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Exercise Physiology > Test 4 study guide thingy > Flashcards

Test 4 study guide thingy Flashcards

1
Q

what is signal transduction?

A

-ligand receptor interaction causes a response in the target cell called signal transduction

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2
Q

what controls the effectiveness and concentration of a hormone? does this change during exercise?

A
  1. the number of receptors available for binding

2. blood hormone concentration

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3
Q

blood hormone concentration determined by

A
  1. rate of secretion from the endocrine gland
  2. rate of metabolism or excretion of hormone
  3. quantity of transport protein
  4. changes in plasma volume
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4
Q

what happens to plasma volume during exercise?

A

during exercise, plasma volume decreases which causes a slight increase in hormone concentration in plamsa

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5
Q

what are the three effects elicited by a hormone receptor interaction?

A
  1. alter membrane transport
  2. stimulate DNA to increase proteins synthesis
  3. activates second messengers (cyclic AMP and CA++)
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6
Q

are steroid hormones lipophobic or lipophilic, and what does this mean with respect to carrier molecules?

A

steroid hormones cross the cell membrane very easily, meaning they are lipophilic. The carrier moleucles don’t have to increase intracellular concentration of ions or substrates

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7
Q

what are some examples of second messengers?

A 
phosphorylase
hormone sensitive lipase
g protein
diacylglycerol
inositol
triphosphate
cyclic AMP
Ca++
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8
Q

what are the main endocrine systems we described in class?

A
  • hypothalamus
  • posterior pituitary
  • anterior pituitary
  • thyroid
  • adrenal glands
  • pancrease
  • testes
  • adipose tissue
  • skeletal muscle
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9
Q

hypothalamus

A

regulator of the pituitary

-influence by + and - input

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10
Q

anterior pituitary gland

A
  • true endocrine gland

- secretes growth hormone which aids in the maintenance of blood glucose

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11
Q

posterior pituitary gland

A
  • secretes ADH (vasopressin) and oxytocin
  • it reduces water loss
  • stimulated by high plasma osmolality and low plasma volume due to sweating, and exercise
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12
Q

thyroid

A

T3 and T4 maintain metabolic rate

  • T4:T3 is 20:1
  • T4 can be converted into T3
  • increases metabolic rate
  • The thyroid gland is very slow
  • secretes calcitonin and pTH
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13
Q

what is the actual % of people with hypothyroid?

A

3-4%

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14
Q

calcitonin

A

regulates Ca++

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15
Q

adrenal gland

A

secrete 80% epinephrine and 20% norepinephrine

-it increases HR, glycogenolysis, lipolysis, and BP

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16
Q

where is growth hormone secreted from? what does it do?

A
  • secreted from the anterior pituitary gland
  • stimulates protein synthesis and long bone growth
  • mobilized free fatty acid from adipose tissue
  • aids in the maintenance of blood glucose
  • growth hormone increases during exercise*
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17
Q

what is ADH and how does its concentration change during exercise?

A

ADH = antidiuretic hormone

  • reduces water loss to maintain plasma volume
  • stimulated by high plasma osmolality and low plasma volume due to sweating and exercise
  • * ADH increases at 60% VO2 max***`
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18
Q

what does the adrenal medulla secrete? are these agents slow or fast acting?

A
  • adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
  • they are fast acting due to the fight or flight response
  • it increases HR, glycogenolysis, lipolysis, and BP
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19
Q

what does the adrenal cortex secrete?

A 
mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)
glucocorticoids (cortisol)
sex steroids (androgens and estrogens)
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20
Q

what stimulates the release of aldosterone? What is the aldosterone response to exercise?

A

the adrenal cortex secretes mineral corticoids (aldosterone)

  • plasma k+ is the direct controller as well as Ang II (increased k+ induce secretion of aldosterone)
  • little exercise: little change in aldo and renin and Ang II
  • heavy exercise: (>50% VO2 max) parallel increases in aldo, renin and Ang II
  • as plasma K+ increases aldosterone does as well
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21
Q

what stimulates the secretion of cortisol?

A

stimulated by exercise and long term fasting (to maintain plasma glucose)

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22
Q

how is the regulation of muscle glycogen utilization altered with exercise?

A

high intensity and duration exercise results in a more rapid glycogen depletion

  • not greater but faster
  • the heavier the exercise, the faster the glycogen is depleted
  • * greater at 90 min @ 75% VO2 max than 30 min at 90% VO2 max*
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23
Q

during exercise what are permissive hormones

A
  • they are helper and facilitator hormones

- without T3, epinephrine has little effect on FFA mobilization from adipose tissue, so T3 is a permissive hormone

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24
Q

does plasma growth hormone change with increasing exercise intensity?

A

as intensity increases, so does the levels of plasma growth hormone
-maximal work is >25x resting value (more sensitive with aerobic training)

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25
Q

does endurance training alter plasma norepinephrine or epinephrine levels to a fixed workload?

A

endurance training causes a rapid decrease In plasma NE and E to a fixed workload. YES.

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26
Q

what happens to FFA mobilization in light/moderate exercise versus heavy/sever exercise?

A

FFA mobilization decreases during heavy exercise

  • doesn’t decrease in light/moderate exercise
  • possibly because of high levels of lactic acid, elevated H+, or inadequate blood flow
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27
Q

what is the tolerated variation in core temperature and what effects does getting near temperature thresholds have on the body?

A

normal core: 37 C
too hot: 45 C or 113 F this may denature proteins and enzymes and lead to death
too cold: 34 C or 93.2 F: this may cause slowed metabolism and arrythmias

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28
Q

what are the mechanisms of involuntary heat production?

A
  • shivering

- action of hormones :T3 and catacholamines

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29
Q

what are the predominant mechanisms in which we lose heat at rest? Does the contribution from these mechanisms change during exercise?

A

Radiation-
conduction
convection
evaporation

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30
Q

radiation

A

transfer of heat via infared rays

  • no physical contact between surfaces
  • 60% heat loss at rest
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31
Q

conduction

A

heat loss due to contact with another surface

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32
Q

convection

A

form of conductive heat loss

-heat transferred to air or water

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33
Q

evaporation

A
  • heat transferre via water (sweat) on skin surface.
  • depends on temp and relative humidity
  • 25% heat loss at rest
  • maximal sweat rate: 1.5 L/hr. After acclamation, 3.5 L/hr. Cooling power: 600 calories/L
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34
Q

What is the bodies thermostat in response to heat?

A

the hypothalamus is the body’s thermostat

  • anterior pituitary increases core temp, sweating, increased blood flow
  • posterior pituitary: cold exposure, heat production, shivering, decrease skin blood flow
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35
Q

anterior hypothalamus

A

works with heat exposure

-increased core temp, sweating, increase skin blood flow (vasodilation)

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36
Q

posterior hypothalamus

A

cold exposure, heat production (shivering), non shivering thermogenesis (T3 and catacholamines), decrease skin blood flow (vasoconstriction)

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37
Q

during a heat stress, how does the body attempt to regulate temperature? how can the effects of trying to regulate core temperature in a hot environment impact exercise?

A

Heat load: vasodilation and sweating
cold: shivering, vasoconstriction, catecholamine release and thyroxin release

-in a hot environment exercise could have impaired performance, and hyperthermia. Earlier onset of muscle fatigue

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38
Q

how can exercising in a hot/humid environment effect the onset of fatigue or impair performance?

A

there is an earlier onset of fatigue by -reduced mental drive, -reduced muscle blood flow during high intensity exercise, -accelerated glycogen metabolism,

  • accelerate production of free radicals
  • useless water loss
  • higher core temp and sweat rate
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39
Q

How does the body acclimate to heat, and is this a slow (months) or a fast (days) response?

A
  • adaptions occur within 7-14 days
  • 10-12% increase in plasma voume
  • increased sweat rate (can double)
  • decreases salt loss in sweat
  • increase in the synthesis of heat shock proteins (induced by increased temp- they are protective proteins)
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40
Q

with decreasing barometric pressure, what happens to the composition of air? in other words, what happens to the fraction (%) and density of O2, N2, CO2, etc. with increasing altitude?

A

less molecules as altitude increases, but same % of O2 N2 Ar CO2. the % do not change

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41
Q

compare and contrast heart rate, cardiac output, and ventilation at a fixed submaximal exercise load being performed at sea level Vs. high altitude (>4000 meters)

A

High altitude: decrease in VO2 max due to decrease in arterial PO2.

  • Q decreases as well
  • HR increases
  • less O2 in blood , so ventilation increases
42
Q

during increasing altitude the inspired pressure of oxygen decreases. for the pormula provided for PiO2 what variables are changing?

A

PiO2= (Pbar- 47 mmhg) * .2093

  • dry gas pressure (Pbar) is changing
  • P bar decreases at altitude
43
Q

how does the body combat the reduced PiO2 in order to elevatee alveolar PO2?

A

***hyperventilation increases O2 levels

44
Q

what is the normal arterial pressure of O2 (PaO2) at sea level?

A

100 mmHg

45
Q

does the oxygen-dissociation curve shift with altitude?

A

it will shift to the LEFT. hyperventilation decreases CO2 in the blood

46
Q

How does the body adapt to high altitude?

A

the body produces more RBC with carry O2

  • people who grew up in high altitude have COMPLETE ADAPTATATION in aO2 content and VO2
  • 6 g more hemoglobin in high altitude
47
Q

contractile protein adaptations happen in

A

resistance training

48
Q

mitochondrial and capillary adaptations happen in

A

endurance training

49
Q

cross sectional study

A

the largest difference between ATH and NA is stroke volume

50
Q

longitudinal study

A

studies show significant increases in aVO2 difference

51
Q

how much does average VO2 max increase as a result of endurance training

A

15-20%

52
Q

genetic predisposition accounts for _____% of ones VO2 max value

A

40-60%

53
Q

factors influencing SV with training

A

increased preload
decreased afterload
increased contractility

54
Q

in a 6 day training program (2 hr/day @ 65% of VO

2 max) resulted in a ___% increase in VO2 max due to:

A

7% increase due to:

11% increase In plasma volume
10% increase In SV

55
Q

the initial changes in VO2 have been attributed to :

A

stroke volume

56
Q

the initial decrease in VO2 max is ___% within how many days

A
  • initial decrease is 8% within 12 days

- decreases 20% within 84 days

57
Q

decrease in stroke volume max is due to:

A

rapid loss of plasma volume

58
Q

the INITIAL metabolic adaptations to endurance training are likely _____

A

neural hormonal receptor changes

59
Q

endurance training increases mitochondrial content in the muscle by how much

A
  • increases quickly with in the first 5 days
  • can increase 50-100% in the first 6 weeks
  • mitochondrial content doubles within 5 to 6 weeks of training
60
Q

what happens to mitochondrial adaptations with detraining?

A
  • about 50% of the increase in mitochondrial content is lost after 1 week of detraining
  • majority of adaptations lost within 2 weeks of detraining
61
Q

to increase the CS activity in type IIx fibers with higher intensity, longer duration training to:

A

increase the oxidative capacity of those fiber types

62
Q

ADP stimulates :

A

mitochondrial ATP production

63
Q

why does exercise challenge homeostasis?

A

has to regulate temp, maintain PCO2 and PO2 levels

  • maintain MAP via vasodilation of muscle
  • glucose uptake increases
  • and pH decreases
64
Q

what are the three principles of training and examples for each?

A

overload: system is exercise at a level beyone which is accustomed
ex: sprinter runs marathon
specificity: training is specific to muscles involved, fiber type, energy system, velocity of contraction and type of contraction
ex: jumps to increase height
reversibility: gains are quickly lost when overload is removed
ex: don’t exercise you lose what you gained

65
Q

to improve ones VO2 max roughly what duration and intensities are required? is the latter different if you are sedentary or exercise trained?

A
  • training increases VO2 max
  • 20-60 min
  • 3-5 x per week at 50-85% VO2 max
  • a trained individual needs >70% VO2 max
  • a sedentary individual needs 40-50% VO2 max
66
Q

what are the range of VO2 max values measured in athletes? healthy individuals? and those with cardiovascular pulmonary disease.

A

athlete: 84 l/min
healthy individual: 45 l/min
cardiovascular/pulmonary disease: 13-22 L/min

** a trained individual can only increase VO2 by 2-3% but sedentary can increases as high as 50% although genetics mainly determines VO2**

67
Q

what is the main variable from the fick equation that is responsible for large difference in VO2 max in different populations (from cross-sectional studies)

A

Fick equation: Q x (avo2)
- avo2 difference shows a significant increase in VO2 max across different populations, HOWEVER THE LARGES DIFFERENCE ARE DUE TO STROKE VOLUME

68
Q

how does exercise training effect cardiac output, and what are the underlying mechanisms?

A

exercise training INCREASES CARDIAC OUTPUT (HR decreases while SV increases)

69
Q

how can avo2 difference change with long term aerobic exercise training? TEST QUESTION

A

the avo2 difference is due to increased O2 extraction from the blood, but is not due to an increase In arterial PO2 content with training

70
Q

can endurance training shift muscle fiber type?

A

yes. endurance training makes type I med: type IIa , fast: type IIx

71
Q

how does endurance training effect mitochondrial content in muscle?

A

with more endurance training, mitochondrial content will INCREASE QUICKLY within the first 5 days
-50-100% within the first 6 weeks

72
Q

how does endurance training affect the O2 deficit?

A

reduces the O2 deficit

  • less lactate and H+ formation, les PCr depletion
  • less disruption of homeostasis
73
Q

what is the rate limiting enzyme in glycolysis?

A

PFK

74
Q

free radicals are produced by:

A

contracting muscles

75
Q

free radicals can :

A

disturb cellular homeostasis

  • damage muscle contractile proteins
  • contribute to muscle fatigue during prolonged endurance events
76
Q

training increases _____ antioxidants

A

exogenous

- this means training protects against oxidative damage and fatigue

77
Q

after endurance training what happens to pyruvate formation?

A

decreased pyruvate formation

-decreased PFK= decreased glycolysis= less pyruvate= less lactate

78
Q

percent gains are ____ proportional to initial strength

A

inversely

79
Q

majority of strength gains are due to

A

neural adaptations

80
Q

what are the neural adaptations?

A

increased ability to recruit motor units

  • altered motor neuron firing rates
  • enhanced motor unit synchronization
  • removal of neural inhibition
81
Q

true or false: WITH RESISTANCE TRAINING if one arm is trained then the contralateral side received strength gains also

A

TRUE

82
Q

hyperplasia

A

increase in muscle fiber number

** there is not conclusive evidence that hyperplasia happens in humans*

83
Q

true or false: hyperplasia contributes to strength gains

A

FALSE: hyperplasia does not contribute to strength gains

84
Q

detraining:

A

-31% decrease in strength following 30 weeks detraining

85
Q

retraining

A
  • results in rapid regain of strength and muscle size

- within 6 weeks after resuming training muscle was gained back (muscle memory?)

86
Q

force is dependent on the ____ of a muscle fiber

A

CSA

87
Q

true or false: you lose the number of nuclei within the muscle with detraining

A

FALSE you do not lose the number of nuclei with in the muscle

88
Q

upon training, myonuclei fuse by satellite cells

A

TRUE

89
Q

there is a decline in strength after age ____.

A

50

- they start to lose muscle fibers and motor units

90
Q

sarcopenia

A

loss of muscle mass

91
Q

what are the #1 cause of injury in older adults?

A

falls

92
Q

true or false: studies report that combining strength and endurance training impairs strength gains

A

true

93
Q

mTOR increases what

A

mTOR increase hypertrophy

94
Q

true or false: endurance training stops mTOR resulting in lower strength gains

A

TRUE

95
Q

true or false: electrical stimulation can produce more tension in the muscle

A

True

-there is clear evidence of central fatigue is electrical stimulation and force production goes up

96
Q

the neuromuscular junction is NOT a likely site of fatigue

A

true

97
Q

training can increase the NA/K+ pump and may reduce the potential for fatigue via its mechanism

A

True

98
Q

ATP falls only to ___% of its pre exercise levels

A

ATP falls only to 70% of its pre-exercise levels

99
Q

true or false: DOMS is due to lactic acid buildup.

A

FALSE

it is due to microscopic muscle tears and inflammation

100
Q

ergogenic aid

A

a substance, appliance or procedure that improves performance

Exercise Physiology (10 decks)

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