Test 5 - Muscular System Flashcards
Several genetic disorders in which there is a general atrophy and weakening of muscle is?
Muscular dystrophy
Give one diagnostic feature (what is unique about its appearance) for smooth muscle?
Spindle-shaped and non-striated
A term that means “multinucleated”?
Syncytium or syncytial
The end of a muscle that moves the least?
Origin
The neurotoxin from botulism prevents the release of?
Acetylcholine
Specialized ducts or channels that connect the surface of muscle cell to its deepest areas are called?
Transverse Tubules
Where is the concentration of potassium greatest, “inside” the cell or “outside”?
Inside
The enzyme that destroys acetylcholine (and therefore its ability to cause contractions) is?
Acetylcholinesterase
In what part of the nervous system does strychnine have its major effect?
spinal cord
The sarcoplasmic reticulum is the “___________” endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle cell?
Smooth
What compound is needed to pump calcium out of the motor nerve terminal?
ATP
Which type of muscle has less myoglobin, “slow oxidative” or “fast glycolytic”?
Fast Glycolytic
Which type of muscle is found in the respiratory tract?
Smooth
In the beginning of a excitation-contraction, the “________” potential reaches the synaptic knob of the motor neuron?
Action
What process “resets” the chemical gradient and helps maintain the electrical gradient?
Sodium-Potassium ATPase Pump
A protein that blocks the active sites, preventing them from binding to myosin heads is known as?
Tropomyosin
Myosin belongs to which category of muscular structure?
Microfilaments
The end of a muscle that moves the most?
Insertion
A specific type of contraction in which the muscle shortens while maintaining constant tension.
Concentric
After 30 minutes of exercise, what is the predominant source of energy for the muscles?
Aerobic
The genus and species (scientific name) of the organism that causes botulism is?
Clostridium botulinum
An acetylcholine receptor blocker found in cobra venom is?
Bungarotoxin
Do cardiac muscles depend mainly on “intracellular” or “extracellular” calcium?
Extracellular
A bundle of muscle fibers is known as?
Fascicles
For muscles of very fine control, do their motor neurons supply “few” muscle fibers or “many” muscle fibers?
Few
The sarcolemma at the NMJ is known as the?
Motor end plate
An acetylcholine receptor blocker produced by the Japanese Puffer fish and the blue-ringed octopus of Australia?
Tetrodotoxin
The ability to return to resting length after being stretched is?
Elasticity
Which type of muscle fiber relatively difficulty to fatigue?
Slow oxidative
The distal, swollen ends of the sarcoplasmic reticulum are known as?
Terminal Cisternae
A muscle type that uses extracellular calcium?
Cardiac and smooth
These mark the ends of the sarcomeres and attach to actin
Z Line
Myosin Light Chain Kinase transfers a “____________” group from ATP to the myosin head?
Phosphate
The condition in which the outside of a cell is positive, the inside negative and there is more sodium outside and more potassium inside is known as?
Chemical gradient
Which of the muscle type is typified as being mononucleated?
Cardiac and smooth
Once the creatine phosphate system is depleted during extreme exercise, which is the next energy system to activate?
Glycolysis-lactic acid system
The muscle “cell” is known as?
Muscle Fiber
Which of the troponin molecules binds to calcium?
Troponin C (TnC)
Chops a phosphate off the ATP which gives off the energy to do work
(no answer given)
The myosin heads demonstrate an enzymatic activity that splits “____”, thereby releasing energy.
ATP
Muscular dystrophy is caused by a mutation in which of the following?
Dystrophin
This is the connective tissue covering over the epimysium?
Fasciae
The myosin heads demonstrate an enzymatic activity that is known as?
ATP-ase
Which undergoing vigorous contraction, how long will the stored ATP supplies last?
4-6 seconds
A muscle that act on 1 region but originate in another?
Extrinsic
Muscles that are entirely contained w/in a region?
Intrinsic
Is the calcium source at the sarcomere “intracellular” or “extracellular”?
Intracellular
Which type of muscle is found in the wall of arteries?
Smooth
Which of the proteins connects from the middle of the thick filament to the Z disc?
Titin
The channels on the terminal cistern are considered to be “____________” channels.
Voltage-gated calcium
The condition in which the outside of a cell is positive, the inside negative and there is more sodium outside and more potassium inside is known as?
Electrical gradient
Approximately how long will the creatine kinase system provide ATP during strenuous activity?
6-9 seconds
A diseased marked by decreased dopamine in specific areas of brain is?
Parkinson’s
Once the action potential reaches the terminal, the next step in excitation-contraction is the influx of “______________”?
Calcium
The process in which tension is increased after successive twitches (with the same frequency of stimuli) is known as?
Treppe or Staircase phenomenon
For smooth muscles, what structures directly connect to the dense bodies?
intermediate fibers
Do smooth muscles depend mainly on “intracellular” or “extracellular” calcium?
Extracellular
Another name for the Elastic Filament of a muscle cell’s sarcomere?
Titin
A protein that activates Myosin Light Chain Kinase in smooth muscle?
Calmodulin
Fatigue may be caused by an increase in “_______________”?
Lactic Acid
Which type of muscle is found in the urinary tract?
Smooth
Tetanus is also known as?
Lock Jaw
The gap between synaptic knob and motor end plate?
Synaptic cleft
Which class of muscles demonstrate the slowest speed of contraction?
Smooth
A protein that connects tropomyosin to actin is called?
Troponin
A bundle of fascicles is referred to as?
Muscle
The thin filaments made of two twisted F actins
Actin
The ability to receive and respond to stimuli?
Excitability or Responsiveness
The connective tissue covering of a muscle fiber is known as?
Endomysium
Once the synaptic vesicles migrate to the neurolemma they release “______________”?
Acetylcholine
Which kinase-enzyme takes a phosphate group from Creatine Phosphate and adds it to ADP to make ATP?
Creatine
The cell membrane of a muscle cell is?
Sarcolemma
The so called “Dark bands” of the sarcomere?
A Band
Two groups of muscles that work against each other?
Antagonist
A type of paralysis produced by tetrodotoxin?
Flacdid
The structures which contain the neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction are known as?
Synaptic vesicles
What compound is needed to pump calcium out of sarcoplasm back into sarcoplasmic reticulum?
ATP
The connective tissue covering of an entire muscle is known as?
Epimysium
Which type of muscle fiber has a relatively long “twitch cycle”?
Slow oxidative
Specialized areas on the actin molecules that bind with myosin heads?
Active Sites
Give a muscle type that is typified as having intercalated discs?
Cardiac
Do skeletal muscles depend mainly on “intracellular” or “extracellular” calcium?
Intracellular
In a muscle cell, intracellular calcium is released from the “_______________”?
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
A muscle type that demonstrates autorhythmicity
Cardiac and smooth
The ability of a cell to shorten its length is known as?
Contractility
A toxic by-product of anaerobic fermentation/respiration that produces pain?
Lactic acid
The ability to be stretched beyond its “resting” length?
Extensibility
The gastrocnemius is an example of a “slow oxidative” or “fast glycolytic”?
Fast Glycolytic
A type of paralysis produced by bungarotoxin?
Flacdid
A type of neuron that innervates skeletal muscle fibers is known as?
Motor neuron
Muscles that help the agonists?
Synergist
Which protein connects the thin filaments of a muscle cell to the cell membrane’s integral proteins?
Dystrophin
Which of the troponin molecules binds to tropomyosin?
Troponin T (TnT)
Once the action potential begins on the sarcolemma, it travels deep within the muscle fiber through the “____________”?
Transverse tubules
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter the is “stimulatory” or “inhibitory”?
Inhibitory
The distal end of the motor neuron is known as the?
Terminal
ATP is split into ADP + Pi + energy in order to “___________” the myosin cross bridges.
Reset
A type of respiration that does NOT require oxygen to take place?
Anaerobic
In order for a muscle cell to relax, “____________” must first attach to the myosin head?
ATP
Sarin nerve gas causes “__________” paralysis?
Spastic
The middle of the dark band is known as?
H Band
Once calcium binds to troponin, the troponin molecule changes shape and pulls “______________” to expose the active sites of actin.
Tropomyosin
This high energy molecule is required to fuel a type of Active Transport which pumps Ca++ from sarcoplasm back into SR?
ATP
Which of the muscles types is typified as being involuntary?
Cardiac and smooth
Relative to the Calcium ions in the sarcoplasm, must happen to allow muscular relaxation?
Calcium must be pumped from the sarcoplasm back to sarcoplasmic reticulum
The thick filaments with Tail and Head (Cross Bridge)
Myosin
Where is the concentration of sodium greatest, “inside” the cell or “outside”?
Outside
What binds to calmodulin in smooth muscles to activate it?
Calcium
The channels near the motor neuron’s terminal are known as?
Voltage-gated Calcium
The acetylcholine receptors are classified as what type of channel?
Ligand-gated sodium
