Test 5 - Muscular System Flashcards
1
Q
Several genetic disorders in which there is a general atrophy and weakening of muscle is?
A
Muscular dystrophy
2
Q
Give one diagnostic feature (what is unique about its appearance) for smooth muscle?
A
Spindle-shaped and non-striated
3
Q
A term that means “multinucleated”?
A
Syncytium or syncytial
4
Q
The end of a muscle that moves the least?
A
Origin
5
Q
The neurotoxin from botulism prevents the release of?
A
Acetylcholine
6
Q
Specialized ducts or channels that connect the surface of muscle cell to its deepest areas are called?
A
Transverse Tubules
7
Q
Where is the concentration of potassium greatest, “inside” the cell or “outside”?
A
Inside
8
Q
The enzyme that destroys acetylcholine (and therefore its ability to cause contractions) is?
A
Acetylcholinesterase
9
Q
In what part of the nervous system does strychnine have its major effect?
A
spinal cord
10
Q
The sarcoplasmic reticulum is the “___________” endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle cell?
A
Smooth
11
Q
What compound is needed to pump calcium out of the motor nerve terminal?
A
ATP
12
Q
Which type of muscle has less myoglobin, “slow oxidative” or “fast glycolytic”?
A
Fast Glycolytic
13
Q
Which type of muscle is found in the respiratory tract?
A
Smooth
14
Q
In the beginning of a excitation-contraction, the “________” potential reaches the synaptic knob of the motor neuron?
A
Action
15
Q
What process “resets” the chemical gradient and helps maintain the electrical gradient?
A
Sodium-Potassium ATPase Pump
16
Q
A protein that blocks the active sites, preventing them from binding to myosin heads is known as?
A
Tropomyosin
17
Q
Myosin belongs to which category of muscular structure?
A
Microfilaments
18
Q
The end of a muscle that moves the most?
A
Insertion
19
Q
A specific type of contraction in which the muscle shortens while maintaining constant tension.
A
Concentric
20
Q
After 30 minutes of exercise, what is the predominant source of energy for the muscles?
A
Aerobic
21
Q
The genus and species (scientific name) of the organism that causes botulism is?
A
Clostridium botulinum
22
Q
An acetylcholine receptor blocker found in cobra venom is?
A
Bungarotoxin
23
Q
Do cardiac muscles depend mainly on “intracellular” or “extracellular” calcium?
A
Extracellular
24
Q
A bundle of muscle fibers is known as?
A
Fascicles
25
For muscles of very fine control, do their motor neurons supply "few" muscle fibers or "many" muscle fibers?
Few
26
The sarcolemma at the NMJ is known as the?
Motor end plate
27
An acetylcholine receptor blocker produced by the Japanese Puffer fish and the blue-ringed octopus of Australia?
Tetrodotoxin
28
The ability to return to resting length after being stretched is?
Elasticity
29
Which type of muscle fiber relatively difficulty to fatigue?
Slow oxidative
30
The distal, swollen ends of the sarcoplasmic reticulum are known as?
Terminal Cisternae
31
A muscle type that uses extracellular calcium?
Cardiac and smooth
32
These mark the ends of the sarcomeres and attach to actin
Z Line
33
Myosin Light Chain Kinase transfers a "____________" group from ATP to the myosin head?
Phosphate
34
The condition in which the outside of a cell is positive, the inside negative and there is more sodium outside and more potassium inside is known as?
Chemical gradient
35
Which of the muscle type is typified as being mononucleated?
Cardiac and smooth
36
Once the creatine phosphate system is depleted during extreme exercise, which is the next energy system to activate?
Glycolysis-lactic acid system
37
The muscle "cell" is known as?
Muscle Fiber
38
Which of the troponin molecules binds to calcium?
Troponin C (TnC)
39
Chops a phosphate off the ATP which gives off the energy to do work
(no answer given)
40
The myosin heads demonstrate an enzymatic activity that splits "____", thereby releasing energy.
ATP
41
Muscular dystrophy is caused by a mutation in which of the following?
Dystrophin
42
This is the connective tissue covering over the epimysium?
Fasciae
43
The myosin heads demonstrate an enzymatic activity that is known as?
ATP-ase
44
Which undergoing vigorous contraction, how long will the stored ATP supplies last?
4-6 seconds
45
A muscle that act on 1 region but originate in another?
Extrinsic
46
Muscles that are entirely contained w/in a region?
Intrinsic
47
Is the calcium source at the sarcomere "intracellular" or "extracellular"?
Intracellular
48
Which type of muscle is found in the wall of arteries?
Smooth
49
Which of the proteins connects from the middle of the thick filament to the Z disc?
Titin
50
The channels on the terminal cistern are considered to be "____________" channels.
Voltage-gated calcium
51
The condition in which the outside of a cell is positive, the inside negative and there is more sodium outside and more potassium inside is known as?
Electrical gradient
52
Approximately how long will the creatine kinase system provide ATP during strenuous activity?
6-9 seconds
53
A diseased marked by decreased dopamine in specific areas of brain is?
Parkinson's
54
Once the action potential reaches the terminal, the next step in excitation-contraction is the influx of "______________"?
Calcium
55
The process in which tension is increased after successive twitches (with the same frequency of stimuli) is known as?
Treppe or Staircase phenomenon
56
For smooth muscles, what structures directly connect to the dense bodies?
intermediate fibers
57
Do smooth muscles depend mainly on "intracellular" or "extracellular" calcium?
Extracellular
58
Another name for the Elastic Filament of a muscle cell's sarcomere?
Titin
59
A protein that activates Myosin Light Chain Kinase in smooth muscle?
Calmodulin
60
Fatigue may be caused by an increase in "_______________"?
Lactic Acid
61
Which type of muscle is found in the urinary tract?
Smooth
62
Tetanus is also known as?
Lock Jaw
63
The gap between synaptic knob and motor end plate?
Synaptic cleft
64
Which class of muscles demonstrate the slowest speed of contraction?
Smooth
65
A protein that connects tropomyosin to actin is called?
Troponin
66
A bundle of fascicles is referred to as?
Muscle
67
The thin filaments made of two twisted F actins
Actin
68
The ability to receive and respond to stimuli?
Excitability or Responsiveness
69
The connective tissue covering of a muscle fiber is known as?
Endomysium
70
Once the synaptic vesicles migrate to the neurolemma they release "______________"?
Acetylcholine
71
Which kinase-enzyme takes a phosphate group from Creatine Phosphate and adds it to ADP to make ATP?
Creatine
72
The cell membrane of a muscle cell is?
Sarcolemma
73
The so called "Dark bands" of the sarcomere?
A Band
74
Two groups of muscles that work against each other?
Antagonist
75
A type of paralysis produced by tetrodotoxin?
Flacdid
76
The structures which contain the neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction are known as?
Synaptic vesicles
77
What compound is needed to pump calcium out of sarcoplasm back into sarcoplasmic reticulum?
ATP
78
The connective tissue covering of an entire muscle is known as?
Epimysium
79
Which type of muscle fiber has a relatively long "twitch cycle"?
Slow oxidative
80
Specialized areas on the actin molecules that bind with myosin heads?
Active Sites
81
Give a muscle type that is typified as having intercalated discs?
Cardiac
82
Do skeletal muscles depend mainly on "intracellular" or "extracellular" calcium?
Intracellular
83
In a muscle cell, intracellular calcium is released from the "_______________"?
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
84
A muscle type that demonstrates autorhythmicity
Cardiac and smooth
85
The ability of a cell to shorten its length is known as?
Contractility
86
A toxic by-product of anaerobic fermentation/respiration that produces pain?
Lactic acid
87
The ability to be stretched beyond its "resting" length?
Extensibility
88
The gastrocnemius is an example of a "slow oxidative" or "fast glycolytic"?
Fast Glycolytic
89
A type of paralysis produced by bungarotoxin?
Flacdid
90
A type of neuron that innervates skeletal muscle fibers is known as?
Motor neuron
91
Muscles that help the agonists?
Synergist
92
Which protein connects the thin filaments of a muscle cell to the cell membrane's integral proteins?
Dystrophin
93
Which of the troponin molecules binds to tropomyosin?
Troponin T (TnT)
94
Once the action potential begins on the sarcolemma, it travels deep within the muscle fiber through the "____________"?
Transverse tubules
95
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter the is "stimulatory" or "inhibitory"?
Inhibitory
96
The distal end of the motor neuron is known as the?
Terminal
97
ATP is split into ADP + Pi + energy in order to "___________" the myosin cross bridges.
Reset
98
A type of respiration that does NOT require oxygen to take place?
Anaerobic
99
In order for a muscle cell to relax, "____________" must first attach to the myosin head?
ATP
100
Sarin nerve gas causes "__________" paralysis?
Spastic
101
The middle of the dark band is known as?
H Band
102
Once calcium binds to troponin, the troponin molecule changes shape and pulls "______________" to expose the active sites of actin.
Tropomyosin
103
This high energy molecule is required to fuel a type of Active Transport which pumps Ca++ from sarcoplasm back into SR?
ATP
104
Which of the muscles types is typified as being involuntary?
Cardiac and smooth
105
Relative to the Calcium ions in the sarcoplasm, must happen to allow muscular relaxation?
Calcium must be pumped from the sarcoplasm back to sarcoplasmic reticulum
106
The thick filaments with Tail and Head (Cross Bridge)
Myosin
107
Where is the concentration of sodium greatest, "inside" the cell or "outside"?
Outside
108
What binds to calmodulin in smooth muscles to activate it?
Calcium
109
The channels near the motor neuron's terminal are known as?
Voltage-gated Calcium
110
The acetylcholine receptors are classified as what type of channel?
Ligand-gated sodium
111
Used as "nerve" gas, this inhibits the actions of acetylcholinesterase?
Sarin
112
What is the mechanism of action for tetrodotoxin?
Blocks or inhibits acetylcholine receptors
113
Once the active sites on actin are exposed, the "_______" "______" bind to them.
Myosin heads
114
A bundle of myofibrils is known as?
Muscle Fiber
115
For smooth muscles, what structures are directly connected by the intermediate fibers?
actin and dense bodies
116
Which of the following diseases is caused by a mutation in one of the proteins that connect the thin filaments to the integral proteins?
Muscular dystrophy
117
Once the action potential reaches the terminal, the next step in excitation-contraction is the "___________" of calcium?
Influx
118
The connective tissue covering of a fascicle is known as?
Perimysium
119
A genetic disease in which muscle cell membranes degenerate causing severe muscular degeneration in the disease known as?
Muscular dystrophy
120
A muscle type that is typified as being striated?
Cardiac and skeletal
121
Continuous partial contraction of a muscle due to spinal stimulation is known as?
Muscle tone
122
What must happen to the relationship between tropomyosin and the active site on actin to allow muscular relaxation?
Topomyosin must cover or inactivate the active site
123
Which of the muscles types is typified as being voluntary?
skeletal
124
The second part of an action potential in which potassium ions flood out of a cell?
Repolarization
125
What is the mechanism of action for saxitoxin?
Blocks or inhibits acetylcholine receptors
126
The release of ADP and P from the myosin head causes the "______" "______".
Power stroke
127
In order for a muscle cell to relax, the action "________" must stop in the neuron?
Potential
128
What compound is needed for the re-uptake of acetylcholine?
ATP
129
The tiny holes (not the discs) found in certain muscle types through which an impulse can pass with limited resistance?
Gap junctions
130
Which of the following is the most immediate source of energy for muscle contraction?
Stored ATP
131
The soleus is an example of a "slow oxidative" or "fast glycolytic"?
Slow oxidative
132
A process by which muscles contract just after death, however, for a period of time, are unable to relax?
Rigor Mortis
133
Post mortem Ca++ leakage into sarcoplasm (extracellular and SR) causing contraction of muscles. This process of contraction is known as?
Rigor Mortis
134
Which type of muscle is found in the wall of the gut?
Smooth
135
A protein that binds to calcium as is attached to myosin in smooth muscle
Calmodulin
136
What is the mechanism of action for curare?
Blocks or inhibits acetylcholine receptors
137
A powerful poison the blocks the inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine?
Strychnine
138
An autoimmune disease in which the body produces antibodies that destroy the acetylcholine receptors?
Myasthenia Gravis
139
Calcium is pumped from the sarcoplasm back into the SR by a process known as "________________" transport?
Active
140
A protein within the sarcoplasmic reticulum that binds up Calcium to prevent the calcium from becoming toxic?
Calsequestrin
141
Tiny structures within cardiac muscle that contain holes through which an impulse can pass with limited resistance?
Intercalated discs
142
The motor neuron and all the muscle fibers connecting to its synaptic knobs are referred to as?
Motor Unit
143
Which type of muscle demonstrates anaerobic respiration, "slow oxidative" or "fast glycolytic"?
Fast Glycolytic
144
A type of paralysis produced by saxitoxin?
Flacdid
145
The organism that causes tetanus belongs to which group of organisms?
Bacteria
146
Where is the concentration of calcium greatest, "inside" the cell or "outside"?
Outside
147
The condition in which the outside of a cell is positive, the inside negative AND having more sodium outside and more potassium inside is known as?
Electro-chemical gradient
148
Once the Glycolysis-Lactic Acid system has been utilized during exercise, which type of respiration dominates the physiology?
Aerobic
149
During anaerobic respiration, what is converted into glucose within the muscle?
Glycogen
150
Increased muscle weakness and loss of contractility with prolonged use is known as?
Fatigue
151
The "charge" or voltage difference at the Motor End Plate is known as?
End plate potential
152
A type of paralysis due to inhibiting the actions or acetylcholinesterase?
Spastic
153
What is the net ATP production by anaerobic fermentation/respiration (spell out number)?
Two
154
Do muscles that perform heavy work have "small" or "large" motor units?
Large
155
A structure predominantly made of collagen that attaches muscle to bone?
Tendon
156
The are where nerves meet nerve or nerves meet muscle?
Synapse
157
What is the mechanism or action for alpha bungarotoxin?
Blocks or inhibits acetylcholine receptors
158
What compound is needed to allow the myosin head to release the active site on actin?
ATP
159
Fatigue may be caused by a depletion of glycogen, ATP, and/or "___________"?
Acetylcholine
160
Name the neurotransmitter of the neuromuscular junction?
Acetylcholine
161
The cytoplasm of a muscle cell is referred to as?
Sarcoplasm
162
Continued, full contraction of a muscle due to an increase in the frequency of stimuli is called?
Complete tetanus
163
What form of respiration produces 90% of ATP during exercising that lasts more than 10 minutes?
Aerobic
164
Name the phase of a muscle twitch for which the stimulation (AP) first arrives and tension just begins, but no contraction is seen?
Latent
165
Name the phase of a muscle twitch for which the cross-bridges are active, tension in muscle builds to maximum
Period of contraction
166
For muscles that perform heavy work, do their motor neurons supply "few" muscle fibers or "many" muscle fibers?
Many
167
Which type of muscle fiber demonstrates aerobic respiration?
Slow oxidative
168
Slow oxidative muscles are known as "white" or "red" muscles?
Red
169
These fibers connect myosin fibers to the intermediate fibers?
Actin
170
Calcium released from the terminal cistern binds to which protein?
Troponin
171
While undergoing vigorous contraction, how long will glycolysis keep the muscle supplied with ATP?
30-40 seconds
172
A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers that it supplies
Motor Unit
173
The first part of an action potential in which sodium ions flood into the cell?
Depolarization
174
A process in which the force of contraction (tension) in a muscle is increased by stimulating more and more motor units, rather than increasing the frequency of stimuli?
Recruitmet or Multiple Motor Unit Summation
175
A human disease caused by the bioaccumulation or neurotoxins in oyster is known as "__________" Shellfish Poisoning?
Paralytic
176
Long polymers of several G actin molecules bound together in a long chain are known as?
F Actin
177
The process in which at a very high frequency of stimuli, the tension in a muscle continues to build as one contraction overlaps another?
Wave summation
178
A protein that runs through the middle of thick filaments is called?
Titin
179
Once the stored ATP and the creatine phosphate systems are depleted of their ATP, which form of respiration is the next to activate?
Anaerobic
180
An acetylcholine receptor blocker used for poison arrows in Central and South America, used as an anesthesia is some clinical arenas is?
Curare
181
What is the contractive response of a muscle to ONE action potential known as?
Muscle twitch
182
A type of respiration required oxygen levels.
Aerobic
183
Which type of muscle has fewer capillaries, "slow oxidative" or "fast glycolytic"?
Fast Glycolytic
184
Organophosphates cause "__________" paralysis?
Spastic
185
With a reduced Sodium Pump activity comes an altered "________"?
Electrochemical gradient
186
A second ATP must be hydrolysed (broken into ADP + Pi + Energy) to cause "______" "________" of smooth muscle?
Power Stroke
187
Fatigue may be caused by a depletion of Glycogen, "___________", and/or acetylcholine?
ATP
188
What compound is needed in order to reset or re-cock the myosin head & cross bridge?
ATP
189
Proteins that pull the sarcolemma to shorten the cell during contraction of smooth muscles are known as?
Dense Bodies
190
A broad, sheet-like tendon?
Aponeurosis
191
What must happen in the motor neuron to allow muscular relaxation?
Action potential or nerve impulse must stop
192
A class of compounds that inhibit the actions of acetylcholinesteras.
Organophosphates
193
Sarin nerve gas inhibits the actions of?
Acetylcholinesterase
194
Which of the proteins allows the muscle's sarcomere to recoil and keeps the fibers in alignment?
Titin
195
An acetylcholine receptor blocker that is produced by a single-celled marine algae?
Saxitoxin
196
Once tropomyosin moves it exposes the "____________" of actin to the myosin heads.
Active Sites
197
What compound is needed to maintain the electrochemical gradient?
ATP
198
The neurotransmitter blocked by strychnine is?
Glycine
199
Fatigue may be caused by an increase in lactic acid and extracellular "____________"?
Potassium
200
A bundle of microfilaments is known as?
Myofibril
201
The motor area of the spinal cord?
ventral horn
202
The erector spine is an example of a "slow oxidative" or "fast glycolytic"?
Slow oxidative
203
Glycine is "stimulatory" or "inhibitory"?
Inhibitory
204
Fatigue may be caused by disruption of the "______" pump?
Sodium
205
The gene for which group of proteins is mutated to cause the group of disorders known as muscular dystrophy?
Dystrophins
206
The functional subunit of skeletal muscles is known as?
Sarcomere
207
The "_____________" reticulum is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle cell?
Sarcoplasmic
208
The so called "Light bands" of the sarcomere?
I Band
209
Fatigue may be caused by a depletion of "__________", ATP, and.or acetylcholine?
Glycogen
210
Which band of the sarcomere consists of actin and titin only?
I Band
211
A condition causing massive fish "die-offs" due to toxins produced by single-celled, marine algae?
Red Tides
212
Dystrophin links actin to certain "___________" within muscle cells
Glycoproteins
213
The enzyme which is activated by calmodulin in smooth muscle is?
Myosin Light Chain Kinase
214
Name the third phase of a muscle twitch?
Period of relaxation
215
These fibers connect the actin fibers to the dense bodies?
Intermediate Fibers
216
White muscle are known as "slow oxidative" or "fast glycolytic"?
Fast Glycolytic
217
The organism that causes botulism belongs to which group of organisms?
Bacteria
218
A type of paralysis produced by botulism?
Flacdid
219
For smooth muscle, the energy released when a phosphate is removed from ATP on the myosin head does what?
allows the myosin to bind to the actin
220
Energy allowing the Myosin of smooth muscles to bind to Actin comes from what high energy compound?
ATP
221
Muscle stem cells which are mono nucleated and fuse to become multinucleated?
Myoblasts
222
Per glucose molecule, how many net ATP's are produced by the typical aerobic respiration processes in humans?
36-38
223
Give a muscle type that is typified as being branched?
Cardiac
224
A group of muscles that work together?
Agonist
225
An increase in the size of a structure with an increase in the number of cells due to cell division is known as?
Hyperplasia
226
Which of the troponin molecules binds to actin?
Troponin I (TnI)
227
Which type of muscle has abundant mitochondria, "slow oxidative" or "fast glycolytic"?
Slow oxidative
228
An increase in the size of a structure without and increase in the number of cells or cell division is known as?
Hypertrophy
229
A viral disease that destroys the motor areas of the spinal cord?
Poliomyelitis
230
The individual globular protein molecules that make up F actions are called?
G Actins
231
Once extracellular calcium floods into the neuron, the synaptic vesicles migrate to the neurolemma by a process known as?
Exocytosis
232
Myofibrils are bundles of?
Microfilaments
233
A type of paralysis produced by curare?
Flacdid
234
What is the mechanism of action for atropine?
Blocks or inhibits acetylcholine receptors
235
After the myosin binds to the actin in smooth muscle, what must happen in order to allow the POWER STROKE to occur?
another ATP must be broken into ADP + P + Energy
236
A reduction in the size of a structure is generally known as?
Atrophy
237
The neurotoxin from tetanus destroys "________" "________" to cause continuous muscle contractions?
Inhibitory
238
Actin belongs to which category of muscular structure?
Microfilaments
239
Which protein of a muscle cells connects the cell membrane of the muscle cell to certain components of the extracellular matrix?
Dystrophin
240
A type of paralysis produced by strychnine?
Spastic
241
An acetylcholine receptor blocker that causes Red Tides?
Saxitoxin
242
Fatigue may be caused in an "increase" or "decrease" in pH?
Reduction in pH
243
A red pigment within muscle cells which transports Oxygen?
Myoglobin
244
Contraction in which the length of the muscle fibers shorten, however, but tension remains the same.
Isotonic
245
Contraction in which muscle fibers contract but does not move/shorten as a whole.
Isometric
246
The ability to contract independently, w/out nerve input is known as?
Autorhythmicity
247
Poliomyelitis is caused by a "___________"?
virus
248
Do muscles of very fine control have "small" or "large" motor units?
Small
249
A type of paralysis produced by any acetylcholine receptor blocker?
Flacdid
250
Give a muscle type that is typified as having gap junction?
Cardiac and smooth
251
Which type of muscle relatively easy to fatigue, "slow oxidative" or "fast glycolytic"?
Fast Glycolytic
252
The biceps is an example of a "slow oxidative" or "fast glycolytic"?
Fast Glycolytic
253
A muscle type that uses intracellular calcium?
Skeletal
254
Due to the inability to inhibit nerve signals sent to various muscles, Parkinson's Disease causes repeated contractions known as?
Tremors
255
The neurotoxin from botulism blocks the voltage gated "___________" channels of the alpha motor neuron connecting to the muscles?
Calcium
256
The location where the motor neuron meets the muscle fiber?
Neuromuscular junction
257
Which type of muscle fiber has abundant capillaries?
Slow oxidative
258
A specific type of contraction in which the muscle fibers lengthen while maintaining constant tension.
Eccentric
259
Which type of muscle is found in the reproductive tract?
Smooth
260
Which band of the sarcomere consists of actin and myosin?
A Band
261
As far as the neurotransmitter is concerned, what must happen to allow muscular relaxation?
Acetylcholine must be removed
262
Is the calcium source at the terminal of the motor neuron "intracellular" or "extracellular"?
Extracellular
263
What causes the increased tension seen in each successive contraction seen with rapid stimuli at a continuous frequency?
Build up of calcium in sarcoplasm
264
Red muscles are known as Slow "___________" fibers?
Oxidative
265
Lock Jaw is also known as?
Tetanus
266
Once the myosin heads bind to the active site on actin, they release "__________"?
ADP and P
267
Which of the following is a diagnostic feature (what is UNIQUE about its appearance, i.e. not other muscle type demonstrates) for skeletal muscle?
Multinucleated
268
The genus and species (scientific name) of the organism that causes tetanus?
Clostridium tetani
269
In order for muscular relaxation to occur the myosin head must let go of the active site. What must be released from the myosin head to accommodate this?
ADP + P
270
Which type of muscle has less mitochondria, "slow oxidative" or "fast glycolytic"?
Fast Glycolytic
271
In order for a muscle cell to relax, the "_________" potential must stop in the neuron?
Action
272
Which band of the sarcomere consists of Myosin only
H Band
273
Which type of muscle fiber has abundant myoglobin?
Slow oxidative
274
Which neurotransmitter is deficient in certain areas of the brain for Parkinson's Disease?
Dopamine
275
A type of paralysis produced by tetanus?
Spastic
276
A sustained, quivering contraction due to a very high frequency of stimuli reaching a muscle is known as?
Incomplete tetanus
