Test Flashcards
Gender schema theory
- who
- what
Sandra Bem 1981
A cognitive theory to explain how individuals become gendered in society - how sex linked characteristics are transmitted to other members of society
Networks of information - Organised knowledge/beliefs about gender from ones culture/fam/peers
Strong gender schematic people - perceive the world in terms of male or female…. E.g. Gender schematic men see masculine behaviour as desirable and feminine behaviour as undesirable
What is the social role theory of gender? And who thought of it
A. Eagly
Men and women adopt different roles in societies. Sex based division of labour leads to stereotypes and differences in behaviour
E.g. Women - child rearing would show more nurturing behaviour
Men - competitive world of work would lead to assertiveness
What is the idea that gender stereotypes are self-fulfilling prophecies?
Once people believe something to be true, they often make it come true
Unconsciously
What is stereotype threat theory? And who created it?
Claude Steele 1997
When stereotypes describe one in a negative light, it may trigger negative self evaluation on how well they appear when doing this
What is an example of stereotype threat theory?
Women aren’t good at maths
What is self-presentation and social constructivist theory?
Gender is not something we are, it is somethign we do
What is an example of self-presentation and social constructivist theory?
Eating less seen as more feminine, women on a date with an attractive man eat less than when with an unattractive man
Social policing example
Children’s clothing
‘I feel fabulous’ vs ‘let’s explore’
Appearance vs action
Expectations, not natural norms
What is a discourse?
A web of social themes, voices, assumptions and explanations
Systematically organised sets of statements which give expression to the meanings and values of an institution
What are some features of discourses?
- may construct or give meaning to how we see the world
- controlled by the dominant discourse
- discourses are ideological and social power is acted out through them
On average how much is the gender pay gap in the UK?
Men earn 20% more than women in the same job
US pay gap statistic from 1999?
Women earn 77% of a man’s earnings
As wage increases, what happens to the gender pay gap?
It also increases
How many people are born with different bodies to standard male/female?
1 in 100
Major weakness of evolutionary biology explanations
Can often explain opposing outcomes
Example of a group that show how gender is performed? /is a social construct
Wodaabe tribe, Niger
Beauty contest, men wear makeup etc
Example that questioned social theories of gender and why?
David Reimer case
Discredited Money’s theories of gender
Showed that socialisation doesn’t fully determine either our behaviour or which gender we identify with
What biological idea did Edward o. Wilson establish?
Because hominid women were responsible for bearing and caring for children, they evolved to be more nurturing. Men hunting and fighting meant more aggressive
Who created the biological idea based on hominid sex division?
Edward O. Wilson
What is the modelling social learning theory?
Monkey-see, monkey-do
Imitating and observing others
Creates variation in degree of masculinity and femininity
Who argued that sex differences are an inevitable consequence of identifying oneself as male or female?
Kohlberg
Gender labels and self concepts may serve to accentuate sex differences
Who stated that men are linguistic innovators? And when?
Jesperson 1922
