test 4 review Flashcards
1
Q
?: Found in the glomerulus, these cells have foot-like projections that form a ? barrier, allowing small molecules like water and ? to pass while retaining larger molecules like proteins.
A
podocytes, filtration, ions
2
Q
? Cells (Granular Cells): Located in the juxtaglomerular apparatus, these cells produce and release ?, when BP is too ?
A
Juxtaglomerular, renin, low
3
Q
? ? Cells: Specialized cells in the distal convoluted tubule that sense sodium chloride levels and regulate ? ? rate.
A
macula densa, glomerular filtration
4
Q
? Cells: Line the ? tubules (proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct). They modify the filtrate by ? water and solutes or secreting ? products.
A
epithelial, renal, reabsorbing, waste
5
Q
?: Found in the lining of the ureters, bladder, and part of the urethra, these cells can ? and accommodate ? volume. They also act as a barrier to prevent urine from leaking into surrounding ?.
A
urothelium, stretch, urine, tissues
6
Q
? ? Cells: Found in the walls of the ureters, bladder, and urethra, these cells facilitate the ? of urine through ? and enable bladder contraction for urine expulsion
A
smooth muscle, movement, peristalsis
7
Q
interstitial Cells are Endocrine cells located in between ? tubules. LH stimulates these cells to produce and secrete ? these cells also support ? integrity and signaling within the urinary system.
A
seminiferous, testosterone, tissue
8
Q
? Cells: line the blood vessels in the kidneys and play a role in ? and nutrient supply.
A
endothelial, filtration
9
Q
? cells: play a crucial role in defending against ? by identifying and eliminating ? through defense cells in the bladder and urethra
A
immune, infections, bacteria
10
Q
? muscle is found in the muscularis propria layer of the bladder wall, allowing it to ? and ? urine
A
smooth, contract, expel
11
Q
? Cells (Spermatozoa): Male gametes that carry ? material to the ?.
A
sperm, genetic, egg
12
Q
Egg Cells (?): Female gametes that carry genetic material for ?.
Features: Large and ?-rich to support early embryonic ?.
A
oocytes, fertilization, nutrient, development
13
Q
? cells (Granulosa Cells):
Location: Surround the ? in ovarian follicles.
Function: Support oocyte ? and secrete ?.
A
follicle, oocyte, development, estrogen
14
Q
?, 2n, ovarian stem cells, multiply by ? until 5th month of gestation; they’re located in ? follicles
A
oogonia, mitosis, primordial
15
Q
? cells are a group of cells in the testes involved in the production of sperm through a process called ?. They are found within the ? tubules
A
spermatogenic, spermatogenesis, seminiferous
16
Q
The ? ? is the filtration unit of the nephron, consisting of the ? (capillary cluster) and glomerular capsule, where blood is filtered into a ?-free filtrate. It is associated with the ? (into glomerulus) and ? (going out of the glomerulus) arterioles and mesangial cells, which support and regulate ?.
A
renal corpuscle, glomerulus, protein, afferent, efferent, filtration
17
Q
If the diameter of the afferent arteriole increased, what happens?
A
↑ GFR ↑ glomerular BP ↑ urine output ↓ systemic BP
18
Q
If the diameter of the afferent arteriole decreases, what happens?
A
↓ GFR ↓ glomerular BP ↓ urine output ↑ systemic BP
19
Q
If the diameter of the efferent arteriole increases, the ? ? rate would ?
A
glomerular filtration, decrease
20
Q
If the diameter of the efferent decreases (?), the glomerular filtration rate would ?
A
constricts, increase
21
Q
name 3 urine waste products:
A
water, urea, ammonia, creatinine, uric acid, ions
22
Q
it is a red flag if you’re urinating what 3 things
A
glucose, proteins, blood
23
Q
”? controls” refer to mechanisms regulated by the ? itself to maintain a stable glomerular filtration rate (GFR), while “? controls” are mechanisms originating ? the kidney, like the nervous and endocrine systems, primarily aimed at maintaining systemic ?
A
intrinsic, kidney, extrinsic, outside, BP
24
Q
? are tiny, finger-like projections on a cell surface primarily used for ? and ? by increasing surface area, while ? are longer, hair-like structures that ? substances across a cell surface through a rhythmic beating motion
A
microvilli, absorption, filtration, cilia, move
25
renin angiotensin aldosterone pathway:
1. ? is released when BP drops
2. this enzyme splits angiotensinogen into ? ? by the liver
3. this enzyme + ? makes ? ?
4. this final enzyme then ? the muscular walls of small arteries, ? BP
renin, angiotensin I, ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme), angiotensin II, contracts, increasing
26
the urinary system function to:
maintain water electrolyte and chemical balance, filter blood, carry and eliminate waste
27
The renal cortex is where ? is filtered and ? is collected.
blood, urine
28
? ? functions to filter blood, reabsorb water and salts, and produce urine
cortical nephron
29
The primary function of ? nephrons is to ? urine. They do this by creating a ? environment resulting in ? urine.
juxtamedullary, concentrate, hypertonic (2x)
30
the ? is the struc. and func. unit of the kidneys
nephron
31
The glomerular capsule is filled with ?
filtrate
32
filtrate refers to the ? that has been ? out from the blood within the ? and enters the ? tubules
fluid, filtered, glomerulus, renal
33
In the descending limb, ? is filtered, but ? is reabsorbed passively due to the high ? of the surrounding interstitial fluid.
nothing, water, osmolarity
34
In the ascending limb, ? is filtered, but ?, ?, and ?, are actively reabsorbed from the filtrate.
nothing, sodium, chloride, potassium
35
In the proximal convoluted tubule, ?, ?, ?, amino acids, and bicarbonate ions are reabsorbed into the bloodstream. Hydrogen ions and ?, are secreted into the filtrate.
proximal, water, sodium, glucose, creatinine
36
In the distal convoluted tubule, ?, chloride, water, and ? are reabsorbed, and the process is regulated by hormones like aldosterone and parathyroid hormone. ? and hydrogen ions are secreted into the filtrate to help regulate electrolyte and ?-base balance.
sodium, calcium, potassium, acid
37
The collecting duct primarily filters and reabsorbs ?, with the level of reabsorption heavily regulated by the ? hormone
water, antidiuretic
38
the ? layer forms capsule and has no func in forming ?, but instead provides a structural boundary for the ? process
parietal, filtrate, filtration
39
the ? layer has ? and funcs. in the formation of filtrate
visceral, podocytes
40
body fluid is primarily composed of ?, with dissolved substances called ?
water, electrolytes
41
name 3 nonelectrolytes:
glucose, creatinine, proteins, lipids, C.H.O. (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen)
42
? hormone: Also known as vasopressin, this hormone is produced in the hypothalamus and released when the body is ?. this hormone causes the kidneys to ? water and excrete less water in urine.
anti-diuretic, dehydrated, reabsorb
43
?: Produced by the adrenal cortex of the kidneys, it also helps maintain ? balance in the body. It causes the kidneys to reabsorb ? and water from extracellular fluids.
aldosterone, salt, sodium
44
? ? ? is released by the heart when blood pressure is ?. it signals the kidneys to excrete more ? and ?, leading to a decrease in blood volume and pressure.
atrial-natriuretic peptide, high, sodium, water
45
?: Produced in the ovaries, responsible for female sexual development, menstrual cycle regulation, and maintaining uterine lining.
estrogen
46
?: produced in the ovaries, crucial for preparing the uterus for implantation of a fertilized egg and maintaining pregnancy
Progesterone
47
?: produced in the testes, responsible for male sexual development, sperm production, and muscle mass.
Testosterone
48
?: Secreted by the pituitary gland, stimulates follicle development in the ovaries and sperm production in the testes
follicle-stimulating hormone
49
?: secreted by the pituitary gland, triggers ovulation in females and testosterone production in males
Luteinizing hormone
50
renin and ACE are
enzymes
51
blood is considered
ECF
52
? is a unique nuclear division. It reduces the chromosome # from 46 to 23
meiosis
53
Meiosis produces
? with 23 chromosomes or
? with 23 chromosomes
This maintains constancy of ? number at fertilization
sperm, eggs, diploid
54
During prophase I, homologous chromosomes undergo (synapsis) ? ?, and in metaphase I, chromosomes align in the ? of the cell. Anaphase I ? homologous chromosomes (now 23 chromosomes), and telophase I concludes the ?, resulting in two ? daughter cells.
crossing over, middle, separates, division, haploid
55
The ? ? is the ability of arteries to constrict when blood pressure increases and to dilate when blood pressure decreases
myogenic mechanism
56
? ? ? is crucial for the movement of fluid from the ? within the glomerulus into the glomerular capsule
glomerular hydrostatic pressure, blood
57
An increase in pressure within the glomerular capillaries directly leads ? ? ? ?, meaning more fluid will be filtered from the blood into the Bowman's capsule to form urine
increased GFR
58
A decrease in pressure within the glomerular capillaries leads to a ? ? ? ?, meaning less fluid is filtered from the blood into the Bowman's capsule, resulting in reduced ? production
decreased GFR, urine
59
Most tubular secretion of unwanted substances occurs in the ? ? ? of the nephron in the kidney
DCT
60
Most of the tubular secretion of unwanted substances occurs in the Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) and leaves through the ? ?
collecting duct
61
ions found in urine are ? and ?
sodium, potassium
62
intrinsic mechanisms (renal ?) DIRECTLY regulate ? despite moderate changes in blood pressure
autoregulation, GFR
63
? mechanisms ? regulate GFR by maintaining systemic blood pressure, which drives ? in the kidneys.
extrinsic, indirectly, filtration
64
if a woman maintains more water during period ? enhances the sodium chloride reabsorption
progesterone
65
Alcohol is considered a ? because it ? the production of ?, which signals the kidneys to ? water
diuretic, inhibits, ADH, reabsorb
66
if you impede ones breathing and they go into respiratory acidosis, how does the body compensate for this imbalance?
retaining bicarbonate ions & excreting more hydrogen ions
67
?=46, 2n
?=23, n
diploid, haploid
68
A "? pair" refers to a set of two chromosomes in a cell that are very similar in structure and carry the same genes
homologous
69
The female reproductive system includes:
1. ? that produce eggs (ova) and secretes ? and progesterone
2. ? glands in the breasts produce milk for breastfeeding
3. ? ? glands that provide moisture and lubrication
ovaries, estrogen, mammary, greater vestibular
70
?: The primary reproductive organs that produce sperm and testosterone.
testes
71
? ?: Two pouches that produce fluid to nourish sperm.
seminal vesicles
72
? ?: A walnut-sized gland that surrounds part of the urethra and produces some of the fluid in semen.
prostate gland
73
? glands: produces a pre-ejaculate fluid during sexual arousal that lubricates the urethra and neutralizes any residual acidity from urine
Bulbourethral
74
? is a fluid composed of sperm cells and secretions that nourishes and ? sperm during ejaculation. it also neutralizes ? in the urethra
semen, transports, acidity
75
? ? contribute 60-70% of semen volume, while the ? contributes roughly 25-30% of semen volume
seminal vesicles, prostate
76
how are sperm and egg similar?
both gametes, haploids, and produced in meiosis
77
? is another name for egg
ovum
78
remember that everything starts in the ? with gonadotropin-stimulating hormone goes to the ? pituitary to release ? and LH, and lastly goes to the ?/? and allow for the secretion of sex hormones
hypothalamus, anterior, FSH, ovaries/testes
79
how and why does oral contraceptive work?
Birth control pills contain synthetic versions of ? and ? changing the levels of natural hormones in the body, causing reduction and termination of ?. it also changes the ? so it can't support a pregnancy
estrogen, progesterone, ovulation, uterus
80
fertilization is the process where
sperm meets egg
81
implantation occurs in the ?, which is the lining of the uterus
endometrium
82
? regulates the ? cycle by promoting the growth of the uterine lining and the development of secondary ? characteristics.
estrogen, menstrual, sexual
83
? prepares the uterus for ? by thickening the uterine lining and helps maintain pregnancy by inhibiting uterine ?.
progesterone, pregnancy, contractions
84
? promotes the development of male secondary sexual characteristics. It also plays a key role in regulating ? production, maintaining libido, and supporting overall health
testosterone, sperm
85
functions of vagina:
passageway for ? to exit the body and as the receptacle for ?. It also functions as the ? canal, ? defense, and lubrication.
blood, sperm, birth, immune
86
the menstrual phase, where the ? ? is shed
follicular phase, during which ? in the ovaries ?.
In the ovulatory phase, an ? is released
luteal phase, where the corpus ? produces ? to maintain the uterine lining.
uterine lining, follicles, mature, egg, luteum, progesterone
87
? is the process of sperm cell production in the male testes, while ? is the process of egg cell production in the female ovaries
spermatogenesis, oogenesis
88
? ? are small, nonfunctional cells that are a byproduct of meiosis in the ? gamete. While one egg matures, these cells typically degenerate and do not contribute to fertilization or ?.
polar bodies, female, reproduction
89
If LH and FSH were not secreted, it would result in a complete lack of ? ? in both men and women, leading to ?
reproductive function, infertility
90
name 3 parts of duct system in males
ejaculatory duct, seminal vesicles, testis, epididymis, bulbourethral gland, prostate gland, vas deferens, ductus deferens
91
name 3 parts of duct system in females
uterine tubes, cervix, ovaries, uterus, vagina
92
Total time from production to viable sperm: ?-? months
3-4
93
The muscles involved in moving the scrotum in response to temperature changes are the ? muscle and the ? muscle. they ? when cold and ? when hot.
cremaster, dartos, raise, relax
94
Sperm is made in the ?, matured and stored in the ?
testes, epididymis
95
The tip of the sperm head is the portion called the ?, which enables the sperm to ? the egg. The ? contains the ? which supplies the energy the tail needs to move. The ? moves with whip-like movements back and forth to ? the sperm towards the egg.
acrosome, penetrate, midpiece, mitochondria, tail, propel
96
an ? egg is a secondary oocyte
ovulated
97
The ? is an endocrine organ that provides nutrition and secretes hormones to regulate pregnancy and fetal development
placenta
98
In women, ? and ? trigger ovaries to begin producing ? causing menstruation
FSH, LH, estrogen
99
Endometrium: The inner layer of the uterus, made up of ? cells
Myometrium: The middle layer of the uterus, made up of ? ?
Perimetrium: The outer layer of the uterus, made up of ? cells.
glandular, smooth muscle, epithelial
100
The most important solute in managing water balance in the body is ?
sodium
101
Breathing into a bag is used to help manage ? and leads to an increase in ? levels
hyperventilation, CO2
102
a decreased ? ? ? generally leads to decreased urine output
glomerular filtration rate
103
an increased Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) directly translates to ? ?
increased urination
104
ph of semen is ? ranging from ?-8.0 which helps to neutralize ? of the vagina, allowing ? to survive better
alkaline, 7.2, acidity, sperm
105
why do women have an increased chance of contracting a UTI
bc women have shorter urethras, birth control, pregnancy, menopause
106
When you lose a lot of water, ? acidosis is neutralized primarily by increasing the ? and ? of breathing, ultimately helping to expel more ? and thereby raise ?
metabolic, rate, depth, CO2, pH
107
why do women get papsmears?
to check for cervical cancer and STD’s
108
? is excess sodium
hypernatremia
109
? is deficient in sodium
hyponatremia
110
what gives sperm the energy to move
mitochondria in midpiece of sperm
111
sperm is produced in ? tubules located inside the testes
The ? ? ? is a network of veins in the spermatic cord that cools blood entering the testes and helps regulate their temperature
seminiferous, pampiniform venous plexus
112
granular cells function in the urinary system to release ?. this enzyme is released due to ? ?? or low ? levels
renin, low BP, sodium
113
The ? provides a nurturing environment for a ? egg to implant, grow, and develop into a fetus during pregnancy. It also plays a crucial role in expelling the baby during childbirth
uterus, fertilized
114
what happens when renin is released?
it converts to angiotensinogen, then to angiotensin I, then to angiotensin II by way of ACE increasing BP
115
Glomerular hydrostatic pressure directly affects the ? ? ?
glomerular filtration rate
116
Concentrated urine is caused by the ? hormone bc of ?, low blood volume, or high blood osmolarity.
anti-diuretic, dehydration
117
Dilute urine is caused by reduced action or ? of antidiuretic hormone bc of excessive ? intake, certain medical conditions like diabetes ?, or the use of diuretics
absence, fluid, insipidus
118
The main natural electrolytes are ?, ?, calcium, ?, phosphate, chloride and bicarbonates
potassium, magnesium, sodium
119
who has the least amount of total body water; the most?
men have ? total body water than women
the elderly, infant, more
120
Salts in the body, primarily as electrolytes like sodium, ?, and calcium, regulate ? balance, nerve signals, muscle function, and ? levels. They are essential for maintaining ? and supporting cellular processes.
potassium, fluid, pH, hydration
121
Net water flow in the kidneys is driven by ? gradients, where water moves toward areas of higher solute concentration, and ? pressure, which pushes water out of blood during ? in the glomerulus.
osmotic, hydrostatic, filtration
122
The urinary system originates from the ? ? during embryonic development.
intermediate mesoderm
123
During tubular secretion, substances like ? ions, ? ions, ammonia, and certain drugs are actively transported from the blood into the nephron. This process helps regulate blood pH eliminate ?, and maintain electrolyte balance.
hydrogen, potassium, toxins
124
Urine travels from the ? through the ? to the ?, where it is stored, and then exits the body via the ?.
kidneys, ureter, bladder, urethra
125
Total Body Water is the ...
sum of all the water in the body including ECF and ICF
126
The juxtaglomerular apparatus regulates ? and kidney function by secreting the enzyme ? in response to low ?, low ? levels, or ? nervous system activation.
BP, renin, BP, sodium, sympathetic
127
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is controlled by regulating the ?of the afferent and efferent arterioles supplying the glomerulus and ? ? ?
diameter, glomerular hydrostatic pressure
128
Hormones regulate electrolyte reabsorption and secretion in the kidneys to maintain balance, with aldosterone promoting ? reabsorption and ? excretion in the distal tubules and collecting ducts. ? influences water reabsorption, while parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates ? reabsorption
sodium, potassium, ADH, calcium
129
Sodium levels in the body are primarily regulated by the ?-?-? system, which adjusts sodium reabsorption in the kidneys. Additionally, ? and ? help regulate sodium balance by influencing water retention and excretion.
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone, ADH, ANP
130
? gravity is a measure of the ? of ? in a liquid compared to the ? of pure water.
specific, concentration, solutes, density
131
"? hydrostatic pressure" refers to the pressure exerted by ?already present in the Bowman's capsule, opposing ?, while "? hydrostatic pressure" is the pressure exerted by ? within the glomerular ?, which drives filtration
capsular, fluid, filtration, glomerular, blood, capillaries
132
Diabetes ? is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels (?) due to either ? insulin production (Type 1 diabetes) or the body's ? to insulin (Type 2 diabetes)
mellitus, hyperglycemia, insufficient, resistance
133
? is the liquid component of blood containing water, electrolytes, proteins, hormones, and nutrients. ? ? is the filtered fluid that enters glomerular capsule from the glomerulus
plasma, glomerular filtrate
134
?, ?, is the primary buffer for acid-base balance
bicarbonate, potassium
135
A ? is any mechanism or substance that helps maintain or ?changes in ? by neutralizing excess acids (H⁺ ions) or ? (OH⁻ ions) in a solution
buffer, resist, pH, bases
136
The ? method refers to the process of ? particles or substances based on size using a ? membrane or physical barrier.
filtration, separating, semi-permeable
137
Tm (? ?) refers to the ? amount of a ? that can be reabsorbed or ? by the renal ? in the kidneys within a given period of time.
transport maximum, maximum, substance, transported, tubules
138
Thirst is triggered by changes in blood ?, low ?, or low ?. Hormones like ? also influence the sensation of thirst to help maintain ? balance.
osmolarity, BV, BP, ADH, water
139
Having zero body fat is not compatible with life, as body fat plays essential roles such as ? storage, ? production, and ? regulation. Additionally, extremely low body fat can negatively impact kidney function by impairing the body's ability to maintain proper electrolyte balance and hormone regulation, as fat tissue supports the production of certain hormones vital for kidney health
energy, hormone, temp
140
? refers to an abnormal presence of proteins in the blood, often indicating underlying conditions such as ? disease, ?, or ? dysfunction.
proteinemia, kidney, inflammation, liver
141
"?" refers to the relative concentration of solutes in a solution.
tonicity
142
? testes occur when one or both testicles fail to move into the ?before birth. This can lead to ? issues or increase the risk of testicular cancer if left untreated.
undescended, scrotum, fertility
143
In males, the bulbospongiosus muscle acts as a pump to expel ?during ejaculation. It also contributes to ?. In females, it contributes to ? erections.
sperm, erections, clitorial
144
Prostate Cancer is a slow growing cancer of the ? ? that may never present a danger to the patient.
prostate gland
145
Menstruation is caused by ?
a drop in estrogen and progesterone levels in the body
146
The hormone without which ovulation cannot be completed is ?
Luteinizing Hormone (LH).
147
Sexually transmitted diseases are sexually contracted and caused by
bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites
148
? glands are specialized exocrine glands in females that produce ? to nourish offspring. the ? transport the milk produced by the mammary glands to the nipples.
mammary, milk, ducts
149
? support spermatogenesis
sustenocytes
150
?, a hormone produced by sustentocytes in males and granulosa cells in females,
it inhibits the production and release of ?.
in males it: regulates ? production
in females it: maturation of ? ?
inhibin, FSH, sperm, ovarian follicles
151
The part of the nervous system responsible for penile erection is the ? nervous system.
parasympathetic
152
spermatogenesis is ? cell production whereas spermiogenesis is when an immature sperm cell ?
sperm, mature
153
During the two-cell stage, the zygote undergoes its first ? division, resulting in the formation of two identical cells called ?, which are the first steps in embryonic development, resulting in ?
mitotic, blastomeres, separation
154
Placental hormones are ? and ?
estrogen, progesterone
155
ectoderm becomes ? system and ?.
endoderm becomes ? of ? and ? w associated glands.
mesoderm becomes ? and ?.
nervous, skin, lining, digestive, respiratory, muscle, bone
156
Most sperm in the female vagina do not reach the egg and are either destroyed by the ? environment of the vagina causing only a small portion to reach the egg for ?.
acidic, fertilization
157
Gastrulation is a key stage in embryonic development during which the single-layered blastoderm reorganizes into a ? structure called the ?. resulting in the germ layers which will give rise to all the ? and organs of the body.
multi-layered, gastrula, tissues
158
Why are gametes haploid?
they contain one set of chromosomes
159
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) stimulates the release of ? and ?
FSH, LH
160
? ?, is a pregnancy complication where the placenta partially or completely separates from the uterine wall before delivery.
Abrupto Placenta
161
The blood-testis barrier is prevents harmful substances in the ? from reaching developing ? cells.
blood, sperm
162
sperm pathway (T.E.D.E.U)
testes (seminiferous tubules), epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra
163
homologous structure to the TESTES in females
ovaries
164
homologous structure to the GLANS PENIS in females
clitoris
165
homologous structure to the SCROTUM in females
labia majora
166
homologous structure to the PREPUCE in females
labia minora
167
homologous structure to the BULBOURETHRAL GLAND in females
greater vestibular gland
168
homologous structure to the PROSTATE GLAND in females
paraurethral gland
169
filtrate pathway:
glomerulus, PCT, descending limb, ascending limb, DCT, collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
170
blood flow through renal blood vessels:
abdominal aorta, renal artery, segmental artery, interlobar artery, cortical radiate artery, afferent arterioles, glomerulus, efferent arterioles, peritubular capillaries (or vasa recta), cortical radiate vein, arcuate vein,, interlobar vein, renal vein, inferior vena cava
171
urine flow:
renal pyramid, renal papilla, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
172
oogenesis process:
? germ cells develop into oogonia
oogonia undergo ? to produce ? oocytes
oocytes arrested in M ? ; M ?
in menstruation, a ? oocyte is matured in ? oocyte within follicle
ovulation releases ? oocyte for potential ?
*if not fertilized, the 2ndary oocyte ?
primordial, mitosis, primary, I, I, primary, secondary, secondary, fertilization, degenerates
173
in meiosis I, the ? split.
in meiosis II, the ? split.
homologous chromosomes, sister chromatids
174
the uterus is the site of:
?: receive and retain embryo
?: nourish and protect fetus/embryo
parturition: ? and ?
menstruation: ? of ? ?
implantation, gestation, labor, delivery, shedding, uterine lining
175
ovaries are the female gonads and function to produce ? and secrete ? and ?
ova, estrogen, progesterone
176
uterine tubes are the site of ?
fertilization
177
oocytes are carried by
perstalsis
178
? are the structural and functional unit of the ovary
follicles
179
fates of the follicle are ? and ?
atresia, ovulation
180
oogenesis produces ? viable egg(s) and is ?
spermatogenesis produces ? viable sperm(s) and is ?
1, unequal, 4, equal
181
? are the cells that surround a an egg
follicles
182
granulosa cells are in the ?, secrete ?, and multiply under the influence of ?
ovaries, estrogen, FSH
183
granular cells (?) secrete ?
juxtaglomerular, renin
184
an increase in estrogen causes an ? in ? and this causes the ovary wall to rupture leading to ?
increase, LH, menstruation
185
if ova is not fertilized the corpus ? degenerates into the corpus ?
luteum, albicans
186
what hormone is produced by the placenta to maintain pregnancy
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
187
the urinary bladder is what type of tissue?
transitional ET
188
the ducts are made up of what type of tissue?
simple cuboidal ET
189
The ? ? is a network of small tubes in the testicle that moves sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis
rete testes
190
general term for all developing offspring
conceptus
191
the 2 most important electrolytes in the body are
sodium & potassium
192
? glucose should be reabsorbed into the ?
? of filtrate should be reabsorbed
100%, blood, 99%
193
angiotensin 2 is what ? BP
raises
194
? is the driving force of blood flow
BP
195
the acrosome contains the ? and ?
the midpiece contains to ? promote the tail (flagellum) to have propel forward with ? motions
DNA and nucleus, mitochondria, whip-like
196
? produce sperm, while ? produce ova.
spermatogonia, oogonia
197
spermatid is an ? sperm cell
immature
198
the corpus luteum produces ? and ?
estrogen, progesterone
199
A cell with 46 chromosomes turns into 23 chromosomes during ? ? of meiosis ?
anaphase I, I
