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BIO 211 Test 4 > test 4 review > Flashcards

test 4 review Flashcards

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1
Q

?: Found in the glomerulus, these cells have foot-like projections that form a ? barrier, allowing small molecules like water and ? to pass while retaining larger molecules like proteins.

A

podocytes, filtration, ions

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2
Q

? Cells (Granular Cells): Located in the juxtaglomerular apparatus, these cells produce and release ?, when BP is too ?

A

Juxtaglomerular, renin, low

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3
Q

? ? Cells: Specialized cells in the distal convoluted tubule that sense sodium chloride levels and regulate ? ? rate.

A

macula densa, glomerular filtration

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4
Q

? Cells: Line the ? tubules (proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct). They modify the filtrate by ? water and solutes or secreting ? products.

A

epithelial, renal, reabsorbing, waste

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5
Q

?: Found in the lining of the ureters, bladder, and part of the urethra, these cells can ? and accommodate ? volume. They also act as a barrier to prevent urine from leaking into surrounding ?.

A

urothelium, stretch, urine, tissues

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6
Q

? ? Cells: Found in the walls of the ureters, bladder, and urethra, these cells facilitate the ? of urine through ? and enable bladder contraction for urine expulsion

A

smooth muscle, movement, peristalsis

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7
Q

interstitial Cells are Endocrine cells located in between ? tubules. LH stimulates these cells to produce and secrete ? these cells also support ? integrity and signaling within the urinary system.

A

seminiferous, testosterone, tissue

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8
Q

? Cells: line the blood vessels in the kidneys and play a role in ? and nutrient supply.

A

endothelial, filtration

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9
Q

? cells: play a crucial role in defending against ? by identifying and eliminating ? through defense cells in the bladder and urethra

A

immune, infections, bacteria

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10
Q

? muscle is found in the muscularis propria layer of the bladder wall, allowing it to ? and ? urine

A

smooth, contract, expel

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11
Q

? Cells (Spermatozoa): Male gametes that carry ? material to the ?.

A

sperm, genetic, egg

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12
Q

Egg Cells (?): Female gametes that carry genetic material for ?.
Features: Large and ?-rich to support early embryonic ?.

A

oocytes, fertilization, nutrient, development

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13
Q

? cells (Granulosa Cells):
Location: Surround the ? in ovarian follicles.
Function: Support oocyte ? and secrete ?.

A

follicle, oocyte, development, estrogen

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14
Q

?, 2n, ovarian stem cells, multiply by ? until 5th month of gestation; they’re located in ? follicles

A

oogonia, mitosis, primordial

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15
Q

? cells are a group of cells in the testes involved in the production of sperm through a process called ?. They are found within the ? tubules

A

spermatogenic, spermatogenesis, seminiferous

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16
Q

The ? ? is the filtration unit of the nephron, consisting of the ? (capillary cluster) and glomerular capsule, where blood is filtered into a ?-free filtrate. It is associated with the ? (into glomerulus) and ? (going out of the glomerulus) arterioles and mesangial cells, which support and regulate ?.

A

renal corpuscle, glomerulus, protein, afferent, efferent, filtration

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17
Q

If the diameter of the afferent arteriole increased, what happens?

A

↑ GFR ↑ glomerular BP ↑ urine output ↓ systemic BP

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18
Q

If the diameter of the afferent arteriole decreases, what happens?

A

↓ GFR ↓ glomerular BP ↓ urine output ↑ systemic BP

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19
Q

If the diameter of the efferent arteriole increases, the ? ? rate would ?

A

glomerular filtration, decrease

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20
Q

If the diameter of the efferent decreases (?), the glomerular filtration rate would ?

A

constricts, increase

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21
Q

name 3 urine waste products:

A

water, urea, ammonia, creatinine, uric acid, ions

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22
Q

it is a red flag if you’re urinating what 3 things

A

glucose, proteins, blood

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23
Q

”? controls” refer to mechanisms regulated by the ? itself to maintain a stable glomerular filtration rate (GFR), while “? controls” are mechanisms originating ? the kidney, like the nervous and endocrine systems, primarily aimed at maintaining systemic ?

A

intrinsic, kidney, extrinsic, outside, BP

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24
Q

? are tiny, finger-like projections on a cell surface primarily used for ? and ? by increasing surface area, while ? are longer, hair-like structures that ? substances across a cell surface through a rhythmic beating motion

A

microvilli, absorption, filtration, cilia, move

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25
Q

renin angiotensin aldosterone pathway:
1. ? is released when BP drops
2. this enzyme splits angiotensinogen into ? ? by the liver
3. this enzyme + ? makes ? ?
4. this final enzyme then ? the muscular walls of small arteries, ? BP

A

renin, angiotensin I, ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme), angiotensin II, contracts, increasing

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26
Q

the urinary system function to:

A

maintain water electrolyte and chemical balance, filter blood, carry and eliminate waste

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27
Q

The renal cortex is where ? is filtered and ? is collected.

A

blood, urine

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28
Q

? ? functions to filter blood, reabsorb water and salts, and produce urine

A

cortical nephron

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29
Q

The primary function of ? nephrons is to ? urine. They do this by creating a ? environment resulting in ? urine.

A

juxtamedullary, concentrate, hypertonic (2x)

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30
Q

the ? is the struc. and func. unit of the kidneys

A

nephron

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31
Q

The glomerular capsule is filled with ?

A

filtrate

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32
Q

filtrate refers to the ? that has been ? out from the blood within the ? and enters the ? tubules

A

fluid, filtered, glomerulus, renal

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33
Q

In the descending limb, ? is filtered, but ? is reabsorbed passively due to the high ? of the surrounding interstitial fluid.

A

nothing, water, osmolarity

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34
Q

In the ascending limb, ? is filtered, but ?, ?, and ?, are actively reabsorbed from the filtrate.

A

nothing, sodium, chloride, potassium

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35
Q

In the proximal convoluted tubule, ?, ?, ?, amino acids, and bicarbonate ions are reabsorbed into the bloodstream. Hydrogen ions and ?, are secreted into the filtrate.

A

proximal, water, sodium, glucose, creatinine

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36
Q

In the distal convoluted tubule, ?, chloride, water, and ? are reabsorbed, and the process is regulated by hormones like aldosterone and parathyroid hormone. ? and hydrogen ions are secreted into the filtrate to help regulate electrolyte and ?-base balance.

A

sodium, calcium, potassium, acid

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37
Q

The collecting duct primarily filters and reabsorbs ?, with the level of reabsorption heavily regulated by the ? hormone

A

water, antidiuretic

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38
Q

the ? layer forms capsule and has no func in forming ?, but instead provides a structural boundary for the ? process

A

parietal, filtrate, filtration

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39
Q

the ? layer has ? and funcs. in the formation of filtrate

A

visceral, podocytes

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40
Q

body fluid is primarily composed of ?, with dissolved substances called ?

A

water, electrolytes

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41
Q

name 3 nonelectrolytes:

A

glucose, creatinine, proteins, lipids, C.H.O. (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen)

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42
Q

? hormone: Also known as vasopressin, this hormone is produced in the hypothalamus and released when the body is ?. this hormone causes the kidneys to ? water and excrete less water in urine.

A

anti-diuretic, dehydrated, reabsorb

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43
Q

?: Produced by the adrenal cortex of the kidneys, it also helps maintain ? balance in the body. It causes the kidneys to reabsorb ? and water from extracellular fluids.

A

aldosterone, salt, sodium

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44
Q

? ? ? is released by the heart when blood pressure is ?. it signals the kidneys to excrete more ? and ?, leading to a decrease in blood volume and pressure.

A

atrial-natriuretic peptide, high, sodium, water

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45
Q

?: Produced in the ovaries, responsible for female sexual development, menstrual cycle regulation, and maintaining uterine lining.

A

estrogen

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46
Q

?: produced in the ovaries, crucial for preparing the uterus for implantation of a fertilized egg and maintaining pregnancy

A

Progesterone

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47
Q

?: produced in the testes, responsible for male sexual development, sperm production, and muscle mass.

A

Testosterone

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48
Q

?: Secreted by the pituitary gland, stimulates follicle development in the ovaries and sperm production in the testes

A

follicle-stimulating hormone

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49
Q

?: secreted by the pituitary gland, triggers ovulation in females and testosterone production in males

A

Luteinizing hormone

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50
Q

renin and ACE are

A

enzymes

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51
Q

blood is considered

A

ECF

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52
Q

? is a unique nuclear division. It reduces the chromosome # from 46 to 23

A

meiosis

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53
Q

Meiosis produces
? with 23 chromosomes or
? with 23 chromosomes
This maintains constancy of ? number at fertilization

A

sperm, eggs, diploid

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54
Q

During prophase I, homologous chromosomes undergo (synapsis) ? ?, and in metaphase I, chromosomes align in the ? of the cell. Anaphase I ? homologous chromosomes (now 23 chromosomes), and telophase I concludes the ?, resulting in two ? daughter cells.

A

crossing over, middle, separates, division, haploid

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55
Q

The ? ? is the ability of arteries to constrict when blood pressure increases and to dilate when blood pressure decreases

A

myogenic mechanism

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56
Q

? ? ? is crucial for the movement of fluid from the ? within the glomerulus into the glomerular capsule

A

glomerular hydrostatic pressure, blood

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57
Q

An increase in pressure within the glomerular capillaries directly leads ? ? ? ?, meaning more fluid will be filtered from the blood into the Bowman’s capsule to form urine

A

increased GFR

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58
Q

A decrease in pressure within the glomerular capillaries leads to a ? ? ? ?, meaning less fluid is filtered from the blood into the Bowman’s capsule, resulting in reduced ? production

A

decreased GFR, urine

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59
Q

Most tubular secretion of unwanted substances occurs in the ? ? ? of the nephron in the kidney

A

DCT

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60
Q

Most of the tubular secretion of unwanted substances occurs in the Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) and leaves through the ? ?

A

collecting duct

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61
Q

ions found in urine are ? and ?

A

sodium, potassium

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62
Q

intrinsic mechanisms (renal ?) DIRECTLY regulate ? despite moderate changes in blood pressure

A

autoregulation, GFR

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63
Q

? mechanisms ? regulate GFR by maintaining systemic blood pressure, which drives ? in the kidneys.

A

extrinsic, indirectly, filtration

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64
Q

if a woman maintains more water during period ? enhances the sodium chloride reabsorption

A

progesterone

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65
Q

Alcohol is considered a ? because it ? the production of ?, which signals the kidneys to ? water

A

diuretic, inhibits, ADH, reabsorb

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66
Q

if you impede ones breathing and they go into respiratory acidosis, how does the body compensate for this imbalance?

A

retaining bicarbonate ions & excreting more hydrogen ions

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67
Q

?=46, 2n
?=23, n

A

diploid, haploid

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68
Q

A “? pair” refers to a set of two chromosomes in a cell that are very similar in structure and carry the same genes

A

homologous

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69
Q

The female reproductive system includes:
1. ? that produce eggs (ova) and secretes ? and progesterone
2. ? glands in the breasts produce milk for breastfeeding
3. ? ? glands that provide moisture and lubrication

A

ovaries, estrogen, mammary, greater vestibular

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70
Q

?: The primary reproductive organs that produce sperm and testosterone.

A

testes

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71
Q

? ?: Two pouches that produce fluid to nourish sperm.

A

seminal vesicles

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72
Q

? ?: A walnut-sized gland that surrounds part of the urethra and produces some of the fluid in semen.

A

prostate gland

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73
Q

? glands: produces a pre-ejaculate fluid during sexual arousal that lubricates the urethra and neutralizes any residual acidity from urine

A

Bulbourethral

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74
Q

? is a fluid composed of sperm cells and secretions that nourishes and ? sperm during ejaculation. it also neutralizes ? in the urethra

A

semen, transports, acidity

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75
Q

? ? contribute 60-70% of semen volume, while the ? contributes roughly 25-30% of semen volume

A

seminal vesicles, prostate

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76
Q

how are sperm and egg similar?

A

both gametes, haploids, and produced in meiosis

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77
Q

? is another name for egg

A

ovum

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78
Q

remember that everything starts in the ? with gonadotropin-stimulating hormone goes to the ? pituitary to release ? and LH, and lastly goes to the ?/? and allow for the secretion of sex hormones

A

hypothalamus, anterior, FSH, ovaries/testes

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79
Q

how and why does oral contraceptive work?

Birth control pills contain synthetic versions of ? and ? changing the levels of natural hormones in the body, causing reduction and termination of ?. it also changes the ? so it can’t support a pregnancy

A

estrogen, progesterone, ovulation, uterus

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80
Q

fertilization is the process where

A

sperm meets egg

81
Q

implantation occurs in the ?, which is the lining of the uterus

A

endometrium

82
Q

? regulates the ? cycle by promoting the growth of the uterine lining and the development of secondary ? characteristics.

A

estrogen, menstrual, sexual

83
Q

? prepares the uterus for ? by thickening the uterine lining and helps maintain pregnancy by inhibiting uterine ?.

A

progesterone, pregnancy, contractions

84
Q

? promotes the development of male secondary sexual characteristics. It also plays a key role in regulating ? production, maintaining libido, and supporting overall health

A

testosterone, sperm

85
Q

functions of vagina:
passageway for ? to exit the body and as the receptacle for ?. It also functions as the ? canal, ? defense, and lubrication.

A

blood, sperm, birth, immune

86
Q

the menstrual phase, where the ? ? is shed

follicular phase, during which ? in the ovaries ?.

In the ovulatory phase, an ? is released

luteal phase, where the corpus ? produces ? to maintain the uterine lining.

A

uterine lining, follicles, mature, egg, luteum, progesterone

87
Q

? is the process of sperm cell production in the male testes, while ? is the process of egg cell production in the female ovaries

A

spermatogenesis, oogenesis

88
Q

? ? are small, nonfunctional cells that are a byproduct of meiosis in the ? gamete. While one egg matures, these cells typically degenerate and do not contribute to fertilization or ?.

A

polar bodies, female, reproduction

89
Q

If LH and FSH were not secreted, it would result in a complete lack of ? ? in both men and women, leading to ?

A

reproductive function, infertility

90
Q

name 3 parts of duct system in males

A

ejaculatory duct, seminal vesicles, testis, epididymis, bulbourethral gland, prostate gland, vas deferens, ductus deferens

91
Q

name 3 parts of duct system in females

A

uterine tubes, cervix, ovaries, uterus, vagina

92
Q

Total time from production to viable sperm: ?-? months

A

3-4

93
Q

The muscles involved in moving the scrotum in response to temperature changes are the ? muscle and the ? muscle. they ? when cold and ? when hot.

A

cremaster, dartos, raise, relax

94
Q

Sperm is made in the ?, matured and stored in the ?

A

testes, epididymis

95
Q

The tip of the sperm head is the portion called the ?, which enables the sperm to ? the egg. The ? contains the ? which supplies the energy the tail needs to move. The ? moves with whip-like movements back and forth to ? the sperm towards the egg.

A

acrosome, penetrate, midpiece, mitochondria, tail, propel

96
Q

an ? egg is a secondary oocyte

A

ovulated

97
Q

The ? is an endocrine organ that provides nutrition and secretes hormones to regulate pregnancy and fetal development

A

placenta

98
Q

In women, ? and ? trigger ovaries to begin producing ? causing menstruation

A

FSH, LH, estrogen

99
Q

Endometrium: The inner layer of the uterus, made up of ? cells
Myometrium: The middle layer of the uterus, made up of ? ?
Perimetrium: The outer layer of the uterus, made up of ? cells.

A

glandular, smooth muscle, epithelial

100
Q

The most important solute in managing water balance in the body is ?

A

sodium

101
Q

Breathing into a bag is used to help manage ? and leads to an increase in ? levels

A

hyperventilation, CO2

102
Q

a decreased ? ? ? generally leads to decreased urine output

A

glomerular filtration rate

103
Q

an increased Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) directly translates to ? ?

A

increased urination

104
Q

ph of semen is ? ranging from ?-8.0 which helps to neutralize ? of the vagina, allowing ? to survive better

A

alkaline, 7.2, acidity, sperm

105
Q

why do women have an increased chance of contracting a UTI

A

bc women have shorter urethras, birth control, pregnancy, menopause

106
Q

When you lose a lot of water, ? acidosis is neutralized primarily by increasing the ? and ? of breathing, ultimately helping to expel more ? and thereby raise ?

A

metabolic, rate, depth, CO2, pH

107
Q

why do women get papsmears?

A

to check for cervical cancer and STD’s

108
Q

? is excess sodium

A

hypernatremia

109
Q

? is deficient in sodium

A

hyponatremia

110
Q

what gives sperm the energy to move

A

mitochondria in midpiece of sperm

111
Q

sperm is produced in ? tubules located inside the testes

The ? ? ? is a network of veins in the spermatic cord that cools blood entering the testes and helps regulate their temperature

A

seminiferous, pampiniform venous plexus

112
Q

granular cells function in the urinary system to release ?. this enzyme is released due to ? ?? or low ? levels

A

renin, low BP, sodium

113
Q

The ? provides a nurturing environment for a ? egg to implant, grow, and develop into a fetus during pregnancy. It also plays a crucial role in expelling the baby during childbirth

A

uterus, fertilized

114
Q

what happens when renin is released?

A

it converts to angiotensinogen, then to angiotensin I, then to angiotensin II by way of ACE increasing BP

115
Q

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure directly affects the ? ? ?

A

glomerular filtration rate

116
Q

Concentrated urine is caused by the ? hormone bc of ?, low blood volume, or high blood osmolarity.

A

anti-diuretic, dehydration

117
Q

Dilute urine is caused by reduced action or ? of antidiuretic hormone bc of excessive ? intake, certain medical conditions like diabetes ?, or the use of diuretics

A

absence, fluid, insipidus

118
Q

The main natural electrolytes are ?, ?, calcium, ?, phosphate, chloride and bicarbonates

A

potassium, magnesium, sodium

119
Q

who has the least amount of total body water; the most?

men have ? total body water than women

A

the elderly, infant, more

120
Q

Salts in the body, primarily as electrolytes like sodium, ?, and calcium, regulate ? balance, nerve signals, muscle function, and ? levels. They are essential for maintaining ? and supporting cellular processes.

A

potassium, fluid, pH, hydration

121
Q

Net water flow in the kidneys is driven by ? gradients, where water moves toward areas of higher solute concentration, and ? pressure, which pushes water out of blood during ? in the glomerulus.

A

osmotic, hydrostatic, filtration

122
Q

The urinary system originates from the ? ? during embryonic development.

A

intermediate mesoderm

123
Q

During tubular secretion, substances like ? ions, ? ions, ammonia, and certain drugs are actively transported from the blood into the nephron. This process helps regulate blood pH eliminate ?, and maintain electrolyte balance.

A

hydrogen, potassium, toxins

124
Q

Urine travels from the ? through the ? to the ?, where it is stored, and then exits the body via the ?.

A

kidneys, ureter, bladder, urethra

125
Q

Total Body Water is the …

A

sum of all the water in the body including ECF and ICF

126
Q

The juxtaglomerular apparatus regulates ? and kidney function by secreting the enzyme ? in response to low ?, low ? levels, or ? nervous system activation.

A

BP, renin, BP, sodium, sympathetic

127
Q

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is controlled by regulating the ?of the afferent and efferent arterioles supplying the glomerulus and ? ? ?

A

diameter, glomerular hydrostatic pressure

128
Q

Hormones regulate electrolyte reabsorption and secretion in the kidneys to maintain balance, with aldosterone promoting ? reabsorption and ? excretion in the distal tubules and collecting ducts. ? influences water reabsorption, while parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates ? reabsorption

A

sodium, potassium, ADH, calcium

129
Q

Sodium levels in the body are primarily regulated by the ?-?-? system, which adjusts sodium reabsorption in the kidneys. Additionally, ? and ? help regulate sodium balance by influencing water retention and excretion.

A

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone, ADH, ANP

130
Q

? gravity is a measure of the ? of ? in a liquid compared to the ? of pure water.

A

specific, concentration, solutes, density

131
Q

”? hydrostatic pressure” refers to the pressure exerted by ?already present in the Bowman’s capsule, opposing ?, while “? hydrostatic pressure” is the pressure exerted by ? within the glomerular ?, which drives filtration

A

capsular, fluid, filtration, glomerular, blood, capillaries

132
Q

Diabetes ? is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels (?) due to either ? insulin production (Type 1 diabetes) or the body’s ? to insulin (Type 2 diabetes)

A

mellitus, hyperglycemia, insufficient, resistance

133
Q

? is the liquid component of blood containing water, electrolytes, proteins, hormones, and nutrients. ? ? is the filtered fluid that enters glomerular capsule from the glomerulus

A

plasma, glomerular filtrate

134
Q

?, ?, is the primary buffer for acid-base balance

A

bicarbonate, potassium

135
Q

A ? is any mechanism or substance that helps maintain or ?changes in ? by neutralizing excess acids (H⁺ ions) or ? (OH⁻ ions) in a solution

A

buffer, resist, pH, bases

136
Q

The ? method refers to the process of ? particles or substances based on size using a ? membrane or physical barrier.

A

filtration, separating, semi-permeable

137
Q

Tm (? ?) refers to the ? amount of a ? that can be reabsorbed or ? by the renal ? in the kidneys within a given period of time.

A

transport maximum, maximum, substance, transported, tubules

138
Q

Thirst is triggered by changes in blood ?, low ?, or low ?. Hormones like ? also influence the sensation of thirst to help maintain ? balance.

A

osmolarity, BV, BP, ADH, water

139
Q

Having zero body fat is not compatible with life, as body fat plays essential roles such as ? storage, ? production, and ? regulation. Additionally, extremely low body fat can negatively impact kidney function by impairing the body’s ability to maintain proper electrolyte balance and hormone regulation, as fat tissue supports the production of certain hormones vital for kidney health

A

energy, hormone, temp

140
Q

? refers to an abnormal presence of proteins in the blood, often indicating underlying conditions such as ? disease, ?, or ? dysfunction.

A

proteinemia, kidney, inflammation, liver

141
Q

”?” refers to the relative concentration of solutes in a solution.

A

tonicity

142
Q

? testes occur when one or both testicles fail to move into the ?before birth. This can lead to ? issues or increase the risk of testicular cancer if left untreated.

A

undescended, scrotum, fertility

143
Q

In males, the bulbospongiosus muscle acts as a pump to expel ?during ejaculation. It also contributes to ?. In females, it contributes to ? erections.

A

sperm, erections, clitorial

144
Q

Prostate Cancer is a slow growing cancer of the ? ? that may never present a danger to the patient.

A

prostate gland

145
Q

Menstruation is caused by ?

A

a drop in estrogen and progesterone levels in the body

146
Q

The hormone without which ovulation cannot be completed is ?

A

Luteinizing Hormone (LH).

147
Q

Sexually transmitted diseases are sexually contracted and caused by

A

bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites

148
Q

? glands are specialized exocrine glands in females that produce ? to nourish offspring. the ? transport the milk produced by the mammary glands to the nipples.

A

mammary, milk, ducts

149
Q

? support spermatogenesis

A

sustenocytes

150
Q

?, a hormone produced by sustentocytes in males and granulosa cells in females,
it inhibits the production and release of ?.
in males it: regulates ? production
in females it: maturation of ? ?

A

inhibin, FSH, sperm, ovarian follicles

151
Q

The part of the nervous system responsible for penile erection is the ? nervous system.

A

parasympathetic

152
Q

spermatogenesis is ? cell production whereas spermiogenesis is when an immature sperm cell ?

A

sperm, mature

153
Q

During the two-cell stage, the zygote undergoes its first ? division, resulting in the formation of two identical cells called ?, which are the first steps in embryonic development, resulting in ?

A

mitotic, blastomeres, separation

154
Q

Placental hormones are ? and ?

A

estrogen, progesterone

155
Q

ectoderm becomes ? system and ?.
endoderm becomes ? of ? and ? w associated glands.
mesoderm becomes ? and ?.

A

nervous, skin, lining, digestive, respiratory, muscle, bone

156
Q

Most sperm in the female vagina do not reach the egg and are either destroyed by the ? environment of the vagina causing only a small portion to reach the egg for ?.

A

acidic, fertilization

157
Q

Gastrulation is a key stage in embryonic development during which the single-layered blastoderm reorganizes into a ? structure called the ?. resulting in the germ layers which will give rise to all the ? and organs of the body.

A

multi-layered, gastrula, tissues

158
Q

Why are gametes haploid?

A

they contain one set of chromosomes

159
Q

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) stimulates the release of ? and ?

A

FSH, LH

160
Q

? ?, is a pregnancy complication where the placenta partially or completely separates from the uterine wall before delivery.

A

Abrupto Placenta

161
Q

The blood-testis barrier is prevents harmful substances in the ? from reaching developing ? cells.

A

blood, sperm

162
Q

sperm pathway (T.E.D.E.U)

A

testes (seminiferous tubules), epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra

163
Q

homologous structure to the TESTES in females

A

ovaries

164
Q

homologous structure to the GLANS PENIS in females

A

clitoris

165
Q

homologous structure to the SCROTUM in females

A

labia majora

166
Q

homologous structure to the PREPUCE in females

A

labia minora

167
Q

homologous structure to the BULBOURETHRAL GLAND in females

A

greater vestibular gland

168
Q

homologous structure to the PROSTATE GLAND in females

A

paraurethral gland

169
Q

filtrate pathway:

A

glomerulus, PCT, descending limb, ascending limb, DCT, collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

170
Q

blood flow through renal blood vessels:

A

abdominal aorta, renal artery, segmental artery, interlobar artery, cortical radiate artery, afferent arterioles, glomerulus, efferent arterioles, peritubular capillaries (or vasa recta), cortical radiate vein, arcuate vein,, interlobar vein, renal vein, inferior vena cava

171
Q

urine flow:

A

renal pyramid, renal papilla, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

172
Q

oogenesis process:
? germ cells develop into oogonia
oogonia undergo ? to produce ? oocytes
oocytes arrested in M ? ; M ?
in menstruation, a ? oocyte is matured in ? oocyte within follicle
ovulation releases ? oocyte for potential ?
*if not fertilized, the 2ndary oocyte ?

A

primordial, mitosis, primary, I, I, primary, secondary, secondary, fertilization, degenerates

173
Q

in meiosis I, the ? split.
in meiosis II, the ? split.

A

homologous chromosomes, sister chromatids

174
Q

the uterus is the site of:
?: receive and retain embryo
?: nourish and protect fetus/embryo
parturition: ? and ?
menstruation: ? of ? ?

A

implantation, gestation, labor, delivery, shedding, uterine lining

175
Q

ovaries are the female gonads and function to produce ? and secrete ? and ?

A

ova, estrogen, progesterone

176
Q

uterine tubes are the site of ?

A

fertilization

177
Q

oocytes are carried by

A

perstalsis

178
Q

? are the structural and functional unit of the ovary

A

follicles

179
Q

fates of the follicle are ? and ?

A

atresia, ovulation

180
Q

oogenesis produces ? viable egg(s) and is ?
spermatogenesis produces ? viable sperm(s) and is ?

A

1, unequal, 4, equal

181
Q

? are the cells that surround a an egg

A

follicles

182
Q

granulosa cells are in the ?, secrete ?, and multiply under the influence of ?

A

ovaries, estrogen, FSH

183
Q

granular cells (?) secrete ?

A

juxtaglomerular, renin

184
Q

an increase in estrogen causes an ? in ? and this causes the ovary wall to rupture leading to ?

A

increase, LH, menstruation

185
Q

if ova is not fertilized the corpus ? degenerates into the corpus ?

A

luteum, albicans

186
Q

what hormone is produced by the placenta to maintain pregnancy

A

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

187
Q

the urinary bladder is what type of tissue?

A

transitional ET

188
Q

the ducts are made up of what type of tissue?

A

simple cuboidal ET

189
Q

The ? ? is a network of small tubes in the testicle that moves sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis

A

rete testes

190
Q

general term for all developing offspring

A

conceptus

191
Q

the 2 most important electrolytes in the body are

A

sodium & potassium

192
Q

? glucose should be reabsorbed into the ?
? of filtrate should be reabsorbed

A

100%, blood, 99%

193
Q

angiotensin 2 is what ? BP

A

raises

194
Q

? is the driving force of blood flow

A

BP

195
Q

the acrosome contains the ? and ?
the midpiece contains to ? promote the tail (flagellum) to have propel forward with ? motions

A

DNA and nucleus, mitochondria, whip-like

196
Q

? produce sperm, while ? produce ova.

A

spermatogonia, oogonia

197
Q

spermatid is an ? sperm cell

A

immature

198
Q

the corpus luteum produces ? and ?

A

estrogen, progesterone

199
Q

A cell with 46 chromosomes turns into 23 chromosomes during ? ? of meiosis ?

A

anaphase I, I

BIO 211 Test 4 (1 decks)

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