Test Flashcards by Wil Rainey

There are two types of media in America

Print Media

Broadcast Media

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How much of all US television coverage of government official focuses on the President

80 percent

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FDR was the first president to master the broadcast media through his

Fireside chats

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The era of television politics really began with:

1960 Presidential debate between Nixon and Kennedy

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A news release can be printed or broadcast word for word or used as

background information

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They can have a _______ that states the earliest time it can be published

dateline

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________ give reporters the chance to ask officials about news releases

Briefings

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The President’s _________ _______ meets daily w/ press to answer questions and provide information on the president’s activities

press secretary

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Sometimes the president or other top official will give reporters important pieces of information called:

backgrounders

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_________ give gov’t officials the opportunity to test new ideas or to send unofficial messages to other policy makers or foreign gov’ts

backgrounders

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When officials give information _______________, they cannot print or broadcast the information

off the record

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The first televised political advertisements appeared in 1952 presidential campaign b/t:

Dwight Eisenhower and Adlai Stevenson`

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MM have fundamentally changed nominations for presidents through:

Horse-race coverage

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Television has influenced the types of candidates who run for office in several ways:

First, they must project a pleasing appearance on camera
Second, TV has made it much easier for people who are political unknowns to quickly gain exposure and quickly become serious candidates for major office
Third, TV has encouraged celebrities from a wide variety of fields to enter politics

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The media declare a candidate who wins early primaries as the:

front-runner

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________ has an on effect how candidates communicate with the voters

Television

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When did candidates begin using advertising in newspapers, magazines, mass mailings campaign lit

1900

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candidates began radio campaigning in

1924

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campaigning began with Eisenhower in

1952

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TV campaigns use what kind of advertisements

spot advertisements

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What does most campaign money go to?

TV ads

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TV also lets candidates appeal directly to the people bypassing:

party leadership

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When a legislature is in the news, the media tends to report on the most controversial aspects of Congress such as:

Conformational hearings, oversight activities, personal business of members

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The constitution requires Congress to:

confirm presidential appointments to high government posts

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Who was rejected by the Senate for Sec. of Defense because his alleged alcoholism and marital problems

John Tower

Congress has the power to review:

how the executive branch enforces laws and carries out programs

the House began allowing closed circuit tv coverage of floor debates in

1979

the Senate began allowing TV coverage of Senate debates in

1986

What television channel covers House and Senate activity?

C-SPAN

What are major factors of the public agenda?

Aid to the homeless, long-term health care for children/elderly, teen substance abuse, high crime rates

Decision on what to cover is influenced by?

competition with other TV networks

What is an upside of larger viewing audiences for TV stations?

Being able to charge more for advertising

What is another factor that stations bring into play when deciding what to show?

What they think will get the largest audience

What kind of impact does most media bring to the public?

Negative

What is the feeling of distrust and cynicism among media watchers?

TV malaise

The first amendment means that print media are free from what?

Prior restraint

What is prior restraint?

government censorship of information before it is published

False written statements intended to damage a person’s reputation are called:

Libel

Example of a libel case?

Zemel Vs Rusk 1965

What case does the quote "The right to speak and publish does not carry with it the unrestricted right to gather information” come from

1972 Branzburg Vs Hayes

Lower courts have been more supportive of:

right of access

How many right-of-access lawsuits have been filed in the past decade

200

About what percentage of those cases were won?

60%

Authorities do not have to give the media special right of access to crime or disaster sites if:

the general public is excluded

What act prevents all levels of government from searching for and seizing source documentation, except in a few special circumstances

Privacy Protection Act of 1980

What type of media does the federal government have the most power over?

Broadcast media

1934 Congress created the:

Federal Communications Commission

FCC is a gov’t agency with authority to regulate interstate and international communications by:

Radio, television, telephone, telegraph, cable and satellite

How long are the terms for the FCC Commission?

5 years

What does the FCC have the power to do?

Grant licenses to TV and broadcast stations

Two major regulatory activities deal with

the content of broadcasts and with ownership of the media

The FCC can't:

censor broadcasts

They influence the content of broadcasts by:

fining stations that violate rules and threatening not to renew station’s license

What required broadcasters to provide airtime to both sides of a controversial issue

Fairness doctrine

1941 the FCC said a company could not own more than how many radio stations in a single market?

1975 companies no longer could own:

both a newspaper and TV or radio station in the same market

The law removed: Any national limits for the ownership of radio stations Any limits on the # of TV stations one company might own as long as the company controlled no more than 35% of the national market Allowed cross- ownership of cable and broadcast stations Dropped old rate regulations for cable systems Permitted telephone companies to sell TV services Required FCC to review media ownership rules every 2 years

Telecommunications Act of 1996

The key objective of the Telecommunications Act

to increase competition and loosen media monopolies

What merger had the result of one company nearly half the US internet and more than 12 million cable subscribers

AOL + Time Warner Cable

Two companies now claim two-thirds of all the listeners of news radio stations

PBS and NPR

Telecommunications Act also tried to combat:

the growth of violent and obscene content in the MM

The federal gov’t gives a “secret” security classification:

to many gov’t documents

In what war did the Defense Department limited the media to a small group of reporters who were permitted to visit battlefields

The Persian Gulf War

In what war did the Pentagon allowed 500 reporters to accompany troops into battle as “embedded” journalists

The Iraq War

When did the internet begin?

1969

What supports interactive communications among many people at once

internet

What is one of the internets major strengths

It represents a wide range of content and opinions

Internet organizations and activities are spread around the world and it is often not clear of

Which national law should govern the internet

a site offering balanced information on major issues like the economy, foreign policy, and crime is an example of

public agenda

What is partisan

adhering to or supporting a particular party, faction, cause, or person

allows you to search for all versions of House and Senate bills by either bill number or keyword

THOMAS

What section of the Congressional Record is also available online, providing a brief summary of each days activities during each current congressional session

Daily Digest

What government institution updates and runs THOMAS

Library of Congress

an automated email notification that provides subscribers with current information on a topic

electronic mailing list

You can go online to access:

property tax bills, get forms for marriage licenses, or find town board meeting times

The motto for the twenty-first century for government should be

Online and not in line

In 2002 Congress passed what act to address problems for long lines in government institutions

E-Government Act

This law established the what to help federal agencies work together to provide better online service to the public

Office of Electronic Government

offers access to a wide variety of governmental information including statistical data, contacts and directories within government agencies, forms and applications for government, laws and regulations, and historical government

Firstgov.gov

has become the most widely used Internet tool for contacting officials

How many emails per second does Congress get

a message from an interest group to its members

Action alert

Action alerts give:

background on the issue, a date by which you must send your message, and clear instructions on what to ask for

is a message that asks the recipients to “sign” his or her name electronically to a request that will be sent to an official

Electronic Petition

The goal of an electronic petition drive is to

show lawmakers that a large number of people agree on how an issue should be decided

started in 2000 with the presidential election between George W. Bush and Al Gore

Grassroots Websites

Problems with independent websites

These sites may present misleading information about a candidate Links to extremist groups that the candidate would not want to be associated with

process involves volunteer activities that can only be done by the internet

Cyber Volunteering

One popular activity is to ________________________ provided by the candidate to a friend of yours

send an electronic postcard

In the 2000 presidential election, the who conducted a pilot program that allowed overseas residents of certain counties in four states to cast ballots online

Department of Defense

who used online balloting in their 2000 primary and became the first type of internet voting in the country

Arizona Democrats

The Supreme Court ruled in Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union that the First Amendment guarantees:

freedom of expression on the internet

In 1996 what act made publishing “indecent” or “patently offensive” material on the internet as a federal offense

Communications Decency Act

In 1998 what act ordered web site operators to require an adult identification device, such as a credit card, before granting access to material “harmful to minors”

Child Online Protection Act

The expansion of the Internet has been accompanied by the growth of

e-commerce

One thing to remember about the internet:

Websites are very biased in nature

What was required in all TVs by 1998

V-Chip