Test Flashcards
How was science treated at the time?
They wanted to keep scientific knowledge down, all scientific knowledge came from either the catholic church or the ancient greeks.
What is the Enlightenment?
An explosion of ideas that focused on individual happiness and freedom by using logic and reason.
What are the three largest effects of the Enlightenment?
Less reliance on religion
Belief in progress
Importance on the individual
What undermined the power and influence of the Catholic Church?
Scientific advances.
What is the social contract?
Agreement between individuals and the government to accept the society’s rules
According to John Locke, what is a government’s main concern?
If the government doesn’t protect the natural rights they should be overthrown by the people
How was the French and Indian War important in bringing about the American Revolution?
After the French and Indian War, Great Britain became greatly in debt and began taxes the American colonies greatly. This led to the rebellion.
What is Mercantilism?
A country’s national security was directly tied to its national wealth.
Why did the British occupy Boston, and pass the rest of the Intolerable Acts?
Passed in response to the Boston Tea Party
What were the Intolerable Acts?
British troops occupied the city of Boston and shut down the harbor
Disbanded massachusetts government that was elected by the people
Forced colonist to house and feed British troops
Allowed loyalist to be tried in Britain.
Explain how the Enlightenment ideas inspired the American Revolution.
Locke-England wasn’t protecting our natural rights so we rebelled
Voltaire’s- 1st amendment, freedoms of speech, religion, press, and assembly
Motesquus- 3 branches of government
Beccari’s- 4 th amendments, no cruel or unusual punishments, entire legal system
In what ways can you still see the impact of the Enlightenment on the United States government?
The 3 branches of government. The 4th and 1st amendments and the natural rights
What things did the first and second estates (France) have in common?
Paid no taxes
Vast amounts of wealth
Had political power
What is the only quality that all 3rd estate members shared?
Paid very high taxes
How large was the 3rd estate, and what kind of people did it encompass?
97% of the populations. The middle 3rd estate was made up of business owners and merchants. While the lower 3rd estate was made up of peasants and poor city workers
Describe the living conditions for the peasants. Give specific examples.
Lived on land leased to them by a wealthy landowners.
Worked everyday of the week except for sunday.
WEALTHY peasants would have a bed stand and maybe a few iron pots, while poor peasants slept on straw and had no iron pots.
The peasants smelled so bad they used smoke to mask their smell.
Many peasants ate what they grew, so if it was too rainy or too dry for a good crop season to grow the peasants had a good chance of starving.
What are four economic problems that France had before the Revolution?
High taxes caused the economy to crash
Drought killed crops, making bread too expensive to buy
France helped the colonies in the american revolution
Too much money spent by Louis and Marie Antoinette.
In what two ways did the American Revolution help to bring about the French Revolution?
The success of the american revolution inspired the French Revolution.
Taxes also went up, causing the 3rd estate to pay higher taxes
How did Enlightenment ideas helped bring about the French Revolution?
Locke’s ideas on natural rights, and the government’s job of protecting them. Voltaire’s ideas made people want freedom of expression and religion.
How did the Declaration of the Rights of Man change the government of France?
Got rid of the estate system, kept the king and created a congress
Government would protect natural rights
Women weren’t included
Why was all of Europe scared of the French Revolution?
They were afraid the revolution would spread to their country.
What is the Great Fear?
Austria tried to invade France to restore the queen to power, at the request of the upper class
How would the new Jacobin-led government be different from the past?
Erase catholicism and start a religion of virtue
Raise an army to tax the people’s food and land
Robespierre named himself the head of the committee on public safety which allowed him to decide who was an enemy of the revolution
What was Maximilien Robespierre able to do because he was the head of the Commission of Public Safety?
Allowed him to decide who was an enemy of the revolution
How does the French Revolution provide an example of the dangers of democracy?
Knowledge must not be replaced with fear and ignorance.
Protection for the minority and opposition is crucial
What was life like before the Industrial Revolution?
All the south and central America was controlled by Europeans countries. Native people and African slaves were the lowest class of people. Europeans were wealthy and controlled the entire continent. Most people lived on small farms and grew crops to eat. Most work was done in the home or was done by hand by an artisan.
How does industrialization change daily life?
Machines began to be invented to help do work faster. Harnessing energy from rivers and steam can do a lot more work than from a human. As a machines got larger, they began to be put together with other huge machines in buildings called factories.
What are two ways that the Agricultural Revolution helped to produce the Industrial Revolution?
Forced more people to move into the city because of the enclosure movement.
Many people were out of work and looked for ways to make money
What are eight reasons that helped England industrialize?
Plenty of energy with river and coal to run the machines
Large amounts of natural resources like iron ore for building machines and raw materials like cotton and wool
Rivers to transport materials and finished goods
Large harbors to handle al the new trade were already built.
Stable economy and government allowed businesses to grow
Already had a global trade network to sell goods
Large Urban population with no other option
Which industry was the first to industrialize?
Textiles
What are 3 improvements in Transportation, how does each one contribute to helping society?
Steam boat-could transport large amounts of factory made goods long distances. Could now move against the current
Railroad- could move goods quickly and cheaply across the country and world. Building cars, laying track, and mining for coal created many jobs. Helped fisherman and farmers because they could now ship goods to where the market is
Roads- were better built so goods could move quickly
How do telegraphs and telephones change life during industrialization?
Could now communicate globally and run large businesses. News takes minutes to travel instead of months
Why wouldn’t England let certain people out of their country?
The wanted to keep secrets for himself because it was making their country rich.
Where did industrialization appear first in the United States?
Lowell, Massachusetts
In what two ways was the factory work a positive for the workers in Lowell’s factories?
Gave women their first taste of equality
It also gave women a taste of freedom.
How did industrialization contribute to global inequality?
Industrialized countries became more advanced, wealthy, and more powerful. They used non-industrialized countries as the Market and for resources. This made non-industrialized countries to become poorer and easier to exploit. This was known as imperialism.
What places in the world are in the process of becoming industrialized?
China, India, and Vietnam
Where has industrialization not started yet on a large scale?
Africa
What are 8 specific things that were wrong with the tenement housing or working conditions? (Not in the notes)
No building codes
No national free education
Very poor police protection
Streets had no drains and were piled high with waster
Widespread diseases
Urban life span was only 45 years
Poor conditions were due to the fast pace of population growth in cities
government unwilling to address the problem.
How did the government help to cause the poor state of the working class?
Businesses allowed to regulate businesses. Government in the US at the time believed in extreme hands-on principles. Allowed businesses to gain huge profit and make owners incredibly wealthy while workers remained incredibly poor.
What are 7 short term changes that happened during the industrial revolution?
The government believed it should stay out of businesses so there were few rules Terrible working and living conditions Factory owners grew incredibly rich Middle class was able to enjoy higher standards of living due to cheaper goods Poor grew even poorer No education except for the wealthy Outbreak of disease Widespread child labor
What are five long term effects of Industrialization?
More individual wealth Better health and life expectancy Growth of a middle class Better education Building codes nad business regulations enacted nad reinforced
What does laissez-faire mean?
It means “Hands off,” keeping government hands off of business.
Whose hands does this mean, and what are they keeping off of?
They mean the government are keeping their hands off of the businesses.
Who owns the businesses, resources, and make decisions in capitalism?
The people
At what scale is capitalism efficient?
More efficient on smaller scales
How does the “invisible hand” work?
The collective decisions of all consumers informs businesses what we make without the need for government involvement.
Explain how capitalism rewards hard work and new ideas?
Provides incentives for hard work and new idea in the form of money.
Describe David Ricardo’s theory. Why didn’t it come true?
Believed that wages would decrease as population increased. Thought that there would always be a poor class as long as there are plenty of resources and workers. This didn’t work because as machinery got better food was created faster.
What is social Darwinism?
Applies ideas of “survival of the fittest” to humans.
What are the problems with Social Darwinism?
Justified having a lot of extreme poverty and a few very wealthy. Allowed racism to be justified as “Scientific” fact.
What was necessary according to Thomas Malthus?
war
famine
disease
What is the main idea of Socialism?
Government would improve the lives of all people. The government would guide the economy instead of hoping for the “Invisible Hand” to work.
What would happen without these events?
Without the population going down, it would lead to everybody being miserable
Give three examples of the “major businesses.”
energy
banking
transportation
If a business isn’t considered important to national health, who owns and operates the business?
The individuals, the people
What book laid out the idea of Communism?
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote the ideas in the Communist Manifesto.
According to Communism, how many classes did capitalism have, and what were they?
The would be 2 groups: the Haves and the Have-Nots.
Why and how would the lower classes take control, according to the Communist Manifesto?
Bad conditions and a lack of power by the working class would lead to a violent revolt, and the Have-Nots would take over.
In Communism, who owns the businesses?
Government would own all factors of production and make all decisions.
What is the goal of Communism?
Government would work to ensure equality for all people.
When is communism efficient?
National level
What are two problems with Communist theories?
Not good incentive for hard work.
Not good incentive for inventions.
What is a union?
Group of workers who join together to force employers to give better pay, hours, and conditions.
What is a strike?
Gained many reforms through collective bargaining negotiations between employees and the business.
Why did European countries want to own colonies?
Could get natural resources without paying
New markets to sell factory
Nationalism-pride in having a larger empire than another
Spread religion
Control trade routes
Ability to have naval bases worldwide
Who took over in India after the fall of the Mughals?
The East India Company
Who did the English hire to conquer India?
The East India Company
What is a sepoy?
Army made up of English and Indian soldiers working for the East India Company
What rumor caused the sepoy rebellion?
The rumor that bullets casing for new rifles were greased with beef and pork fat; going against the indian soldiers religion.
Who defeated the sepoys after the East India Co. left?
England’s government sent their army to help defeat the sepoy
What were the problems that Europeans had in trying to conquer Africa before industrializing?
Rough terrain including deserts, mountains, jungles, and no maps.
Rivers were too rough to navigate
Equal weapons (muskets) which africans got from trading slaves
Malaria, other disease that could kill the Europeans.
What inventions were created to that allowed the Europeans to take over Africa?
Railroads could transport resources and armies regardless of terrain
Steamboats could travel u p river and were safe from animals
Maxim gun-first machine gun
Quinine-malaria cure
Describe how Africans were living before
Europeans invaded?
Hundreds of ethnics groups
Used very technology
What was the purpose of the Berlin Conference?
Only Europeans countries reps were invited to the Berlin Conference, no Africans were invited
What determined how much of Africa each country got at the Berlin Conference?
Countries negotiated to get the most areas, depending on the country’s power
What did Europeans consider when deciding which areas to claim?
Considered natural resources not the ethnic or tribal boundaries
What did they ignore when carving up Africa?
They ignored the ethnic and tribal boundaries.
What is a cash crop?
A crop farmers would grow and sell; no using for themselves.
What are four examples of cash crops?
rubber
Palm oil
cacao
coffee
What was different about Melenik II’s method of fighting the Europeans?
He played Europeans off each other and got a large stockpile of guns to fight against the Europeans with.
What were four positives of imperialism in Africa?
Less tribal warfare
Better healthcare, sanitation, and medicine
Higher life span and literacy rates
Better transportation
What were five negatives of imperialism in Africa?
Lost independence as a people , and were used as forced labor
Many people died from new diseases, resistance movements, and famine
Dividing lines between colonies tore apart some ethnic groups forced enemies to become allies and set up the future problems in Africa.
Africans never got the economic benefits of its resources
Totally destroyed AFrican leadership, and put nothing in place when Europeans left
How did African tribes react to colonization overall?
They fought back
Describe the Ottoman Empire at its peak.
Was the scientific and cultural capital of the world for hundreds of years
Why did the Ottomans begin to fall behind the Europeans?
Infighting and corruption led to lack of progress at the same time that the Europeans were industrializing.
Why did the Europeans want control of the Middle East?
For access to the atlantic and Pacific ocean, as well as control of major trade routes.
Define Geopolitics?
Meaning an area is seen as important because its location have strategic value to another country.
Who joined the Ottomans, and why would they do that?
England and France joined the Ottomans in hope they would share their resources and to help stop the Russians total control over the Europeans.
What was the major difference in the European armies compared to the Russian army?
The Europeans had a small, modern, industrialized military; while Russia’s military was large but not industrialized.
What did the Crimean War prove to the rest of the world?
They needed to modernize or be taken over by the Europeans. It also ended Russia’s dominance in European and started the collapse of the Russian Monarchy
How did the Egyptians try to modernize their country?
Built the Suez Canal to link the mediterranean Sea and the red Sea
Switched the economy to growing cash crops and started ligation products
Updated communication and transportation networks.
How did the British use the debt to take over Egypt?
Since Egypt couldn’t pay England forced then to give the Europeans control of the Egyptian economy, followed by the whole government and eventually the whole country.
How much did that cost Suiz Canal? Where did Egypt get that money?
It put Egypt 500 billion in debt to Europeans banks
Why did the US want colonies?
Market opportunities and as a trading ports
What crop was the Hawaiian economy based on?
A sugar producing island
What was the Bayonet Constitution?
Took power away from the Hawaiian Kings and gave the power to the Americans
Who helped the American planters take over Hawaii?
The US marines
How did the US get involved in the Philippines?
After the Spanish-American war, the Philippines were a spanish colony, but we got them when we won the war.
What did the US promise to the Filipino people?
We promised we were there to help them achieve independence
Why did the Filipinos turn on the US?
We lied to the Filipinos about leaving their country after the Americans beat the spanish. When it was clear we weren’t leaving, they turned on the Americans.
Who won the Philippine War, and how many lives did it cost?
The Americans won, 600,000 Filipinos died and 4,000 Americans.
What positive effects did the American occupation have on the Philippines?
Sanitation, education, and the economy
John Locke
Natural rights-life, liberty, property. If the government wasn’t protecting the nature rights they should be overthrown.
Voltaire
Democracy needed to have freedom of thought, expression and religion
Montesquieu
Wrote about separation of power
Adam Smith
Wrote about the ideas of capitalism. Governments would set basic rules and let supply and demand take care of the rest.
Louis XVI
king of France from 1774 to 1792. He was overthrown and beheaded by his own people. Wasn’t interested in ruling the country and never did anything about the economy until it was too late.
Maximilien Robespierre
Leader of the Jacobins. Tried to erase catholicism and start a “Religion of Virtue. Raised an army to tax the people’s food and land. Named himself the head of the committee of Public safety which allowed to decide who was an “Enemy of the Revolution.” Killed anyone who was seen as an enemy, Killed 40000 which was 80% of the 3rd class. He was eventually beheaded by the people.
Adam Smith
Wrote the book “The Wealth of nations,” which capitalism was based around.
Karl Marx
Wrote the ideas of communism in the Communist Manifesto
Thomas Malthus
Believed population grows faster than food supply. Thought we should expect war, famine, and disease to lower population. Overpopulation would lead to everyone being miserable.
David Livingstone
He explored deep into central Africa in hope to find a river trade route that went all the way threw Africa, which would help to bring modern society to Africa.. He wanted to end the remaining of slave trade in Africa. His story of a massacre by slave trades gave Europeans an excuse to invade Africa and imperialize this was called the “scramble for Africa.”
Herbert Spencer
Believed in social darwinism-applies ideas of “survival of the fittest” to humans.
Menelik II
Ruler of Ethiopia
Played Europeans off each other and got a large stockpile of guns
Italians tried to cheat him out of land, so he declared war and won
Emilio Aguinaldo
Tried to restore the monarchy in Hawaii were hawaiians rule Hawaii and their government.
