Test Flashcards
Magna Carta
Year 1215, King John, one of the worst kings ever. Barons demanded that King John obey the law, John was forced to negotiate, resulted in Magna Carta. Pope declared it invalid, civil wars, reinstated
The First Barons War
Civil War in the Kingdom of England. Rebellious land owners, supported by French army, rebelled against King John of England. King refused to uphold Magna Carta
Medieval Warming Period
950-1250 Led to agricultural revolution people had more to eat and it impacted European diet and longevity
Pope Urban II
Started first crusade
Vassals
Person having mutual obligation to lord or monarch
The Peasants Crusade
Prelude to the first crusade, lasted 6 months army of peasants led by Peter the Hermit, head to holy land, unprepared, failed!
Emperor Henry IV
Involved in investiture controversy 11th-12th cent
The Anarchy
Civil wars between England and Normandy 1135-1154
Battle of Hastings (1066)
Normandy v. England, Normandy won, big league. Caused by the death of childless King Edward the Confessor, controversy of throne
Welfs [guelfs]
2 families, one was guelfs were located north of Alps, civil war over power, barbarossa gets involved, guelf wins b/c dad was a gulf
Earl of Harold of Wessex/Harold III
Last Anglo-Saxon king of England died in battle of Hastings.
Death marked end of Anglo-Saxon rule over England
Edward the Confessor
Son of Ethelred the unready and Emma of Normandy
Known as Pious
Married to Edith of Wessex
Terrible military leader, super smart tho
Too pious to divorce Edith who wouldn’t bare him an heir
Hoh enstaufen
Dynasty of German Kings
Cnut the Great
King of Denmark, England, and Norway. Popular King
During his reign England saw relief from Viking attacks
Bailli
Originated in France; a King’s administrative representative
Cluny Abbey
Monastery built in Romanesque style in burgundy France
Bayeux Tapestry
Embroidery art/Tapestry depicting the battle of Hastings
Two swords theory
Separate, but co-equal
Medieval doctrine on the relation of Church and State
Pope Gelasius to Emperor anastasius
Convivencia
Academic Hypothesis that in the different Moorish Iberian Kingdoms, Muslims, Christians and Jews lived in relative peace from 700’s –>1492 expulsion of Jews
Emperor Henry III
Holy Roman Emperor fired 3 popes, put in his own
Very involved w/ Church and papacy
Laid foundations of papal reform
Lay investiture
Important conflict between secular and religious powers began with investiture controversy
Clerical celibacy
Fuck you think?
Simony
Buying and selling of ecclesiastical office
Abbot Suger/Suger of Saint Denis
Suger played an important role in the political affairs in Paris in the first half of the 12th century. Very close with Louis VI &VII.
Role in Gothic architecture. Very anti-King Louis VII divorce of Eleanor.
Royal touch
Sacred power of the king to cure disease, saints don’t decay, tombs smell like flowers
Saint Stephen
First royal Hungarian saint and king. Responsible for Christian conversion of Hungary and a militant opponent of paganism
“The pious” Louis VII of France
Son of King Louis VI
Married Eleanor of Aquitane then divorced because no male heir (some excuse about being related)
Abbot Suger was his counselor
Scrofula
Disease cured by holy touch, skin disease
Lombard League
An alliance formed in 1167, supported by the Pope, to counter the attempts by Holy Roman Emperor over Kingdom of Italy
Thomas Becket
Arch Bishop of Canterbury until his murder in 1170.
Becomes saint and martyr.
Conflict with Henry II
Pope Sylvester
Sylvester I baptized Constantine made Christianity HUGE
Assize of Clarendon (1166)
1166 act of Henry II of England that began the transformation of English law from such systems for deciding the prevailing party in a case, especially felonies, as trial by ordeal or trial by battle or trial by compurgation to an evidentiary model, in which evidence, inspection, and inquiry was made by laymen, knights or ordinary freemen, under oath
Concordat of Worms
Was an agreement between Pope Calixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V on September 23, 1122 near the city of Worms. It brought to an end the first phase of the power struggle between the Papacy and the Holy Roman Emperors
Richard I “The Lionheart” of England
was King of England from 6 July 1189 until 1199, most of his life was spent crusading. Son of Henry II
Philip Augustus (Aka Phillip II)
King of France 1180 to 1223.
- expelled John from Normandy
- Reformed the French Institutions and increased the importance of the royal court. Legally justified John I’s (son of Richard I) expulsion.
Hildebrand/Pope Gregory VII
The investiture crisis, argued with Henry IV
Empress Matilda
Daughter of King Henry I of England. Succeeded the throne after the wreck of the white ship. She married Henry V. Because after Henry 1’s sons died Matilda his daughter was the only one left, Steven of Bloius (grandson of William the conquerors took the throne instead of Matilda led to the anarchy. Steven handed back the throne to Matilda’s son Henry II of England.
Ethelred the unready
(959-975) an ineffectual ruler who failed to prevent the Danes from overrunning England. Son of King Edgar. Fought with brother over throne got it after brothers death. Led to a lack of unity among English, which resulted in successful danish takeover by King Sweyn I in 1013. Who died a year later and Was succeeded by Ethelred forced to accept concessions. Father of Edward the Confessor. L
Constitutions of Clarendon
The Constitutions of Clarendon were a set of legislative procedures passed by Henry II of England in 1164. The Constitutions were composed of 16 articles and represent an attempt to restrict ecclesiastical privileges and curb the power of the Church courts and the extent of Papal authority in England.
Peace of Constance
The Peace of Constance of 1183 was signed in the city of Konstanz by the Hohenstaufen emperor Frederick Barbarossa and representatives of the Italian Lombard League.
With the Peace of Constance, Holy Roman emperor Frederick I Barbarossa officially promised to leave the member cities of the Lombard League alone.
Frederick was this accommodating because he had lost the Battle of Legnano in 1176.
Pope Leo IX
Wanted to eliminate concubinage (clerical marriage), simony (buying and selling of ecclesiastical offices), and lay investiture (conferment of an ecclesiastical office by a lay ruler).
Battle of Bouvines
(July 27, 1214), battle that gave a decisive victory to the French king Philip II Augustus over an international coalition of the Holy Roman emperor Otto IV, King John of England, and the French vassals–Ferdinand (Ferrand) of Portugal, count of Flanders, and Renaud (Raynald) of Dammartin, count of Boulogne. The victory enhanced the power and the prestige of the French monarchy in France and in the rest of Europe.
Eleanor of Aquitaine
Previously married to Louis VII, marries Henry II, giving Aquitaine to England
she was married to Louis VII, King of France. During the Second Crusade, her relationship with her husband soured, and in 1152, they officially divorced.
Louis VII responsible for losing a lot of land in Aquitaine b/c of his divorce
Writ of novel Disseisin
Established by the Assize of Clarendon by Henry II in 1166
An action to recover lands of which the plaintiff had been disseised, or dispossessed.
Rather than dealing with the issue of lawful possession, it simply asked whether a dispossession had taken place, in which case the property was restored to the plaintiff, and the question of true ownership was dealt with later.
Arnold of Brescia
Radical religious reformer noted for his outspoken criticism of clerical wealth and corruption and for his strenuous opposition to the temporal power of the popes. He was prior of the monastery at Brescia, where in 1137 he participated in a popular revolt against the government of Bishop Manfred. His proposals for reforming the clergy and for ending the church’s temporal powers caused him to be condemned as a schismatic by Pope Innocent II in 1139.
Peace of Constance
Barborossa made peace with Pope Alexander III in 1183, cities in the kingdom of northern Italy retained several regal official jurisdictions. Must take oath of Feelty to the Holy Roman Emperor. Barborossa would then leave the lumbar league alone
