Test 4 Review Pain and Senses

Question 1

Stimulus

Answer 1

trigger that stimulates receptor

meaning depends on reception and processing

Question 2

reception

Answer 2

process of receiving stimuli from nerve endings

occurs through receptors

Question 3

thermoreceptors

Answer 3

temperature

Question 4

proprioceptors

Answer 4

skin, muscles, tendons, ligaments, joints, sense position

Question 5

photoreceptors

Answer 5

light in retina

Question 6

chemoreceptors

Answer 6

in taste buds (taste); olfactory epithelium (smell)

Question 7

mechanoreceptors

Answer 7

skin, hair follicles (pressure, touch, vibration)

Question 8

hair cells

Answer 8

ear (cochlea) detect sound waves; vestibular apparatus for balance

Question 9

perception

Answer 9

ability to interpret sensory impulses; give meaning to impulses

Question 10

perception is affected by

Answer 10

location of receptor, number of receptors activated; frequency of action potentials and changes in all three

Question 11

arousal

Answer 11

composed of consciousness and alertness

mediated by reticular activating system (RAS)

Question 12

arousal affected by

Answer 12

environment

medicatations

Question 13

response to sensations are affected by what factors

Answer 13

intensity of stimulus
contrasting stimuli
adaptation to stimuli
previous experience

Question 14

the response to sensations requires people to be

Answer 14

alert and receptive to the stimulation

Question 15

What do these factors affect?

Answer 15

age/stage of life
culture
illness
medications
stress
personality
lifestyle

Question 16

presbyopia

Answer 16

inability to focus on close objects

Question 17

conductive hearing loss is where the ___ ___ are blocked in the ___ ear; can’t reach the cochlea of inner ear

Answer 17

sound waves

middle ear

Question 18

sensorineural hearing loss is a problem with either the ___ ___ or ___ ___ or ___ ___

Answer 18

inner ear
sensory organ (cochlea and associated structures)
vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII)

Question 19

mixed hearing loss

Answer 19

combo of conductive and sensorineural

Question 20

glasgow coma scale measures

Answer 20

a measure of the unconscious client

eye opening response, verbal response, motor response

Question 21

define pain

Answer 21

unpleasant sensory/emotional experience; can have destructive effects and can warn of potential injury; multidimensional experience

Question 22

superficial pain comes from the …

Answer 22

skin or subcutaneous tissue

Question 23

visceral pain

Answer 23

deep pain; most often in abdominal cavity, cranium or thorax (tight, pressure or pain)

Question 24

somatic pain

Answer 24

originates in the ligaments, tendons, nerves, blood vessels and bones (usually achy or tender)

Question 25

referred pain

Answer 25

pain distant from the site hurts--like with a heart attack, left arm or jaw

Question 26

radiating pain

Answer 26

begins at one site and localizes to another site--like with sore throat and ear

Question 27

phantom pain

Answer 27

pain perceived to originate from an area that has been surgically removed

Question 28

psychogenic pain

Answer 28

pain believed to arise from the mind; no cause physically; effects sleep, eating, etc.

Question 29

nociceptive pain

Answer 29

pain receptors respond to stimuli that are potentially damaging (trauma, surgery or inflammation)

Question 30

neuropathic pain

Answer 30

chronic pain due to nerve damage

Question 31

acute pain

Answer 31

less than 6 months

Question 32

chronic pain

Answer 32

more than 6 months; cause depression, anxiety, risk for independence

Question 33

intractable pain

Answer 33

chronic and resistable to meds and relief

Question 34

transduction of pain

Answer 34

activation of nociceptors by stimuli (mechanical-external forces where pressure and friction occur; thermal--extreme hot or cold; chemical--internal or external--you can have lemon juice on cut or ischemia pain)

Question 35

transmission of pain

Answer 35

conduction of pain message to spinal cord | A-delta fibers-transmit fast pain impulses; C fibers transmit slow pain impulses

Question 36

pain is perceived in the | perception deals with ___ and ___

Answer 36

cortex threshold and tolerance point which brain recognizes and defines the stimulus as pain-threshold duration or intensity of pain that a person can endure-tolerance

Question 37

pain modulation

Answer 37

changes the pain perception by either facilitating or inhibiting pain signals thru the endogenous analgesia system and the gate control mechanism)

Question 38

gate control theory of pain

Answer 38

perception of pain does not occur by direct stiulation of only nociceptors; instead pain is perceived by the interplay between two different kinds of fibers; those that produce pain and those that inhibit pain

Question 39

different pain scales

Answer 39

visual analogue scale (VAS)- 0-10 numeric rating scale simple descriptor scale--list of words; what ifts pain? Wong-Baker faces pain rating scale

Question 40

nonpharmalogical pain management includes: ___ stimulation ___ and rest ___-___ interventions

Answer 40

``` cutaneous stimulation (electrical; acupuncture; acupressure; massage; heat and cold; contralateral stimulation) immobilization and rest cognitive-behavioral interventions (distractions; progressive muscle relaxation; guided imagery; hypnosis; therapeutic touch; humor; journaling) ```

Question 41

pharmacological pain management includes

Answer 41

nonopioid analgesics; opioid analgesics; anjuvant analgesics (anticonvulsants; antianxiety; antidepressants; antihistamine; antiemetics)