Test

Question 1

Four types of tissue

Answer 1

Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

Question 2

Define: tissue

Answer 2

2 or more different types of cells that function together

Question 3

Most human cells are how big?

Answer 3

7-20 microns

Question 4

Human red blood cells are how big?

Answer 4

7-8 microns

Question 5

A micron is:

Answer 5

1/1,000 of a millimeter or 1×10−6

Question 6

Specimens are usually preserved in ___ to prevent decay and make tissue more firm

Answer 6

Aldehyde

Question 7

How does aldehyde fix tissues?

Answer 7

Forms stable bridges in proteins between adjacent AAs, making them unaffected by enzymes. These proteins are “denatured”

Question 8

What does processing refer to in histotechnology?

Answer 8

Replacing all water in the tissue with wax.

1) water to alcohol (graded concentration).
2) Alcohol removed with solvents
3) solvents replaced with liquid wax

Question 9

What does grossing refer to in histotechnology?

Answer 9

Gross processing refers to cutting specimens into small pieces to facilitate chemical penetration or mark specimens

Question 10

List the steps of histotechnology.

Answer 10

Grossing and Fixation
Processing
Embedding
Sectioning
Staining
Coverslipping
Diagnosis

Question 11

Name the machine that cuts wax specimens into thin sections (~4-5 microns)

Answer 11

Microtome

Question 12

The “gold standard” for reference stains.

Answer 12

Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E).

Hematoxylin:
cell nuclei - blue/purple

Eosin:
cytoplasm/connective tissue - pink/orange
RBC - bright red

Question 13

Which microscopy produces true color images?

Answer 13

Light microscopy

Question 14

What’s the magnification of light microscopy? What is it used to examine?

Answer 14

1000x.

Used to examine cells + larger organelles (e.g. Nuclei, mitochondria)

Question 15

Electron microscopes produce images using high energy electrons that are either transmitted through the specimen (______) or reflected off the surface of the specimen (_____).

Answer 15

Transmitted through specimen: transmission electron microscopy

Reflected off the surface: scanning electron microscopy

Question 16

Stains for electron microscopy must be able to block electrons. Why?

Answer 16

Creates contrast in greyscale.

Question 17

Plane of section:

Cut along the longest direction of a structure

Answer 17

Longitudinal section

Question 18

Plane of section: cut perpendicular to the length of a structure

Answer 18

Cross section

Question 19

Plane of section:

Cut at an angle between cross and longitudinal section

Answer 19

Oblique section

Question 20

What is ground substance?

Answer 20

Ground substance is the material between cells in addition to water and fibrous proteins

E.g.
Liquid (plasma)
Rubbery (cartilage)
Stony (bone)
Elastic (tendon)

Question 21

Epithelia are named on what criteria?

Answer 21

Number of layers,
Shape,
Surface modifications

Question 22

Four shapes of epithelium

Answer 22

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Transitional

Question 23

Three types of muscle tissue

Answer 23

Skeletal,
Smooth,
Cardiac

Question 24

Definition:

The changing of unspecialized tissue into specialized mature tissue

Answer 24

Differentiation

Question 25

Definition:

A normal or abnormal change in tissue

Answer 25

Metaplasia

Question 26

Definition:

Enlargement of pre existing cells

Answer 26

Hypertrophy

Question 27

Definition: abnormal increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue

Answer 27

Hyperplasia

Question 28

Definition:

Growth of abnormal tissue into a tumor

Answer 28

Neoplasia