary Calculi?
- Unknown
2. Urine is characteristically alkaline; high pH
Prevention of Urinary Calculi?
Proper mineral nutrition (P and Mg tend to be the 2 most involved)
Treatment of Urinary Calculi?
Severe cases: surgery
What is the primary purpose of glucose in the well fed state?
Source of energy for the brain
AA in the well fed state?
go to liver for protein synthesis
Excess AA in the well fed state?
Used for energy- trans and deamination (urea synth)
CHO in the well fed state?
used for NADPH production
Sources of nutrients during starvation?
- fat (stored in adipose tissue)
2. glycogen (liver and muscle)
Brain uses this during starvation, but muscle doesn’t?
glucose
During early starvation, muscles use___?
ketones (FA are used, but have limited availability)
What percentage of muscle can be broken down for protein?
25-30%
What will the brain use for energy one glucose is used up?
Ketones
What is Insulin?
51 AA hormone that is produced by B cells of the Islets of Langerhands in the pancreas. Anabolic and favors synth of glycogen, triglycerides, and protein.
Regulation of Insulin (what causes stimulation)?
- Increased blood glucose (hyperglycemia) after a meal
2. Increased blood AA after a meal
Where are insulin receptors?
Liver, muscle, and adipose tissue
Insulin CHO Metab?
-Prevents hyperglycemia decreasing blood tissues
A) inc. glucose transport into adipose and muscle tissue
B) inc. glycolysis (glucose—-> acetyl CoA)
C) dec. gluconeogenesis in liver
D) inc. glycogen synth in liver and muscle
Insulin Lipid Metabolism?
-Promotes lipogenesis (triglyceride synth in adipose)
A) inc. FA synth
1) Acetyl CoA from glucose (glycolysis)
2) NADPH from glucose
B) inc. triglyceride synth
C) inc. triglyceride storage in adipose tissue
Insulin AA Metabolism?
-dec. blood AA; inc synth A) inc entry of AA to liver and muscles B) inc. protein synth C) inc. degradation of surplus AA D) inc. urea cycle activity
What is Glucagon?
29 AA hormone produced by a cells of the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas; Catabolic and favors breakdown of glycogen in liver, mobilization of FA, protein degradation, and gluconeogensis
Regulation of Glucagon? ( what causes stimulation)
Dec. blood glucose (hypoglycemia) after overnight or prolonged fast
Where are Glucagon Receptors?
Liver and adipose tissues only
Glucagon CHO Metabolism?
-prevent hypoglycemia by inc. mobilization and synth of glucose
A) inc. glycogen breakdown in liver (not muscle)
B)inc. gluconeogensis by activating key gluconeogenic enzymes
Glucagon Lipid Metabolism?
-promotes lipolysis (breakdown)
A) inc. triglyceride breakdown; release free FA
B) inc. mobilization of FA and uptake by the liver
C) in B-oxidization in liver; inc. acetyl CoA
D) inc. ketone body formation
Glucagon AA Metabolism?
-lowers AA concentration in the blood
A) inc. uptake of AA by the liver for gluconeogenesis
B) other hormones (cortisol) inc degradation of muscle protein, release AA into blood.
What is the most significant difference in feeding a horse compared to other species of livestock?
Purpose for which they are used
Working horses should be considered as?
athletes
Why is there little experimental research into horse nutrition?
Lack of funding and humans have too much of an affinity for horses
Where is most data about horse nutrition from?
Extrapolated from other species
Upper part of horse GI is similar to?
What makes the lower part different from them?
Monogastrics; cecum
Rumen and cecum break down cellulose, however?
- Ruminants ferment feed at the beginning of GI
2. horses digest cellulose at the end of GI
How is a horses rate of passage different from a ruminants?
Horses must eat much more slowly to not force feed through their GI. They don’t eat quickly and store large amounts of feed in rumen. Rate of passage is much faster, so they eat more slowly to allow time for digestion
What happens to starch if horses eat too rapidly?
It will enter the cecum undigested and, fermenting rapidly, it will cause excessive gas production
What is the primary purpose for the hindgut fermentation?
digesting fibrous feeds
How are microbes similar to those in ruminants?
Produce CO2, CH4, and VFA (acetate, butyrate, and proprionate)
How is the cecum different from a rumen in what it produces?
Far less CH4 production (less than 3% of total energy intake)
Are VFA’s readily absorbed in hindgut?
yes
How much of the energy utilized by horses can come from VFA’s?
30% or more
What VFA can also result in a significant amount of glucose production?
Proprionate
Why isn’t fiber utilized as readily in non-ruminant herbivores as compared to ruminants?
The rate of passage is faster and the microflora don’t have as much time to digest
Who gets fed first, the horse or the microbes?
Horse
Proper feeding can reduce incidence of?
Colic and other digestive issues
Horses are grazing animals and perform optimally when?
Slow, steady supply of ferment-able material is allowed for microflora
Should a horse be fed once or several times a day when large amounts of grains are fed?
At least 3 times a day. Can get away with 2 if grain amount is low
What is the result of increasing grain intake?
Dec. relative amount of acetate production and increased relative amount of proprionate
Why should dietary changes be done gradually?
To allow the microbes to correspond to the changes
What can happen if the diet is changed abruptly?
alter microbe populations, intestinal pH, and kill certain types of bacteria, causing the release of endotoxin
It’s suggested that the release of endotoxin is one of the causes of?
Lamanitis (founder)
How much feed should be dry matter from a forage or roughage?
1% Body Weight
Horses can survive well on pasture when apple _____ are provided?
Minerals
Requirements for Maintenance?
1.4+0.03BW
Requirements for Weanlings?
1.4+0.03BW+ 9ADG
Requirements for Yearlings?
1.4+0.03BW+16ADG
Requirements for Long Yearlings?
1.4+0.03BW+18ADG
Requirements for 2 Year Olds?
1.4+0.03BW+20ADG
What does energy for work depend one?
- Type of work
- Speed of work
- Terrain
How is protein digested in a horse?
A) Microbial synth occurs at the end of the GI (after absorption of AA)
B) high quality protein source is recommended
C) feed to meet horses AA needs
-deficiency will result in reduced appetite
What mineral deficiencies result in weakened bones and leg problems?
Ca and P
What ratio are Ca and P necessary in?
2:1
What vitamin is needed along with Ca and P?
Vit. D
Often forgotten but necessary since horses sweat?
Salt (NaCl)
When should Vit A be checked in the diet?
When grazing green grass or fed green hay, should not be a problem.
If fed low in carotene, especially in the winter, supplementation is advisable.
When should an owner be aware the horse doesn’t have enough Vit. D?
When horses are confined to the stable during the day and cannot get enough sunlight.
Vit. E and Se can possibly assist with what?
Tying up in intensively trained animals?
Are B vitamins an issue for mature, non working horses?
No
When might B vitamins needed to be supplemented?
If you have a producing (working, growing etc.) horse
Horses are excellent grazers and will do well on a drylot if given?
Adequate hay
How much hay should a horse be fed daily?
1-2% body weight
What about foraged may cause colic?
Mold or dust
What is the result of legumes being hard to cure?
Increased dust and mold
Thinks to keep in mind with alfalfa?
Horses may overeat, and it has a laxative effect
Why are pastures excellent, and why must they be managed?
They provide exercise, and horses are selective grazers and will create patches.
List some forage alternatives
straw, cottonseed hull, peanut hull, rice mill feed, high cellulose paper, and beet pulp.
What attributes make beet pulp the most common forage alternative?
- maintains normal intestinal activity and microbes
- the fiber is highly digestible (>most hays)
- free of dust (good when respiratory problems exist)
- however, it is low in some vitamins
Why are oats the most popular grain?
Oats- its fibrous hull forms a loose mash in the GI, which helps cause less trouble with compaction
How are oats fed?
usually whole but are often rolled
Corn is usually fed with oats, how much corn should be in the mix? And how should the corn be prepared?
Less than 50%; cracked, coarsely ground, or rolled
What makes wheat bran popular, and how much is used in the diet?
- has good bulk, palatability, nutrituve value, and mild laxative action
- rich in minerals, vitamins, and proteins
- 5-15% of the diet
Why is linseed meal popular?
It produces bloom
What are the drawbacks of using linseed meal?
- more expensive that SBM and is inferior in AA composition
- can be dusty, so pelleted LSM is preferred
What is the primary protein source?
Soy bean meal (SBM)
What rate can SBM be subbed for LSM?
1:1
What is milk protein generally used for, and what makes it special?
Generally used in foal diets; is an excellent quality protein
What are the pros of cane molasses?
sweetens feed
increases palatbility
decreases dust
How much molasses is added as a percentage of the diet?
5-10%
What are the pros of dehydrated alfalfa meal, and how much of the diet it is it as a percentage?
good source of vitamins, minerals, and proteins
best substitute for green pastures during winter
10-15%
What are the pros of fats and oils, and what kind is most used?
increases energy supplies linoleic acid (an essential AA) reduces dust increases bloom vegetable oil is more palatible than animal fat usually added at 5-10%
What are complete feeds?
formulated and mixed by manufacturers; usually pelleted, cubed, or wafers. Typically contain12-14%CP, roughage, concentrate, and supplemental vitamins and minerals.
When do you commonly see complete feeds?
When only one or two horses are owned
Why is pelleted feed used?
Decreased time having to sort nutrients, especially for weanlings and yearlings
How much of pelleted fee should be coarsely ground hay to prevent colic?
60-70%
Small amounts of hay should be added to pelleted food to prevent what?
wood chewing, and tail and mane chewing
With who is the purchase of concentrate common?
Breeders that raise their own hay, so that they can get the missing supplemental protein and minerals.
What is the general protein content of a protein supplement?
~25%
How much protein supplement should be added daily?
0.5-0.75 lbs
What is sweet feed usually composed of? And why is it used?
lower-grade roughage and molasses (~10%); adds a pleasant aroma
