Test #4 Slide Questions Flashcards
What is the function of the kidneys?
They filter the blood to remove waste products and maintain normal hydration status
What are the main organs of the urinary system?
Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
What physiological part of the kidney has high blood pressure?
Glomerus
What physiological part of the kidney makes urine either concentrated or diluted?
The collecting tubule
What are some of the main symptoms of urinary tract diseases? (x5)
- dysuria
- frequency
- urgency
- hematuria
- pain
What two things might you find on an examination of a pt with a urinary tract diesease?
CVA tenderness and suprapubic tenderness
What urinary tract disease is very common in athletes? How common?
Proteinuria (62%)
What causes proteinuria?
With exercise there is increased blood flow to the kidneys, which leads to more small proteins to be filtered through, and then all of the extra protein that was filtered cannot be absorbed
True or false:
In most cases of proteinuria, the extra protein in the urine is not indicative of disease.
True
What is the MOI for a kidney contusion/laceration?
Blow to the flank
What are the S/S of a kidney contusion/laceration? (x4) How should you deal with a suspected case of this?
Severe pain in the flank, hematuria, possible nausea and vomiting, and symptoms of shock; refer to the ED immediately (if they are hemodynamically stable they will stay overnight for observation, but if not stable then surgery will be required)
With traumatic hematuria, will the patient exhibit flank pain?
No they will have minimal to no flank pain
What does it indicate if urine is tea or cola colored?
That there is a lower concentration of blood in the urine than if it was redder
How would you deal with a traumatic hematuria?
Their exam will be normal (no CVA tenderness or peritoneal signs) but the urine dipstick will be positive for blood. They should cease all activity and be referred to the physician. Push fluids and repeat dipsticks daily until its clear…they allow non-contact activity and if they urine continues to be clear then allow contact activity
How can traumatic hematuria be prevented?
Empty bladder before contact sports
What is atraumatic hematuria? What is it caused by? Who does it affect the most?
Mild gross or microscopic hematuria that is very common in athletes (especially with long runs or intense exercise–20% of marathoners). It is caused by the bladder walls slapping against one another
What are two possible causes of false hematuria? Are they positive or negative on the dipstick analysis for blood in the urine? What about a microscope?
1) V8 juice or beets (- dipstick)
2) myoglobinuria (+ dipstick but - microscope)
What are six causes of true hematuria?
- Kidney stones
- Bladder infection
- Glomerulonephritis
- NSAIDs
- Kidney or bladder tumor
- Sickle cell trait
True or false:
Most traumatic hematurias will resolve with time.
True
What are some common causes of UTIs? (x3)
- Urethritis (stds)
- Cystitis
- Pyelonephritis
True or false:
UTIs are not very common.
False
What are the risk factors for a UTI? (x5)
- Female
- Age
- Urinary tract instrumentation/catheterization
- Urinary statis (not emptying the bladder…allows things to grow…?)
- Sexual activity
What are the two main sources of a UTI? What species of bacteria are usually the cause?
- bacteria from stool
- blood or lymphatic borne
- *E. coli, proteus, klebsiella, and enterobacter
What is cystitis? Describe the pathogenesis of this and pyelonephritits.
Infection of the bladder…if left untreated then theres virulent bactera–>obstruction leading to reflux of the bladder–> the infection travels up the ureters and to the kidneys