Test 4 Study guide Flashcards
Copernican Theory of the Universe
Heliocentric View
Universal Gravitation
Created by Newton; stated in his “Principia”; every body in the universe is attracted to one another.
Modern Scientific Method
Developed by Francis bacon; empirically, based on experimentation
Bernard de Fontenelle
Popularized scientific knowledge; made it understandable like reading a novel; other scientists did research.
Causes of the Scientific Revolution
- Medieval Universities -provided framework for asking questions and studying; development of mathematics and philosophy
- The Renaissance: scientific rediscovery of what had been studied in Greek and Muslim societies.
- Navigational Problems: Henry the Navigator; New Instruments- Telescope, Barometer, Thermometer, Pendulum clock, Microscopes, Air pumps.
- Scientific Methodology: periodic Table; Francis Bacon- Empiricism(experimenting); René Descartes- Deductive reasoning, matter and mind
Locke’s Essay Concerning Human Understanding
Tabula Rasa- We are blank slates; experiences form us and corrupt us
Descartes’ Cartesian Dualism
“Mind and Matter”
Voltaire’s Views on Government
Believed in enlightened despotism; deism (no belief in God)
Rousseau’s Views on Women/ General will
Women best served society as wives and house keepers (like Luther’s beliefs); General will- rule in the favor of the people; If public can’t come to a decision, a small group can rule
The Encyclopedia
Written by Denis Diderot; wanted to change general way of thinking; collection of political and social critiques from various enlightenment authors.
Immanuel Kant
Believed people should have the courage to use one’s own understanding. Dare to know
David Hume
Part of the Scottish Enlightenment (also Adam Smith); undermined belief in reason
Enlightened Policies of Frederick II of Prussia
Mostly freed serfs on crown lands; abolished capital punishment, except in the army, encouraged immigration ( industrial growth); religious freedom (except for the Jews); Education in schools and universities; improved bureaucracy; reduced censorship
Pierre Bayle’s Historical and Critical Dictionary
He wrote it; about skepticism
Catherine the Great
Overthrew Peter III (called a Coup);
Pugachev Rebellion
And did Catherine’s desire to reform serfdom; she gave Nobles power because she needed their support
Maria Theresa’s actions towards the nobles and the peasants
Did more to help to help the serfs than any other monarch by limiting the nobles’ control and taxing them; hatted the enlightenmnet
Joseph II’s conversion of labor obligations to cash payments
Made the serfs have a money debt to the nobles instead of a service debt; serfs and nobility hated his reforms.
Salons
Where nobility gathered to share uncensored opinions on literature, science, philosophy, people, and the peasantry.
Montesquieu’s Persian Letters
Mocks and criticizes French society; gov should be separated
The Partitioning of Poland
Russia, Austria, and Prussia took partitions of Poland in 1772, 1793, and 1795 until Poland was gone. (HOP RAP)
Mestizos
Of native american descent (Indian, Mexican)
Seven Years’ War
Europe: War over Silesia
America: France and Britain fight
Ended by Treaty of Paris
The Wealth of Nations
Written by Adam Smith
Late Marriages
Men needed economic stability first
Methodism
Appealing to the middle/lower class because it rejected Calvinism’s predestination
Spinster
Old widowed women spun yarn as part of the Cottage Industry and had a lot of time;
18th Century Medical Science Achievements
Edward Jenner: Vaccine for Small Pox by injecting Cow Pox; started use of vaccines and injections
Aristotelian View of the Universe
Earth is at the center; everything surrounds the Earth on crystal spheres
