Test 4 Vocab Flashcards
Action by an individual that is intended to benefit another individual or set of individuals
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Prosocial behavior
These are examples of what type of approach?
- Helping a teacher so we can get a letter of recommendation
- Helping a person we find attractive so we can get a date
- Helping a high-status person so we can get a job
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Functional approach
The desire to help another purely for the other person’s benefit, regardless of whether we derive any benefit
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Altruism
The idea that natural selection led to greater tendencies to help close kin than to help those with whom we have little generic relationship
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Kin selection
An explanation for why we give help: If I help you today, you might be more likely to help me tomorrow
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Norm of reciprocity
A theory which maintains that people provide help to someone else when the benefits of helping and the costs of not helping outweigh the potential costs of helping and the benefits of not helping
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Social exchange theory
The idea that the reason people help others depends on how much they empathize with them. When empathy is low, people help others when benefits outweigh costs; when empathy is high, people help others even at costs to themselves
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Empathy-altruism model
The underestimation of other people’s experience of physical pain as well as the pain of social rejection
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Empathy gap
A frame of mind in which people don’t distinguish between what’s theirs and what is someone else’s
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communal orientation
refers to the process by which exposure to a stimulus influences a person’s subsequent thoughts, feelings, or behaviors without their conscious awareness.
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priming
One of the earliest lines of studies examining what primes people to be prosocial looked at the effect of positive mood. If your intuition tells you that you’ll be more helpful in a positive mood, research by Alice Isen suggests that you are right.
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positive affect
When you take the role of friend, that role carries the norm that you will help more than when you take the role of stranger or coworker.
Thinking about friendship puts us in a friendly state of mind and readies us to act in a friendly, helpful way
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priming prosocial roles
terror management theory
Ebenezer Scrooge is ultimately moved to become a charitable person by the Ghost of Christmas Future, which shows him his fate: to be forgotten a er his death
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priming mortality
participants who first unscrambled sentences that primed them with concepts such as “divine” and “sacred” were more generous to a stranger
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priming religious values
a phenomenon in which a person who witnesses another in need is less likely to help when there are other bystanders present to witness the event
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bystander effect
