Test Flashcards
Active transport of molecules across membranes occurs through
Proton pumps
After the complete decomposition of organic matter, the remaining complex, amorphous, colloidal substance is called
Humus
_____ and _____ are examples of higher plants that cause damage because they are hemiparasites (water parasites) or true parasites because they lack chlorophyll and depend on the host for all nourishment
Mistletoe and dodder
_____ are the most serious vertebrate pests, however deer, mice, gophers, squirrels, rabbits, nutriarats, beaver, raccoons, and various birds may also become pests
Rats
Atmospheric conditions experienced at particular time
Weather
At the equator, temperatures are ____ all year round and trade winds carry ____ off oceans resulting in high levels of ____
High and moisture and rainfall
Between 40-50 degrees latitude with 30+ inches of rainfall per year ____ ____ develops
Temperate forest
A biome is a collection of ecosystems with similar ____
Climate, soils and plant composition
_____ break up large pieces of organic matter into smaller pieces. They are the first step in decomposition
Detritovores
The carrying capacity of an environment changes with
The amount of resources available
Chlorosis is ___ of the leaves
Yellowing
Climate in an area is primarily dependent on
Amount of sunlight
The cohesion theory states
Water moves from the roots into the leaves due to negative pressure from transpiration
Conservation biology
All are components of conservation biology
____ controls are consdiered an environmentally friendly alternative to using pesticides
Biological
The correct order wind systems between the equator and each pole is
Trade winds, westerlies, arctic winds
Cultivation is tillage between seedling emergence and crop harvest, and serves all these function except
Compact the soils
Desert biomes have these features
All of the above
The discipline of ecology studies
How organisms interact with each other and their environment
Ecological succession occurs in
All ecosystems
Ecologists characterize species richnes by the r/K selection theory. Which is a trait of r selected populations
Short lifespan
Ecologists characterize species richness by the r/K selection theory. Which is not a trait of K selected populations
Reproduce rapidly and early
Essential elements for plant growth
Are part of an essential metabolic function or molecule
Establishing a deeply rooting permanent cover crop, such as a mixed grass-alfalfa cover crop, can do all except
Provide shading for other crops
Every available niche tends to be filled and resources are fully exploited in a healthy ecosystem
True
Explorer Alexander con Humboldt observed that _____
Similar vegetation types tends to occur in similar climates around the globe
The first limiting nutrient for plants is usually
Nitrogen
The force of attraction between two like molecules (like water and water) called
Cohesion
The force of attraction between unlike molecules (such as soil and water) is called
Adhesion
Genetically resistant plant may occur naturally, or through classical plant breeding programs, or may be derived through the use of molecular biology techniques commonly called
GPS
Global warming is changing the geographic distribution of biomes. Which of the following statements is not a likely result of global warming?
Trees will grow in Antarctica
The Hadley Cell is a circulation of rising air and precipitation over the ___
Equator
Herbivory is a common example of
Predation
How many systems or belts of surface winds in each hemisphere determine the patterns of precipitation and vegetation
3
How much energy is passed from one tropic level to the next in an ecosystem
%10
Instead of plowing, dissing and otherwise cultivating to remove old vegetation, _____ are used to kill the vegetation which is left in place
Herbicides
_____ irrigation is an outdoor surface irrigation system used for row crops
Furrow
______ is a method of freeing plants of the virus organism. This method involves keeping the virus infested plant at 38 degrees C for 20-30 days
Heat therapy
_____ is a method to control (manage) pest that should be used as a last resort in a sustainable agricultural integrated pest management system
Pesticide
______ is a nitrogen-fixing bacteria that forms a symbiotic relationship with legumes
Rhizobium
_____ is defined as mechanical manipulation of soil to provide a favorable environment for crop growth
Tillage
A _____ is sometimes used in seedbed preparation because it is effective in breaking up soil crusts, reducing clod sizes, and destroying small weeds
Spring-tooth harrow
_______ is the amount of water the soil can hold against the force of gravity
Field capacity
_____ is the main influence on vegetation type
Climate
_____ is the use of pesticides to suppress or inhibit pest/pathogen activities
Chemical applications
The largest biome on earth is the _____
Desert
Level land is less likely to erode from water than sloping land, but can be more vulnerable to _____
Wind erosion
The loss of water through special openings( not stomata) in the leaves is called
Guttation
The major process in the nitrogen cycle are
Nitrogen fixation, mineralization, nitrification, adn denitrification
More than 90% of a living plant is composed of which elements
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Most insects have ______ economic impact on humans. Actually only __% ever reach pest status
No, 5
Most of the temperate grasslands in the northern hemisphere have been converted to
Crop lands for grains
A mutually beneficial relationship between two organisms is called a _____
Symbiotic association
Myrmecophytes are
An example of mutualism between a plant and ants
Nitrate is highly soluble and can be leached from soil by
Precipitation
Nitrogen is highly soluble and can be leached from soil by
Precipitation
Nitrogen is used by plant as a component of
Chlorophyll and nuclei acids
Nutrient deficiencies appear first
In old leaves if the element is mobile in the plant; in young leaves if the elements is immobile in the plant
________ occurs when a plant wilts, and cannot recover when placed in a saturated atmosphere
Permanent wilting point
______ occurs when more thatn one organism draws on a resource that is in short supply
Competition
One element not supplied naturally by air and water is____
Nitrogen
Organic soil amendments include crop residue, animal manure, compost, and ____
Coir
The ____ _____, or _________ is the second largest biome on earth after teh desert
Boreal forest/ taiga
People that grow plants must have a firm understanding of weed science ___/____ and must learn to manage plant pests or otherwise minimize plant losses caused by important plant pests
Entomology/ plant
Phosphorus is used by the plant as a component of
ATP and phospholipids
Plant _____ require a wound in order to enter the plant cells; once in, they can move freely from cell to cell via the ____
Virus/ plasmodesmata
Plant can be assisted with teh uptake of phosphorous by
Mycorrhizal fungi
Population ecology studies
The age and geographical distribution of a population of individuals of the same species
Population size is affected by
All of above
The pressure flow hypothesis does not explain
How osmosis works
The prevailing atmospheric conditions of an area over a long period of time
Climate
Primary succession is characterized by the following
Colonization of area with vegetation for the first time
Put the levels of ecological study from the smallest to the largest
Organismal, population, community, ecosystem
A rain shadow is what area
The side of a mountain range and beyond dominated by dry air masses
A ______ refers to a subpopulation of plant within a species differing only slightly from the general population
Biotype
______ removes soil faster than new soil can form , reducing productive topsoil depth
Accelerated erosion
A simple food chain has the following levels in hierarchical order
Fungi and bacteria, plants, herbivores, predators
Soil particles are separated into their respected sizes and the percentage in each size category is calculated to determine
Soil texture
Terrestrial biomes are primarily characterized by
Rainfall and temperature
This biome is dominated by trees such as oak, elm, poplar, beech and maple and is desirable for human settlement and agricultural production
Temperate broadleaf and mixed
This biome is found on five continents with plant that look similar but are not related
Deserts and xeric shrublands
This biome is home to the greatest number of plant and animal species
Tropical rainforests
This biome receives ample rainfall, has annual temperatures from 5 to 20 C and is home to spruce, fir, pine, hemlock, and redwood
Temperate coniferous forest
This biome supports a low number of plant species, receives little rain, and plants have shallow root zones due to permafrost and wet soil
Arctic tundra
Topsoil is the found in the ____ horizon
A
_____ turns arid land to desert
Overgrazing
The two largest terrestrial biomes in the world are:
Coniferous forest and tundra
Upward movement of water occurs mainly in the _____ through passive _____ driven by ______
Xylem, cohesion, evaporation
A vertical section of soil extending through all its horizons from the surface to the parent material is known as
A soil profile
Water flows from
High to low water potential
Water potential in a plant is
The sum of the solute and pressure potential
Water will move into a cell when
The surrounding solution has a lower solute potential( hypotonic solution)
Weather patterns are affected by
All affect
Weeds can be classified as _____, _____, or ______
Annuals/biennials/ perennials
Wetlands are found in
All
Wetlands are important ecosystems becasue they
All
What is not true form Potassium
It is often a limiting nutrient
What is the least likely cause for habitat fragmentation
Cooling ocean temperatures
When the North Pole is titled towards the sun and the sun rays hit the Tropic of Cancer at a 90 degree angle
Summer solstice
When the South Pole is titled toward the sun and the sun rays hit the Tropic of Capricorn at a 90 degree angle
Winter solstice
Which is not a trait of K selected population
Reproduce rapidly and early
Which is not a trait of r selected population
Short lifespan
Which of the following applies to soil horizons
They differ in chemical, physical, and biological properties and depth
Which of the following are known to support mutually beneficial associations
Both lichens and rhizobium
Which of the following is not a characteristic of an aquatic biome
Degree of pollution
Which of the following is is not a mechanism of ion exclusion from plant cells
Nuclei acid movement of toxins out of the cell
Which of the following statements is not likely a result of global warming
Trees will grow in Antarctica
Which of the following statements about biomes is not true
Each biome has 3 specific plant species that it is named after
Which of the following stamens about succession is not true
Succession is affected by only biotic factors
Which of the following statements is not true for hydroponic porous
Nutrient film techniques grows plants on a large tank on a thin, porous film
Which of these are not an example of mutualism
Epiphytes
