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MICRO EXAM 4 > Test 4 General Information > Flashcards

Test 4 General Information Flashcards

1
Q

How would you characterize the oxygen requirements of Haemophilus influenzae?

A

facultative anaerobe, fermentative

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2
Q

What species of Haemophilus is most commonly associated with disease?

A

Haemophilus influenzae

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3
Q

What 4 diseases are caused by non-encapsulated (non-typable) Haemophilus influenzae?

A

otitis

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4
Q

What covers the surface of many strains of Haemophilus influenzae?

A

polysaccharide capsule

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5
Q

After the introduction of the HIB vaccine, more than half of all invasive disease is now caused by these types of strains?

A

nonencapsulated, nontypeable strains

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6
Q

With the advent of the HIB vaccine, systemic infections can occur in nonimmune patients. What are 2 examples of systemic infections?

A

meningitis, epiglottitis (obstructive laryngitis)

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7
Q

What mediates the colonization of the oropharynx with Haemophilus influenzae?

A

pili and nonpilus adhesins

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8
Q

What types of Haemophilus influenzae specimens (where in the body) are tested using microscopy?

A

CSF, synovial fluid, lower respiratory specimens

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9
Q

What Haemophilus species are antigen tests specific for?

A

Haemophilus influenzae type b (these antigen tests are nonreactive for infections caused by other organisms)

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10
Q

Where is Neisseria found?

A

Respiratory tract

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11
Q

What conditions are best for Neisseria spp. growth?

A

35 -37C, increased CO2, humidity

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12
Q

Neisseria spp. is oxidase positive or negative?

A

positive

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13
Q

What microorganism is associated with the antigen protein IgA protease?

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

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14
Q

What are normal infection sites for Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

A

Genitals, eyes, throat, rectum

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15
Q

What disease is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

A

Gonorrhea

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16
Q

Neisseria meningitidis (Meningococcus) causes what disease?

A

Meningitis

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17
Q

Where is Neisseria meningitidis found in the human body?

A

Nasopharynx

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18
Q

What is the path of Neisseria meningitidis in the body?

A

Nasopharynx to blood stream to upper respiratory tract

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19
Q

Neisseria meningitidis can cause this disease with peptidoglycan

A

Arthritis

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20
Q

Latex B is a serology test testing for antibodies against which microorganism?

A

Neisseria meningitidis

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21
Q

Which antibiotic is used to treat meningitis?

A

Penicillin G

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22
Q

Is Moraxella catarrhalis gram negative or gram positive?

A

Gram negative

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23
Q

Where is M. catarrhalis found?

A

Part of the normal flora of the respiratory tract

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24
Q

What atmospheric conditions are necessary for N.meningitidis?

A

3-7% CO2, 35 degrees C for 72 hours in humid conditions

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25
Q

What atmospheric conditions are necessary for Haemophilus influenzae?

A

5-10% CO2 for 24 -72 hours at 35 -37 degrees C

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26
Q

Which organism(s) are associated with serogroups A, C, W135, & Y-N

A

N. meningitidis

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27
Q

Which organism is the 3rd most common source of food poisoning in the US and UK?

A

C. perfringens

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28
Q

Nisseria meningitidis is positive for what CTA sugars?

A

Maltose and Glucose

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29
Q

Campylobacter gram stain morphology

A

curved or spiral gram-negative bacilli

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30
Q

How does a C. jejuni infection manifest?

A

diarrhea, fever, abdominal pain, nausea, headache, muscle pain

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31
Q

What temperature is ideal for Acrobacter growth?

A

25C

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32
Q

What are the best specimens for anaerobe identification and culture?

A

tissues and needle aspirates in transport media

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33
Q

What are the selective media for anaerobes?

A

LKV, ANA-PEA, BBE, CCFA

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34
Q

What are the most reliable identification tests for anaerobes?

A

gas-liquid chromatograph, PRAS biochemicals

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35
Q

Campylobacter growth requirements?

A

42C, 3-5% O2, 2-10% CO2

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36
Q

Inappropriate or optimal specimen for anaerobes? Head/neck aspirates

A

Optimal

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37
Q

Inappropriate or optimal specimen for anaerobes? Bile

A

Optimal

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38
Q

Inappropriate or optimal specimen for anaerobes? throat, gastric, bowel, vaginal, or cervical swabs

A

Inappropriate

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39
Q

Name 3 main sources of anaerobic infection.

A

nosocomial, surgical, trauma

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40
Q

Gram-positive or gram-negative? Proprionibacterium

A

gram-pos

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41
Q

What is the morphology of Haemophilus influenzae?

A

small, pleomorphic, gram-negative rods or coccobacilli

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42
Q

Is Haemophilus influenzae gram-positive or gram-negative?

A

gram-negative

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43
Q

What are the two morphological shapes of Haemophilus influenzae?

A

rods and coccobacilli

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44
Q

How would you characterize the oxygen requirements of Haemophilus influenzae?

A

facultative anaerobe, fermentative

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45
Q

Which Haemophilus influenzae type is clinically the most virulent and why?

A

type b, PRP in capsule

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46
Q

How does Haemophilus influenzae adhere to host cells?

A

via pili and nonpilus structures (adhesins)

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47
Q

What species of Haemophilus is most commonly associated with disease?

A

Haemophilus influenzae

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48
Q

In what type of patients is Haemophilus influenzae most often reported?

A

pediatric

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49
Q

Is there a vaccine available for Haemophilus influenzae? If so, what is it called?

A

yes, HIB

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50
Q

What 3 diseases does Haemophilus influenzae type b cause?

A

meningitis, eppiglottic, bacteremia

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51
Q

What 4 diseases are caused by non-encapsulated (non-typable) Haemophilus influenzae?

A

otitis, sinusitits, tracheobranhitis, pneumonia

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52
Q

Do you need media supplementation when growing Haemophilus species? If so, what growth-stimulating factors do you need?

A

yes, X factor and NAD

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53
Q

What type of agar must be used for in vitro isolation of Haemophilus and why?

A

heated chocolate agar, to destroy the inhibitors of V factor (NAD)

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54
Q

What covers the surface of many strains of Haemophilus influenzae?

A

polysaccharide capsule

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55
Q

How many antigenic serotypes have been identified of Haemophilus influenzae? What are they?

A

6, a to f

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56
Q

Before the introduction of the HIB vaccine, which Haemophilus influenzae serotype was responsible for more than 95% of all invasive Haemophilus infections?

A

Haemophilus influenzae serotype b

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57
Q

After the introduction of the HIB vaccine, more than half of all invasive disease is now caused by these types of strains?

A

nonencapsulated, nontypeable strains

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58
Q

With the advent of the HIB vaccine, where do most adult infections occur in the body?

A

oropharynx

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59
Q

With the advent of the HIB vaccine, systemic infections can occur in nonimmune patients. What are 2 examples of systemic infections?

A

meningitis, epiglottitis (obstructive laryngitis)

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60
Q

Where does Haemophilus species (especially H. parainfluenzae and non encapsulated H. influenzae) colonize in virtually all people with the first few months of life?

A

upper respiratory tract

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61
Q

Is disseminated disease common with Haemophilus species?

A

no

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62
Q

What specific species of Haemophilus is a common cause of disease in unvaccinated children?

A

encapsulated Haemophilus influenzae

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63
Q

What mediates the colonization of the oropharynx with Haemophilus influenzae?

A

pili and nonpilus adhesins

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64
Q

Which groups of patients are at greatest risk for Haemophilus disease?

A

those with inadequate levels of protective antibodies, those with depleted complement, and those who have undergone splenectomy

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65
Q

What test is a sensitive test for detecting Haemophilus influenzae in cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, and lower respiratory specimens only?

A

microscopy

66
Q

What types of Haemophilus influenzae specimens (where in the body) are tested using microscopy?

A

CSF, synovial fluid, lower respiratory specimens

67
Q

What type of agar is used for a culture test of Haemophilus species?

A

chocolate agar

68
Q

What Haemophilus species are antigen tests specific for?

A

Haemophilus influenzae type b (these antigen tests are nonreactive for infections caused by other organisms)

69
Q

What kind of immunization prevents most Haemophilus influenzae type b infections?

A

active immunization with conjugated polyribitol phosphate (PRP)

70
Q

Describe Neisseria gram stain morphology.

A

Gram-negative diplococci

71
Q

Where is Neisseria found?

A

Respiratory tract

72
Q

What media is used to grow Neisseria?

A

BAP, Chocolate, Modified Thayer Martin, NYC agar

73
Q

What conditions are best for Neisseria spp. growth?

A

35 -37C, increased CO2, humidity

74
Q

What technique is useful for creating a carbon dioxide rich environment in which to grow microorganisms such as Neisseria?

A

Candle-jar

75
Q

Neisseria spp. is oxidase positive or negative?

A

positive

76
Q

What do Neisseria gonorrhoeae use pilli for?

A

Used to attach to tissue, resist WBC, and DNA rearrangement

77
Q

What does the protein IgA protease do for Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

A

Breaks down antibodies

78
Q

What microorganism is associated with the antigen protein IgA protease?

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

79
Q

Is piliation needed for virulence in Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

A

Yes

80
Q

What are normal infection sites for Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

A

Genitals, eyes, throat, rectum

81
Q

Symptoms of a Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection include

A

Pus, inflammation, painful urination

82
Q

Waiting to treat Neisseria gonorrhoeae can cause this reproductive problem.

A

Sterility

83
Q

What disease is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

A

Gonorrhea

84
Q

When a Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection leads to papules or a rash, this condition is present.

A

Bacteremia

85
Q

What is gonococcal opthalmia neonatorum?

A

Eye infection in babies

86
Q

Specimens used for diagnosing Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections

A

Pus and secretions

87
Q

Which serological strains of Neisseria meningitis have vaccines available?

A

A, C, Y, W135

88
Q

Neisseria meningitidis (Meningococcus) causes what disease?

A

Meningitis

89
Q

What is an important antigen of Neisseria meningitidis?

A

Capsule

90
Q

What antigen causes toxic effects in Neisseria meningitidis?

A

LPS

91
Q

Where is Neisseria meningitidis found in the human body?

A

Nasopharynx

92
Q

What does dissemination mean?

A

Spreading

93
Q

What is the path of Neisseria meningitidis in the body?

A

Nasopharynx to blood stream to upper respiratory tract

94
Q

What is the name for the rash or tiny dots seen on the skin during meningitis?

A

Petechiae

95
Q

What is the biosafety classification of Nisseria meningitidis?

A

Level 2

96
Q

Neisseria meningitidis can cause this disease with peptidoglycan

A

Arthritis

97
Q

Specimens used to diagnose meningitis are

A

CSF, nasal swab, material from rash

98
Q

How is Nessieria meningitidis (meningitis) diagnosed?

A

culture, gram stain, and latex B serology

99
Q

Latex B is a serology test testing for antibodies against which microorganism?

A

Neisseria meningitidis

100
Q

If a patient has meningitis and gets over it, are they immune to Neisseria meningitidis?

A

only to the strain they were exposed to

101
Q

Which antibiotic is used to treat meningitis?

A

Penicillin G

102
Q

What percent of people carry Neisseria meningitidis?

A

5-30%

103
Q

What antibiotic is used to control M. catarrhalis?

A

ampicillin, penicillin

104
Q

Is Moraxella catarrhalis gram negative or gram positive?

A

Gram negative

105
Q

What is unique about M. catarrhalis (for identification)?

A

Oxidase positive, DNase positive, does not ferment sugars

106
Q

Where is M. catarrhalis found?

A

Part of the normal flora of the respiratory tract

107
Q

What media is used to culture M. catarrhalis?

A

Chocolate, BAP

108
Q

Moraxella catarrhalis causes what diseases?

A

pneumonia, otitis media, sinusitis (rarely bacteremia and wound infection)

109
Q

Gram stain of Neiserria meningitidis?

A

gram-negative diplococci

110
Q

Best plate for cultivating Neiserria meningitidis?

A

Chocolate agar

111
Q

What atmospheric conditions are necessary for N.meningitidis?

A

3-7% CO2, 35 degrees C for 72 hours in humid conditions

112
Q

Describe the gram stain morphology of Haemophilus influenzae.

A

Gram-negative coccobacilli

113
Q

What media is best for cultivating Haemophilus influenzae?

A

Chocolate agar

114
Q

What atmospheric conditions are necessary for Haemophilus influenzae?

A

5-10% CO2 for 24 -72 hours at 35 -37 degrees C

115
Q

Which organism(s) are associated with foul odors?

A

Bacteriodes spp, Fusobacterium

116
Q

Which organism(s) are associated with serogroups A, C, W135, & Y-N

A

N. meningitidis

117
Q

Which organism(s) are associated with brick red fluorescence?

A

Prevotella, Porphyromonas

118
Q

Which organism(s) are associated with a double zone of beta-hemolysis and myonecrosis?

A

Clostridia

119
Q

Which organism is the 3rd most common source of food poisoning in the US and UK?

A

C. perfringens

120
Q

Which organism(s) are associated with tetanus shots?

A

C. tetani

121
Q

Which organism(s) are associated with Guillen- Barre syndrome?

A

Campylobacter

122
Q

Nisseria meningitidis is positive for what CTA sugars?

A

Maltose and Glucose

123
Q

Nisseria gonorrheae is positive for what CTA sugars?

A

Glucose

124
Q

Campylobacter gram stain morphology

A

curved or spiral gram-negative bacilli

125
Q

Most common campylobacter implicated in human illness?

A

C. jejuni

126
Q

Selective media for Campylobacter jejuni or coli.

A

Modified Skirrow, Campy-blood agar, CCDA, Campy-CVA

127
Q

How does a C. jejuni infection manifest?

A

diarrhea, fever, abdominal pain, nausea, headache, muscle pain

128
Q

Sources of campylobacter

A

chicken, unpasteurized milk, surface water and streams

129
Q

H. pylori causes what disorders?

A

gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric carcinoma

130
Q

What temperature is ideal for Acrobacter growth?

A

25C

131
Q

What does Acrobacter cause?

A

gastroenteritis, persistent watery diarrhea

132
Q

What are common sources of Acrobacter

A

pigs, humans, water

133
Q

X factor is ________?

A

hemin

134
Q

What are the best specimens for anaerobe identification and culture?

A

tissues and needle aspirates in transport media

135
Q

What are the 4 ANA (anaerobic) blood media?

A

Schaedlers, Bruella, CDC, BHI

136
Q

What are the nonselective media for anaerobes?

A

ANA blood, thioglycollate broth, chopped meat

137
Q

What are the selective media for anaerobes?

A

LKV, ANA-PEA, BBE, CCFA

138
Q

Which bacteria causes gas gangrene?

A

C. perfringens

139
Q

Which organism exhibits a charactersitic swarming, spores, and “drumstick” or “tennis racket” shape?

A

C. tetani

140
Q

What are the most reliable identification tests for anaerobes?

A

gas-liquid chromatograph, PRAS biochemicals

141
Q

N. meningitidis and gonorrheae normally grow poorly on this media?

A

BAP

142
Q

What diseases do encapsulated Haemophilus influenzae cause in unvaccinated children?

A

meningitis, epiglottitis (obstructive laryngitis), cellulitis

143
Q

Campylobacter growth requirements?

A

42C, 3-5% O2, 2-10% CO2

144
Q

Campylobacter oxidase and catalase tests?

A

Positive

145
Q

Anaerobic bacteria to aerobic bacteria ratio?

A

1000:01:00

146
Q

Inappropriate or optimal specimen for anaerobes? Head/neck aspirates

A

Optimal

147
Q

Inappropriate or optimal specimen for anaerobes? Deep bronchial secretions

A

Optimal

148
Q

Inappropriate or optimal specimen for anaerobes? Joint fluid

A

Optimal

149
Q

Inappropriate or optimal specimen for anaerobes? Bile

A

Optimal

150
Q

Inappropriate or optimal specimen for anaerobes? Blood

A

Optimal

151
Q

Inappropriate or optimal specimen for anaerobes? Endometrium, bladder urine, or tissue biopsy

A

Optimal

152
Q

Inappropriate or optimal specimen for anaerobes? throat, gastric, bowel, vaginal, or cervical swabs

A

Inappropriate

153
Q

Inappropriate or optimal specimen for anaerobes? Voided urine or feces

A

Inappropriate

154
Q

Name the 3 major sites of normal anaerobic colonization.

A

Oral, intestinal, and genital

155
Q

Name 3 main sources of anaerobic infection.

A

nosocomial, surgical, trauma

156
Q

Name 4 predisposing factors for anaerobic infections.

A

burns, malignancy, diabetes, aspiration

157
Q

Gram-positive or gram-negative? Actinomyces

A

gram-pos

158
Q

Gram-positive or gram-negative? bifidobacterium

A

gram-pos

159
Q

Gram-positive or gram-negative? Proprionibacterium

A

gram-pos

160
Q

Gram-positive or gram-negative? Bacteriodes

A

gram-neg

161
Q

Gram-positive or gram-negative? Fusobacterium

A

gram-neg

162
Q

Factor V is ________?

A

NAD+

MICRO EXAM 4 (6 decks)

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