Test 4 Review Pain and Senses Flashcards
Stimulus
trigger that stimulates receptor
meaning depends on reception and processing
reception
process of receiving stimuli from nerve endings
occurs through receptors
thermoreceptors
temperature
proprioceptors
skin, muscles, tendons, ligaments, joints, sense position
photoreceptors
light in retina
chemoreceptors
in taste buds (taste); olfactory epithelium (smell)
mechanoreceptors
skin, hair follicles (pressure, touch, vibration)
hair cells
ear (cochlea) detect sound waves; vestibular apparatus for balance
perception
ability to interpret sensory impulses; give meaning to impulses
perception is affected by
location of receptor, number of receptors activated; frequency of action potentials and changes in all three
arousal
composed of consciousness and alertness
mediated by reticular activating system (RAS)
arousal affected by
environment
medicatations
response to sensations are affected by what factors
intensity of stimulus
contrasting stimuli
adaptation to stimuli
previous experience
the response to sensations requires people to be
alert and receptive to the stimulation
What do these factors affect?
age/stage of life culture illness medications stress personality lifestyle
presbyopia
inability to focus on close objects
conductive hearing loss is where the ___ ___ are blocked in the ___ ear; can’t reach the cochlea of inner ear
sound waves
middle ear
sensorineural hearing loss is a problem with either the ___ ___ or ___ ___ or ___ ___
inner ear sensory organ (cochlea and associated structures) vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII)
mixed hearing loss
combo of conductive and sensorineural
glasgow coma scale measures
a measure of the unconscious client
eye opening response, verbal response, motor response
define pain
unpleasant sensory/emotional experience; can have destructive effects and can warn of potential injury; multidimensional experience
superficial pain comes from the …
skin or subcutaneous tissue
visceral pain
deep pain; most often in abdominal cavity, cranium or thorax (tight, pressure or pain)
somatic pain
originates in the ligaments, tendons, nerves, blood vessels and bones (usually achy or tender)
referred pain
pain distant from the site hurts–like with a heart attack, left arm or jaw
radiating pain
begins at one site and localizes to another site–like with sore throat and ear
phantom pain
pain perceived to originate from an area that has been surgically removed
psychogenic pain
pain believed to arise from the mind; no cause physically; effects sleep, eating, etc.
nociceptive pain
pain receptors respond to stimuli that are potentially damaging (trauma, surgery or inflammation)
neuropathic pain
chronic pain due to nerve damage
acute pain
less than 6 months
chronic pain
more than 6 months; cause depression, anxiety, risk for independence
intractable pain
chronic and resistable to meds and relief
transduction of pain
activation of nociceptors by stimuli
(mechanical-external forces where pressure and friction occur; thermal–extreme hot or cold; chemical–internal or external–you can have lemon juice on cut or ischemia pain)
transmission of pain
conduction of pain message to spinal cord
A-delta fibers-transmit fast pain impulses; C fibers transmit slow pain impulses
pain is perceived in the
perception deals with ___ and ___
cortex
threshold and tolerance
point which brain recognizes and defines the stimulus as pain-threshold
duration or intensity of pain that a person can endure-tolerance
pain modulation
changes the pain perception by either facilitating or inhibiting pain signals thru the endogenous analgesia system and the gate control mechanism)
gate control theory of pain
perception of pain does not occur by direct stiulation of only nociceptors; instead pain is perceived by the interplay between two different kinds of fibers; those that produce pain and those that inhibit pain
different pain scales
visual analogue scale (VAS)- 0-10
numeric rating scale
simple descriptor scale–list of words; what ifts pain?
Wong-Baker faces pain rating scale
nonpharmalogical pain management includes:
___ stimulation
___ and rest
___-___ interventions
cutaneous stimulation (electrical; acupuncture; acupressure; massage; heat and cold; contralateral stimulation) immobilization and rest cognitive-behavioral interventions (distractions; progressive muscle relaxation; guided imagery; hypnosis; therapeutic touch; humor; journaling)
pharmacological pain management includes
nonopioid analgesics; opioid analgesics; anjuvant analgesics (anticonvulsants; antianxiety; antidepressants; antihistamine; antiemetics)
