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ANAP 510 > TEST 4 - MUSCLE > Flashcards

TEST 4 - MUSCLE Flashcards

1
Q

Two types of muscle

A

Striated muscle

Smooth muscle

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2
Q

2 subdivisions of striated muscle

A

Skeletal

Cardiac

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3
Q

Skeletal muscle is further subdivided into what two types of muscle/fibers?

A

Fast twitch/ white muscle

Slow twitch/ red muscle

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4
Q

“Body builder” or centerfold boys involve what type of muscle

A

White muscle (fast twitch)

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5
Q

WHITE/RED MUSCLE

React rapidly for quick, powerful spurts of E.

A

White

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6
Q

White muscle has LARGER/SMALLER fibers for strength of contraction.

A

Larger

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7
Q

WHITE/RED MUSCLE?

Innervated by larger somatic motor neuron fibers

A

White

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8
Q

White muscle has large amounts of _________ enzymes to produce E through ________ glycolysis.

A

Glycolytic enzymes

Anaerobic glycolysis

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9
Q

How many ATP are produced in glycolysis?

A

4 total, 2 net ATP

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10
Q

_________ muscle has less extensive blood supply than ________ muscle.

A

White muscle has less blood supply than red muscle

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11
Q

WHITE/RED MUSCLE

Has fewer mitochondria– depend more on anaerobic metabolism for E source.

A

White muscle

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12
Q

Carries oxygen throughout the muscle fibers

A

Myoglobin

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13
Q

WHITE/RED MUSCLE

Less myoglobin.

A

White muscle

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14
Q

“Long distance runner” indicates what type of muscle

A

Red muscle (slow twitch)

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15
Q

WHITE/RED MUSCLE?

Respond slowly but prolonged contraction for prolonged activity

A

Red

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16
Q

WHITE OR RED MUSCLE?

Smaller fibers; innervated by smaller somatic motor neuron fibers.

A

Red

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17
Q

Red muscle has a more extensive blood supply–require more oxygen for ___________ ________ metabolism

A

Aerobic oxidative metabolism

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18
Q

WHITE/RED MUSCLE?

More mitochondria for aerobic oxidative metabolism

A

Red

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19
Q

Red muscle contains more ________ to transport oxygen throughout muscle fibers; also gives red muscle it’s color.

A

Myoglobin

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20
Q

Muscle is attached to bones via ________

A

Tendons

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21
Q

Muscles are composed of bundles of ________

A

Fibers

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22
Q

A bundle of muscle fibers is called what?

A

Fasciculus or fasciculi

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23
Q

Each fasciculus is composed of many _______

A

Muscle cells

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24
Q

Cell membrane of muscle fibers

A

Sarcolemma

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25
Q

Muscle cells have their own blood supply. TRUE/FALSE

A

TRUE

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26
Q

Skeletal muscle fibers tend to be mononuclear. TRUE/FALSE.

A

FALSE

Muscle fibers tend to be MULTINUCLEATED

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27
Q

Structure within the muscle fiber that contains Calcium (stored)

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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28
Q

Invagination of the sarcolemma; extends form one side of the muscle fiber to the other side of the muscle fiber

A

Transverse tubule

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29
Q

ALL muscle fibers need mitochondria and need oxidative metabolism to some extent. TRUE/FALSE

A

TRUE

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30
Q

Subcellular structures that compose muscle cells

A

Myofibrils

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31
Q

What creates striations in striated muscle?

A

Light and dark bands of the myofibrils that compose muscle cells

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32
Q

Myofibrils are composed of many ________ along the myofibril

A

Sarcomeres

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33
Q

From ______ to _______ is a sarcomere

A

Z-disc to Z-disc

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34
Q

Myofibrils contain thousands of myofilaments; what are the two types of myofilament?

A

Actin myofilament

Myosin myofilament

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35
Q

________ myofilaments are attached to z-discs

A

Actin myofilaments

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36
Q

________ myofilaments are in the middle of the sarcomere.

A

Myosin myofilaments

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37
Q

Allows sarcomere to recoil back to original state after contraction

A

Titin filament

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38
Q

What type of nerves innervate skeletal muscle?

A

Lower somatic motor neuron

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39
Q

Upper motor neurons originate in the primary motor cortex, travel down the SC, and synapse with lower motor neuron where?

A

Anterior horn of the gray matter

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40
Q

Every single muscle fiber has to be innervated by a branch of a somatic motor neuron. TRUE/FALSE

A

TRUE

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41
Q

If a muscle fiber is not innervated by a somatic motor neuron, then _______ cannot occur in that fiber.

A

Contraction

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42
Q

Overlapping of ______ and _______ create striations.

A

Actin and myosin

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43
Q

Terminal portion of the sarcoplasmic reticulum; right next to the T tubule.

A

Terminal cisterna

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44
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum and T tubule make up what triad?

A

Terminal cisterna—T tubule— terminal cisterna

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45
Q

Most of the Ca found within the sarcoplasmic reticulum is stored where?

A

Terminal cisterna

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46
Q

Actin and myosin begin to interact with each other; ________ is pulled toward the center of the sarcomere until it reaches the fully contracted state.

A

Actin

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47
Q

_________ overlaps each other some in the fully contracted state

A

Actin

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48
Q

_____ actin molecules contain binding sites for myosin heads

A

G actin molecules

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49
Q

G actin molecules formed together make what?

A

F actin strands

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50
Q

Each actin myofilament is composed of ____ F actin strands.

A

2 strands

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51
Q

Lays directly over top myosin binding sites; contraction cannot occur

A

Tropomyosin

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52
Q

There are 3 subunits of troponin in skeletal muscle fiber. What are they?

A

Troponin I, T, and C

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53
Q

Troponin ___ is attached directly to the actin

A

Troponin I

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54
Q

Troponin ____ is attached to the tropomyosin strands

A

Troponin T

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55
Q

Troponin ____ is strongly attracted to calcium ions

A

Troponin C

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56
Q

________ myofilaments have a rod portion and two heads at the end

A

Myosin myofilaments

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57
Q

It’s takes ~ ______ myosin molecules to create and entire myosin myofilament

A

~200

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58
Q

The myosin head contains what enzyme ?

A

ATPase

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59
Q

What does ATPase at the myosin head do?

A

Breaks down ATP to

ADP and an inorganic phosphate

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60
Q

When ATPase converts ATP–ADP/Phos, it holds on to that E which cocks the myosin head back; it waits for an actin myofilament binding site for what to happen?

A

Cross bridge and power stroke (=muscle contraction)

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61
Q

In SKELETAL muscle, Each myofibril is composed of about ______ myosin myofilaments and about ________ actin myofilaments; so ration of Actin:Myson is ______.

A

1500 myosin myofilaments
3000 actin myofilaments

Ratio of actin:myosin = 2:1

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62
Q

What is the ratio of actin:myosin in SMOOTH muscle?

A

5-10 : 1

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63
Q

Where the somatic lower motor neuron approaches the sarcolemma of the muscle fiber

A

Neuromuscular synapse

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64
Q

At the terminal buton of the neuromuscular synapse, the synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic terminal contain _____ (NT)

A

Ach

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65
Q

AP’s travel through the axoplasm. TRUE/FALSE.

A

FALSE

AP travel along membrane of the somatic motor neuron

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66
Q

AP travel along the membrane, not the axoplasm, via ___________ conduction

A

Saltatory

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67
Q

When an impulse reaches the terminal portion of the axon, it opens voltage gated ______ channels.

A

Calcium channels

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68
Q

When v-g Ca channels are opened, Ca moves with its electrochemical gradient from outside to inside the axon, and floods the axoplasm; what happens next?

A

Calcium dependent exocytosis of Ach into the NM synapse

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69
Q

At the NM synapse, Ach moves across the synaptic cleft and binds with ________ receptors which are Ach-gated _________ channels

A

Binds with nicotinic type I receptors

N-1 are Ach-gated SODIUM channels

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70
Q

At the NM synapse when Ach gated Na channels open, Na moves with its gradient from the ________ to the ________ and brings RMP to TP

A

From the synaptic cleft to the muscle fiber

71
Q

The AP in the muscle fiber at the synapse spreads ____________, in both directions along the _________ of the muscle fiber

A

Bidirectionally

Sarcolemma

72
Q

How is Ach removed from N-1 receptors?

A

Acetylcholinesterase

73
Q

Where is AchE found?

A

Inside the synaptic cleft

74
Q

AchE breaks Ach down into what two things?

A

Acetic acid

Choline

75
Q

Transported out of the synaptic cleft and into the blood to be metabolized by the liver

A

Acetic acid

76
Q

__________ is taken back up into the presynaptic terminal, binds with more ___________ to form Ach, which is repackaged and used again.

A

Choline

Acetic acid

77
Q

Area between the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the T tubule

A

Terminal cisterna

78
Q

As AP travels along the membrane, it is also conducted through the transverse tubule, which is also transmitted through the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), this opens up voltage gated _________ channels in the SR.

A

V-g calcium channels

79
Q

When V-g Ca channels are open in the SR, Ca moves from the SR to the ____________ and floods it with Ca ions

A

Sarcoplasm

80
Q

When Ca floods the sarcoplasm, troponin ______ is attracted to the Ca ions

A

Troponin C

81
Q

When troponin C is attracted to Ca ions, it pulls troponin _____ with it, which is on the tropomyosin, uncovering what?

A

Troponin T

Uncovers the binding sites for the myosin heads

82
Q

As soon as troponin T is pulled away, the ________ heads are waiting and they cross bridge and Powerstroke, pulling the ________ myofilaments in towards the sarcomere, shortening it.

A

Myosin heads

Actin myofilaments

83
Q

As the sarcomere shortens, the myofibrils shorten, muscle cells shorten, fasciculi shorten,a no the over all muscle group shorts, the is …

A

Skeletal muscle contraction

84
Q

Most of the calcium for skeletal muscle contraction comes from where?

A

Inside the cell, in the SR

85
Q

Most of the calcium for smooth muscle contraction comes from where?

A

Outside the cell

86
Q

What happens as soon as the myosin head powerstrokes and brings actin in?

A

Cleaves another ATP, holds on to the E, releases and comes back out for another crossbridge and powerstroke

87
Q

In order for skeletal muscle to relax, Ach must be removed from N-1 receptors by AchE. TRUE/FALSE

A

TRUE

88
Q

IN order for relaxation following contraction, there has to be removal of _________ ions from the sarcoplasm

A

Calcium

89
Q

Ca is actively pumped back out of the cell via _________

A

ATP-mediated Ca pumps

90
Q

Where is calcium pumped out to from the sarcoplasm (2)?

A

SR

Extracellular fluid

91
Q

When Ca molecules are removed, Troponin C starts to move back down, And Troponin T falls back down over what?

A

Binding sites on actin myofilaments

92
Q

Muscle fiber relaxation lasts until the next ________ from a somatic motor neuron.

A

Impulse

93
Q

Initial stimulus from somatic motor neuron must cause sarcolemma to move from RMP to TP for AP to occur; subthreshold stimulus will NOT lead to contraction; suprathreshold stimulus will not cause greater strength of contraction

A

All or nothing concept

94
Q

What controls strength of contraction?

A

The brain

voluntary movement from somatic motor NS

95
Q

________ stretch on the muscle fiber before contraction occurs leads to optimal strength/length of contraction

A

Optimal stretch

96
Q

_________stretch of the muscle fiber before contraction, actin myofilaments overlap and leads to suboptimal strength/length of contraction

A

Understretch

97
Q

________stretch on muscle fiber, actin is pulled away from myosin, and leads to suboptimal length/strength of contraction

A

Overstretch

98
Q

Decreased muscle size r.t. Decrease size of individual sarcomeres, primarily related to decreased amount of proteins in actin and myosin myofilaments (not a decrease in #)

A

Atrophy

99
Q

Increased muscle size r.t increased size of sarcomeres, primarily related to increased proteins in actin and myosin myofilaments (not an increase in #)

A

Hypertrophy

100
Q

Increase in number of muscle fibers; rarely or minimally occurs even with extreme exercise and muscle conditioning

A

Hyperplasia

101
Q

Skeletal muscle MUST have constant supply of ______ for contraction.

A

ATP

102
Q

What 3 things do we need ATP for in skeletal muscle contraction?

A

Phosphorylation of myosin heads

Ca pumps to get Ca out of sarcoplasm

Na-K pumps to maintain Na and K conc, osm, volume, and MP

103
Q

Free ATP in the sarcoplasm gives ________ sec of E

A

1-2 sec

104
Q

Phosphocreatine gives _______ sec of E.

A

5-8 sec of E

105
Q

What is phosphocreatine?

A

Extra ATP in the muscle fiber that attaches to creatine

106
Q

When the E is needed, phosphocreatine can be enzymatically split into high E phosphate to convert ADP to ________ and __________.

A

ATP

Creatinine

107
Q

Moves into the blood, transported to kidneys, and excreted in the urine; byproduct of phosphocreatine

A

Creatinine

108
Q

Enzyme that generates phosphocreatine and breaks it down into E and creatinine

A

Creatinine phosphokinase

CPK

109
Q

Glycogenolysis of glycogen stored in skeletal muscle fibers generates _____ min of E

A

1 min of E

110
Q

Outcome of glycogenolysis of glycogen is ________ which undergoes glycolysis for ATP production.

A

G-6-P

111
Q

Most of the E (95%) for skeletal muscle contraction comes from ____________ metabolism; extracellular sources.

A

Oxidative

112
Q

Extracellular glucose crosses muscle cell membrane and undergoes oxidative metabolism; where does this glucose come from? (4)

A

Glucose already in blood

Hepatic glycogenolysis

Fats/lipids/triglycerides/fatty acids

Gluconeogenesis of proteins/AA

113
Q

Succinylcholine binds with _________ receptors

A

N-1

114
Q

Sux binds with N-1 receptors and activates them, opens _____ channels and _____ diffuses into the cell and causes depolarization, which causes _________.

A

Na channels
Na diffuses in

Fasciculations

115
Q

Depolarization lasts ______ min because sux is not metabolized by AchE; this leaves the N-1 receptor in the _________ state

A

3-5 min

Depolarized state

116
Q

How is sux metabolized?

A

Psuedocholinesterases
Or
Plasma cholinesterases

117
Q

NDNMB bind with ________ receptors and competitively block them.

A

N-1

118
Q

With NDNMB, sites are blocked, Ach cannot attach to N-1 receptors and _______ can not occur, so there is not muscle contraction and the pt is paralyzed

A

Depolarization does not occur

119
Q

Contains multi unit and single-unit muscles

A

Smooth muscle

120
Q

Contains many discrete smooth muscle fibers that contract independently of each other

A

Multiunit smooth muscle

121
Q

Examples of multiunit smooth muscle (3)

A

Ciliary muscle of eye
Iris of eye
Piloerector muscles

122
Q

Hundreds-thousands smooth muscle fibers that form a unit and contract together as a single unit

A

Single-unit smooth muscle

123
Q

Examples of single unit smooth muscle; most smooth muscle fibers

A 
GI tract
Bile ducts
Ureters 
Uterus
Blood vessels
Others
124
Q

Smooth muscle has striations, just lighter in color. TRUE/FALSE.

A

FALSE

NOT striated

125
Q

Smooth muscle fibers tend to be multinucleated. TRUE/FALSE

A

FALSE

MONOnucleated

126
Q

In smooth muscle, actin filaments are attached to ________

A

Dense bodies

127
Q

Smooth muscle contains NO: sarcomeres, tropomyosin or troponin. TRUE/FALSE

A

TRUE

128
Q

Dense bodies attach to eachother and forms a _______ which allows for the free flow of ions from one muscle fiber to another.

A

Gap junction

129
Q

AP can spread through dense bodies and gap Jxns, therefore smooth muscle fibers do NOT need individual muscle fibers to be innervated. TRUE/FALSE

A

TRUE

130
Q

SMOOTH/SKELETAL

Innervation: every fiber; somatic motor NS

A

Skeletal

131
Q

SKELETAL OR SMOOTH

Innervation: ANS and may be excited or inhibited by NT’s, hormones, chemicals, stretch, and other factors

A

Smooth

132
Q

SMOOTH/SKELETAL

Striated, actin attached to Z-disks, tropomyosin and troponin

A

Skeletal

133
Q

SKELETAL OR SMOOTH

Actin: myosin ratio 2:1

A

Skeletal

134
Q

Smooth muscle activation from AP ~ _____ %; activation by other mechanisms ~_____%

A

~50%

~50%

135
Q

SKELETAL OR SMOOTH

Actin attached to dense bodies, gap jxns, actin: myosin ratio of 5-10:1, NO tropomyosin/troponin

A

Smooth

136
Q

SKELETAL OR SMOOTH

Require ATP and Ca for contraction

A

BOTH

137
Q

SKELETAL OR SMOOTH

Most Ca from SR

A

Skeletal

138
Q

SKELETAL OR SMOOTH

Some Ca from SR, but most from EC fluid

A

Smooth

139
Q

_______ muscle is very sensitive to changes in EC Ca

A

Smooth

140
Q

AP about _____ ms in skeletal muscle

A

0.2 ms

141
Q

SKELETAL OR SMOOTH

Long AP

A

Smooth muscle

142
Q

SKELETAL OR SMOOTH

Rapid contraction–relaxation

A

Skeletal

143
Q

Slow, sustained contraction— mins, hours, or days; refers to ________ mechanism of __________ muscle

A

Latch mechanism

Smooth muscle

144
Q

Because of the latch mechanism, less _____ is required for sustained contraction in smooth muscle

A

ATP

145
Q

SKELETAL OR SMOOTH

Requires constant ATP for each contraction

A

Skeletal

146
Q

When stress/stretch placed on smooth muscle it reflexively relaxes, this is what type of response?

A

Stress-relaxation response

147
Q

SKELETAL OR SMOOTH

Greater maximal force of contraction

A

Smooth

148
Q

SKELETAL OR SMOOTH

Greater percent of shortening of fibers: ~3/4 of stretched length

A

Smooth

149
Q

SKELETAL OR SMOOTH

Shortening of fibers during contraction: ~1/3 of stretched length

A

Skeletal

150
Q

Smooth muscle contraction is a G-protein activated mechanism. TRUE/FALSE

A

TRUE

151
Q

In smooth muscle contraction, after G-protein is activated Alpha subunit breaks off and _____ is replaced with ______ to make a new complex.

A

GDP replaced with GTP

152
Q

The alpha-GTP complex binds to ______ channels in the smooth muscle membrane

A

Calcium channels

153
Q

After Ca channels are open, Ca moves from ______ compartment to the _______

A

Ca moves from EC compartment to the smooth muscle fiber

154
Q

After Ca enters the smooth muscle fiber, the Ca ions bind to and activate the protein _________

A

Calmodulin

155
Q

Calmodulin activates __________ which cleaves an ATP and breaks it down into ADP and an inorganic phosphate, adding E to the myosin head.

A

Myosin kinase

156
Q

When the myosin head is energized in smooth muscle, it can immediately crossbridge and powerstroke. TRUE/FALSE

A

TRUE

157
Q

This dephosphorilates the myosin head in smooth muscle, releasing it from actin and entering relaxed state

A

Myosin phophatase

158
Q

Type of receptors that NE and epi bind to

A

Alpha-1

Beta-2

159
Q

Receptors that lead to vascular smooth muscle contraction

A

Alpha-1

160
Q

Selective vascular smooth muscle relaxation; bronchiolar smooth muscle relaxation; some GI smooth muscle relaxation (receptor)

A

Beta-2

161
Q

What are the effects of Ach on muscarinic receptors?

A

Selective vascular smooth muscle relaxation (coronary arteries)

GI smooth muscle contraction

162
Q

Effect of angiotensin II

A

(Profound) Vascular smooth muscle contraction

163
Q

Effects of vasopressin at V-1 receptors

A

Vascular smooth muscle contraction; intense vasoconstriction

164
Q

Allows for uterine smooth muscle contraction; mammary duct smooth muscle contraction = milk expression

A

Oxytocin

165
Q

Effect of serotonin on vascular smooth muscle

A

Contraction

166
Q

Why dont we use serotonin for vasoactive drug?

A

Neuro side effects

167
Q

Effects of histamine at H-1 receptors

A

Vascular smooth muscle relaxation

Bronchiolar smooth muscle contraction

168
Q

_____ oxygen = vasodilation

A

Decreased

169
Q

________ CO2 = vasodilation

A

Increased

170
Q

________ H+/_____ pH= vasodilation

A

Increased H+

Decreased pH

171
Q

________ calcium = vasodilation

A

Decreased

172
Q

________ K+ = vasodilation

A

Increased K

173
Q

________ temperature = vasodilation

A

Increased

174
Q

Presence of adenosine and lactate would cause vasodilation. TRUE/FALSE

A

TRUE

ANAP 510 (5 decks)

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